Name :Ikhwanul Muttaqien

NPM :1114370299

Study :Manajement Information System

1. Sejarah e-commerce

The History Of Ecommerce

By definition, ecommerce or electronic commerce, is the buying and

selling of products or services via the Internet. For many Americans,

ecommerce is something we participate in on a daily basis, like online bill

payment or purchasing from an e-tailer.

Nowadays the thought of living without ecommerce seems unfathomable,

complicated and an inconvenience to many. It wasnt until only a few decades

ago that the idea of ecommerce had even appeared.

Ecommerce was introduced 40 years ago and, to this day, continues to grow

with new technologies, innovations, and thousands of businesses entering the

online market each year. The convenience, safety, and user experience of

ecommerce has improved exponentially since its inception in the 1970s. This

article will address some of the key players and milestones of ecommerce

Ecommerce Timeline

1960-1982

Paving the way for electric commerce was the development of

the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI replaced traditional mailing and

faxing of documents with a digital transfer of data from one computer to

another.

Trading partners could transfer orders, invoices and other business transactions

using a data format that met the ANSI ASC X12, the predominant set of

standards in North America.

Once an order is sent, it is then examined by a VAN (Value-Added Network)

and finally directed to the recipients order processing system. EDI allowed the

transfer of data seamlessly without any human intervention.

Michael Aldrich, an English inventor, innovator and entrepreneur is credited

with developing the predecessor to online shopping. The idea came about

during a stroll with his wife and Labrador when Aldrich lamented about their

weekly supermarket shopping expedition. This conversation sparked an idea to

hook a television to their supermarket to deliver the groceries. Immediately

after the discussion Aldrich quickly planned and implemented his idea.

In 1979 Aldrich connected a television set to a transaction processing computer

with a telephone line and created what he coined, teleshopping, meaning

shopping at a distance.

1982-1990

It was apparent from the beginning that B2B online shopping would be

commercially lucrative but B2C would not be successful until the later

widespread use of PCs and the World Wide Web, also known as, the Internet.

In 1982, France launched the precursor to the Internet called, Minitel.

The online service used a Videotex terminal machine that was accessed through

telephone lines. The Minitel was free to telephone subscribers and connected

millions of users to a computing network.

By 1999, over 9 million Minitel terminals had been distributed and were

connecting approximately 25 million users in this interconnected network of

machines. The Minitel system peaked in 1991 and slowly met its demise after

the success of the Internet 3 years later. Eventually, in 2011, France Telecom

announced its shutdown of the Minitel service system. Sadly, it had not become

what it had hoped to be, the Internet.

90s To Present

In 1990 Tim Berners Lee, along with his friend Robert Cailliau,

published a proposal to build a Hypertext project called, WorldWideWeb.

The inspiration for this project was modeled after the Dynatex SGML reader

licensed by CERN.

That same year, Lee, using a NeXTcomputer created the first web server and

wrote the first web browser. Shortly thereafter, he went on to debut the web on

Aug. 6, 1991 as a publicly available service on the Internet. When Berners Lee

decided he would take on the task of marrying hypertext to the Internet, in doing

that, the process led to him developing URL, HTML and HTTP.

When the National Science Foundation lifted its restrictions on commercial use

of the NET in 1991, the Internet and online shopping saw remarkable growth. In

September 1995, the NSF began charging a fee for registering domain

names. 120,000 registered domain names were present at that time and within 3

years that number grew to beyond 2 million. By this time, NSFs role in the

Internet came to an end and a lot of the oversight shifted to the commercial

sector.

The 1992 book, Future Shop: How Technologies Will Change The Way We

Shop And What We Buy, provided insight and predictions on the future of

consumerism. An overview of the book explains:

For hundreds of years the marketplace has been growing more complex and

more confusing for consumers to navigate. Published in 1992, long before the

Internet became a household word. Future Shop argued that new information

technologies, combined with innovative public policies, could help consumers

overcome that confusion. A prescient manifesto of the coming revolution in e-

commerce, Future Shops vision of consumer empowerment still resonates

today.

From the beginning, there were many hesitations and concerns with online

shopping but the development of a security protocol - theSecure Socket

Layers (SSL) - encryption certificate by Netscape in 1994 provided a safe

means to transmit data over the Internet. Web browsers were able to check and

identify whether a site had an authenticated SSL certificate and based on that,

could determine whether or not a site could be trusted.

Now, SSL encryption protocol is a vital part of web security and version 3.0 has

become the standard for most web servers today.

Online Ecommerce Megastores

The mid-nineties to 2000s saw major advancements in the commercial

use of the Internet. The largest online retailer in the world Amazon, launched in

1995 as an online bookstore. Brick-and-mortar bookstores were limited to about

200,000 titles and Amazon, being an online only store, without physical

limitations was able to offer exponentially more products to the shopper.

Currently, Amazon offers not only books but DVDs, CDs, MP3 downloads,

computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, and toys.

A unique characteristic of Amazons website is the user review feature that

includes a rating scale to rate a product. Customer reviews are now considered

the most effective social media tactic for driving sales. The company attracts

approximately 65 million customers to its U.S. website per month and earned

revenue of 34.204 billion in 2010. In 2001, Amazon.com launched its first

mobile commerce site.

Another major success story of the dot com bubble was Ebay, an online auction

site that debuted in 1995. Other retailers like Zappos and Victoria Secret

followed suit with online shopping sites; Zappos being a web only operation.

Also in 1995, was the inception of Yahoo followed by Google in 1998, two

leading search engines in the US. These successful web directories began their

own ecommerce subsidiaries with Google Shopping and Yahoo! Auction, in

following years.

Global ecommerce company, PayPal, began its services in 1998 and currently

operates in 190 markets. The company is an acquired bank that performs

payment processing for online vendors, auction sites, and other commercial

users. They allow their customers to send, receive and hold funds in 24

currencies worldwide. Currently, PayPal manages more than 232 million

accounts, more than 100 million of them active.

As more and more people began doing business online, a need for secure

communication and transactions became apparent. In 2004, the Payment Card

Industry Security Standards Council (PCI) was formed to ensure businesses

were meeting compliance with various security requirements.

The organization was created for the development, enhancement, storage,

dissemination and implementation of security standards for account data

protection.

The growing use of the Internet, tablet devices, and smart phones coupled with

larger consumer confidence will see that ecommerce will continue to evolve and

expand.

With social media growing exponentially in recent years, the conversation

between businesses and consumers has become more engaging, making it easier

for transactional exchanges to happen online. Internet retailers continue to strive

to create better content and a realistic shopping experience with technologies

like augmented reality.

With mobile commerce gaining speed, more users are purchasing from the palm

of their hand. The market for mobile payments is expected to quadruple by

2014, reaching $630 billion in value. Total sales in ecommerce have grown

from $27.6 billion in 2000 to $143.4 billion in 2009 and are expected to

continue its growth for the foreseeable future.

2. Apa itu e-commerce

Definition of 'Electronic Commerce - ecommerce

A type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a

firm or individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the

internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments:

business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to

business. It can be thought of as a more advanced form of mail-order purchasing

through a catalog. Almost any product or service can be offered via ecommerce, from

books and music to financial services and plane tickets.

Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an

existing market position, by providing a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain

for their products or services. One example of a firm that has successfully used

ecommerce is Target. This mass retailer not only has physical stores, but also has an

online store where the customer can buy everything from clothes to coffee makers to

action figures.

When you purchase a good or service online, you are participating in ecommerce.

Some advantages of ecommerce for consumers are:

- Convenience. Ecommerce can take place 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

- Selection. Many stores offer a wider array of products online than they do in their

brick-and-mortar counterparts. And stores that exist only online may offer consumers

a selection of goods that they otherwise could not access.

But ecommerce also has its disadvantages for consumers:

- Limited customer service. If you want to buy a computer and youre shopping

online, there is no employee you can talk to about which computer would best meet

your needs.

- No instant gratification. When you buy something online, you have to wait for it to

be shipped to your home or office.

- No ability to touch and see a product. Online images dont always tell the whole

story about an item. Ecommerce transactions can be dissatisfying when the product

the consumer receives is different than expected.

3. Manfaat e-commerce

Advantages of Ecommerce

1. Overcome Geographical Limitations

If you have a physical store, you are limited by the geographical area that you

can service. With an ecommerce website, the whole world is your playground.

Additionally, the advent ofmcommerce, i.e., ecommerce on mobile devices, has

dissolved every remaining limitation of geography.

2. Gain New Customers With Search Engine Visibility

Physical retail is driven by branding and relationships. In addition to these two

drivers, online retail is also driven by traffic from search engines. It is not unusual for

customers to follow a link in search engine results, and land up on an ecommerce

website that they have never heard of. This additional source of traffic can be the

tipping point for some ecommerce businesses.

3. Lower Costs

One of the most tangible positives of ecommerce is the lowered cost. A part of

these lowered costs could be passed on to customers in the form of discounted prices.

Here are some of the ways that costs can be reduced with ecommerce:

Advertising and Marketing

Organic search engine traffic, pay-per-click, and social media traffic are some

of the advertising channels that can be cost-effective.

Personnel

The automation of checkout, billing, payments, inventory management, and

other operational processes, lowers the number of employees required to run an

ecommerce setup.

Real Estate

This one is a no-brainer. An ecommerce merchant does not need a prominent

physical location.

4. Locate the Product Quicker

It is no longer about pushing a shopping cart to the correct aisle, or scouting for

the desired product. On an ecommerce website, customers can click through intuitive

navigation or use a search box to immediately narrow down their product search.

Some websites remember customer preferences and shopping lists to facilitate repeat

purchase.

5. Eliminate Travel Time and Cost

It is not unusual for customers to travel long distances to reach their preferred

physical store. Ecommerce allows them to visit the same store virtually, with a few

mouse clicks.

6. Provide Comparison Shopping

Ecommerce facilitates comparison shopping. There are several online services

that allow customers to browse multiple ecommerce merchants and find the best

prices.

7. Enable Deals, Bargains, Coupons, and Group Buying

Though there are physical equivalents to deals, bargains, coupons, and group

buying, online shopping makes it much more convenient. For instance if a customer

has a deep discount coupon for turkey at one physical store and toilet paper at another,

she may find it infeasible to avail of both discounts. But the customer could do that

online with a few mouse-clicks.

8. Provide Abundant Information

There are limitations to the amount of information that can be displayed in a

physical store. It is difficult to equip employees to respond to customers who require

information across product lines. Ecommerce websites can make additional

information easily available to customers. Most of this information is provided by

vendors, and does not cost anything to create or maintain.

9. Create Targeted Communication

Using the information that a customer provides in the registration form, and by

placing cookies on the customer's computer, an ecommerce merchant can access a lot

of information about its customers. This, in turn, can be used to communicate relevant

messages. An example: If you are searching for a certain product on Amazon.com,

you will automatically be shown listings of other similar products. In addition,

Amazon.com may also email you about related products.

10. Remain Open All the Time

Store timings are now 24/7/365. Ecommerce websites can run all the time.

From the merchant's point of view, this increases the number of orders they receive.

From the customer's point of view, an "always open" store is more convenient.

11. Create Markets for Niche Products

Buyers and sellers of niche products can find it difficult to locate each other in the

physical world. Online, it is only a matter of the customer searching for the product in

a search engine. One example could be purchase of obsolete parts. Instead of trashing

older equipment for lack of spares, today we can locate parts online with great ease

4. Kendala e-commerce

Disadvantages of Ecommerce

Ecommerce Lacks That Personal Touch

Not that all physical retailers have a personal approach, but I do know of several

retailers who value human relationship. As a result, shopping at those retail outlets is

reassuring and refreshing. Clicking on "Buy Now," and piling up products in virtual

shopping carts, is just not the same for me.

Different people sing to different tunes. For me, the demise of the personal touch in

online transactions is the biggest disadvantage of ecommerce.

Ecommerce Delays Goods

Unless you are using a website to merely order a pizza online, ecommerce

websites deliver take a lot longer to get the goods into your hands. Even with express

shipping, the earliest you get goods is "tomorrow."

But if you want to buy a pen because you need to write something right now, you

cannot buy it off an ecommerce website. Likewise with candy that you want to eat

now, a book that you want to read tonight, a birthday gift that you need this evening...

You get the idea.

An exception to this rule is in the case of digital goods, e.g. an ebook or a music file.

In this case, ecommerce might actually be faster than purchasing goods from a

physical store.

Many Goods Cannot Be Purchased Online

Despite its many conveniences, there are goods that you cannot buy online.

Most of these would be in the categories of "perishable" or "odd-sized." Think about

it, you cannot order a popsicle (also referred to as an ice pop or ice lolly) or a dining

table set.

Well, you could order both of them online, but consider the inconvenience. The

popsicle would have to be transported in refrigerated trucks. Unless the seller was

willing to make a huge loss, the cost of shipping that popsicle would far exceed the

cost of the popsicle.

Likewise, a dining table set can certainly be purchased online. In some cases, the cost

oflogistics is bearable. But if you have to return the furniture, you will get well-

acquainted with the inconvenience of ecommerce.

Ecommerce Does Not Allow You to Experience the Product Before

Purchase

You cannot touch the fabric of the garment you want to buy. You cannot check

how the shoe feels on your feet. You cannot "test" the perfume that you want to buy.

You get the idea.

In many cases, customers want to experience the product before purchase.

Ecommerce does not allow that. If you buy a music system, you cannot play it online

to check if it sounds right? If you are purchasing a home-theatre system, you would

much rather sit in the "experience center" that several retail stores set up.

Anyone Can Set Up an Ecommerce Website

We live in an era where online storefront providers bring you the ability to set

up an ecommerce store within minutes. I have tried it, and it is possible to set up a

basic store in under 10 minutes.

But if anybody can set up a store, how do I know that the store I am purchasing from

is genuine? The lowered barriers to entry might be a great attraction to the aspiring

ecommerce entrepreneur. But for the buyer, reliability can be an issue. This could lead

customers to restrict their online purchases to famous ecommerce websites.

Security

When making an online purchase, you have to provide at least your credit card

information and mailing address. In many cases, ecommerce websites are able to

harvest other information about your online behavior and preferences. This could lead

to credit card fraud, or worse, identity theft.

Conclusion

While we might be gung-ho about ecommerce, we must acknowledge that

there are disadvantages too. Only when we accept our shortcomings will we work

towards overcoming them.

5. Contoh website e-commerce

Examples of Ecommerce

Online Shopping

Buying and selling goods on the Internet is one of the most popular examples

of ecommerce. Sellers create storefronts that are the online equivalents of retail

outlets. Buyers browse and purchase products with mouse clicks. Though

Amazon.com is not the pioneer of online shopping, it is arguably the most famous

online shopping destination.

Ex : lazada.com, bhineka.com, pulsa.co.id and many more

Electronic Payments

When you are buying goods online, there needs to be a mechanism to pay

online too. That is where payment processors and payment gateways come into the

picture.

Electronic payments reduce the inefficiency associated with writing and mailing

checks. It also does away with many of the safety issues that arise due to payment

made in currency notes.

Ex : credit card, VISA, ATM

Online Auctions

When you think online auction, you think eBay. Physical auctions predate

online auctions, but the Internet made auctions accessible to a large number of

buyers and sellers. Online auctions are an efficient mechanism for price discovery.

Many buyers find the auction shopping mechanism much interesting than regular

storefront shopping.

Internet Banking

Today it is possible for you to perform the entire gamut of banking operations

without visiting a physical bank branch. Interfacing of websites with bank

accounts, and by extension credit cards, was the biggest driver of ecommerce.

Ex : BCA mobile BANKing, and any more

Online Ticketing

Air tickets, movie tickets, train tickets, play tickets, tickets to sporting events,

and just about any kind of tickets can be booked online. Online ticketing does

away with the need to queue up at ticket counters.

Ex :

Specialized Forms of Ecommerce

On some platforms, ecommerce has shown the promise of explosive growth. Two

such examples are:

Mcommerce

Mcommerce is short for "mobile commerce." The rapid penetration of mobile

devices with Internet access has opened new avenues of ecommerce for

retailers.

Fcommerce

Fcommerce is short for "Facebook commerce." The immense popularity of

Facebook provides a captive audience to transact business.

6. Apa itu EDI pada e-commerce

EDI and Ecommerce at Medtronic

Medtronic offers EDI as a way to streamline the order-to-cash business

processes. Medtronic offers product catalog scrubbing to improve ordering accuracy.

If used in conjunction with the EDI ordering, order confirmation, invoicing, and

payment processes, great benefits and efficiencies can be achieved throughout the

supply chain.

7. Apa itu IOS pada e-commerce

8. Sebutkan 5 CMS ( Content Management System ) E-commerce

dan sebutkan juga kelebihan dan kekuangan masing-masing CMS

tersebut

5 Content Management Systems for eCommerce

eCommerce continues to steadily evolve as its become one of the most

reliable, and preferable ways to purchase goods. Its very existence has allowed

countless number of businesses reach new heights, and take advantage of endless

possibilities. As new standards, ideas, and applications for eCommerce role out, the

strength of your online presence must support these new trends.

Having a powerful and dependable Content Management System is becoming less of

an option and more of a need. Below weve outlined 5 of the best Content

Management Systems to fuel your eCommerce. Please note that CMSs like

WordPress and Joomla, although not entirely focused on eCommerce, they offer

effective plugins to take care of your basic and intermediate level needs.

Business Catalyst

Business Catalyst allows you to build typical eCommerce web sites that range

from small to medium sizes. Once you sign up youll get a hosted eCommerce

application that provides you with a dedicated content management system (CMS)

that has the power to jumpstart blogs, shopping carts, and forums. Youll also be

greeted with easy to understand analytics that let you track web site visits and

customer activity. The user interface is simple and concise. Business Catalyst not only

helps build your online store, but it manages it as well. BC is a full-featured hosted

application that offers great support over the phone, email, or live chat.

Adventage

No Server-Side Coding Required

All-in-One Solution

Build Sites That Allow Customers to Participate Online

Work Quickly and Efficiently, Anywhere You're Connected

Easy-to-Add Site Features

Secure and Scalable Platform

Design Sites Using Familiar Dreamweaver Capabilities

Secure Transactions

Promote Products and Services with Email Campaigns

Sign Up for a Free Account and Check Out the Service

Summary

Disventage

You can define your own web apps.

The WYSIWYG editor doesnt F-up your HTML/CSS/JS

Great value for those that have clients

Easy setup easy integration.

Magento

Magento is classified as an open source eCommerce platform that eases the

flow between design and online sales. Magento is one of the fastest growing

eCommerce solutions in the market, and with their long list of features its not hard to

see why. Magento likes to out-smart other content management systems for

eCommerce by providing excellent options to grow your site. Magento is a very

flexible eCommerce platform that lets you Manage multiple websites, integrate

Google Website Optimizer and over 50 payment gateways.

Adventage

Large Community

Open Source and Available for Free

Themes and Templates

Automatic Integration with Google Services

Supports Variety of Payment Options

Wishlist

Availability of Customizations

Fully flourished with rich features

Magento Mobile

Architecture

Extensions

Desventage

Large space and memory

Complexity

Limited Technical Documentation

Learning Curve

High Maintenance

PrestaShop

PrestaShop is a free, open source eCommerce platform that delivers a wide variety of

features such as the full control of your inventory, orders, shipping and tracking,

allowing you to manage your business in real-time. This eCommerce platform has a

WYSIWYG editing tool for your products and the managing of images. Your online

store can be customized at any time, accept PayPal payments, and manage customer

based subscriptions. PrestaShop can send payments directly to your bank account, or

your PayPal account.

Adventage

Free and open source

Size of software

SEO

Animated add to cart

Multilingual

Prestashop is easy to develop

Fast and it does not require expensive servers to

Many free module

It has modules and themes shop

Its easy to learn

It has big community

It is rapidly improving

OpenCart

Open carts admin area has a well designed user interface that simplifies the process

of tweaking your site. When you first begin using this eCommerce platform youre

given a customizable layout that gives your products an adequate amount of

breathing room. OpenCart lets you take full control of your shipping features and

the ability to take coupons. You can use coupon codes for your existing customers as

incentives. Open Cart is ideal for small to medium sized businesses that are looking

for flexibility and the power of useful tools at their fingertips.

osCSS

osCSS is simply a php eCommerce shopping application thats built on the

oscommerce GPL code. Its available for a free download and distribution. This

version complies with current web standards by using XHTML 1.1 as the mark-up

language. Youll have full take on how to display your products and the way they will

be shipped. Although osCSS isnt the most popular or powerful eCommerce CMS, it

sure does get the job done.