Makers circularity kohtala_13062015
-
Upload
cindy-kohtala -
Category
Design
-
view
234 -
download
1
Transcript of Makers circularity kohtala_13062015
THE MAKER MOVEMENT AND
CIRCULARITY: An open discussion on
issues, warnings and opportunities
#OSCEdays
Helsinki, Suvilahti, 13 June 2015
Cindy Kohtala Aalto University
https://blogs.aalto.fi/makerculture/
the inverse of digital fabrication is digital recycling … the construction of digital materials can contain the information needed for their deconstruction. Bad guys are already impressively effective at acquiring the best available technology for the destruction of their enemies; fab labs are likely to have a far greater impact on the stability of the planet by helping everyone else acquire the technology they need for their survival.
SOURCE: Gershenfeld, N., 2005. FAB: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop – From Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication. Basic Books, New York.
Fab labs have altered the landscape of innovation by providing the general public with an opportunity to appropriate the digital fabrication process: to make things “personally”. … They enable rapid prototyping but are not suited to production on a larger scale (a limited number of identical pieces can be made if the hardware is not overused), nor are they suited to distribution, repair, or recycling.
SOURCE: Eychenne, F. (2012). Fab Labs Overview. The Fing (Fondation internet nouvelle génération). Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/slidesharefing/fab-labs-overview
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., Hyysalo, S., 2015. Anticipated environmental sustainability of personal fabrication. Journal of Cleaner Production 99, 333–344. Open access from http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1R0Rk3QCo9EPdT until 1 July 2015.
So what
ARE the environmental
issues?
The diagram summarizes international research as described in Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
Researchers are currently concentrating on these issues
mainly (in gray)
The diagram summarizes international research as described in Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
We need to better understand what happens
here, but how do you study it??
mass fabrication: unique products,
design and fabrication
in hands of users in
interaction with
each other
mass customization: batch/modular
personalized products,
design and fabrication
in hands of producer
bespoke fabrication: tailored, individualized
products, design and
fabrication in hands of
producer
[12-TFSC]
[7-IJPE]
[21-JCP]
[8-JSD]
[28-IJPE]
[22-JSD]
[15-DS]
[MCPC CONFERENCE PAPERS]
[11-IJPE]
personal fabrication: unique products,
design and fabrication
in hands of user,
shared designs
market influence
non-market influence
WHAT IS DISTRIBUTED
PRODUCTION?
control over user/consumer input
scale
large
small
digital
manufacturing
peer-to-peer
production
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
‘Distributed production’ is an alternative to mass production: customized, personalized, ‘local’. It includes grassroots making and fabbing (‘peer production’) as well as mass customization.
mass fabrication:
transformed supply chains, elimination of embodied energy of
redundant intermediaries
mass customization:
less pre-consumer waste, greater potential for re-manufacturing,
“eco-guiding” configurators for consumers
bespoke fabrication:
localized production and lower transport
emissions, less product replacement
personal fabrication:
localized production, higher environmental impact per unit but
overall lower volumes (than MP and MC)
ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFITS
exploit user/consumer input
exploit
scale
exploit modularization
exploit small and local
ensure quality for attachment, satisfaction
exploit learning opportunities
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
According to existing research claims, these are the environmental benefits.
mass fabrication:
transformed supply chains, elimination of embodied energy of
redundant intermediaries
mass customization:
less pre-consumer waste, greater potential for re-manufacturing,
“eco-guiding” configurators for consumers
bespoke fabrication:
localized production and lower transport
emissions, less product replacement
personal fabrication:
localized production, higher environmental impact per unit but
overall lower volumes (than MP and MC)
ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFITS
exploit user/consumer input
exploit
scale
exploit modularization
exploit small and local
ensure quality for attachment, satisfaction
exploit learning opportunities
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
opportunities for a circular economy
mass fabrication:
distanced from consumer recycling systems and safety
standards, increased transport of
components and materials
mass customization:
customized products add to mass production material flow rather than
replace
bespoke fabrication:
high quality leads to resource and energy intensive production,
difficulty to reuse bespoke products
personal fabrication:
greater personal exposure to toxic
materials/emissions, unregulated emissions
to environment
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
regulations and standards
scale
global
local
quality drivers less regulation
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
What those previous researchers didn’t mention
mass fabrication:
distanced from consumer recycling systems and safety
standards, increased transport of
components and materials
mass customization:
customized products add to mass production material flow rather than
replace
bespoke fabrication:
high quality leads to resource and energy intensive production,
difficulty to reuse bespoke products
personal fabrication:
greater personal exposure to toxic
materials/emissions, unregulated emissions
to environment
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONCERNS
regulations and standards
scale
global
local
quality drivers less regulation
SOURCE: Kohtala, C., 2014. Addressing sustainability in research on distributed production: an integrated literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.039
So are we REALLY seeing localizing production and changing supply chains? How can the Maker Movement help us understand and explore the shift to circularity?
In Fab Labs today, BARRIERS >invisibility of issues >lack of eco-champions >time poverty OPPORTUNITIES >visions of societal responsibility >material understanding and time engagement >openness and willingness to share >stepping stone to new paradigm…