SNC1D Exam Review

Exam Review Package #2Sustainable Ecosystems:

ENERGY FLOW in ECOSYSTEMS

1. The Sun supplies all the Earth’s energy in the form of _________LlGHT_______ energy. Approximately __10___ % of this energy is absorbed by the hydrosphere and the lithosphere and converted into thermal energy.

2. Write the word equation for photosynthesis in the space below.

Carbon dioxide + water + light energy glucose + oxygen gas

3. All organisms require food for their energy, whether they make the food or eat the food. Food has stored energy that is released to the cell in the process of _______CELLULAR RESPIRATION________________________.

4. Write the word equation for cellular respiration in the space below.

glucose + oxygen gas Carbon dioxide + water + light energy

5. ________CONSUMERS___________ are organisms that cannot make their own food and must eat other living things in order to survive.

6. We can organize consumers into categories according to what they eat.

a) _____HERBIVORE_______________ eat plants or other producers

b) ________CARNIVORE____________ eat other animals

c) ________OMNIVORE____________ eat both plants and animals

d) _______DETRIVORE/SCAVENGER______ eat remains of other organisms

PYRAMID ANALYSIS

Pyramid analysis allows us to study the flow of energy in a food chain/web using actual numbers. This allows us to predict the effects of different scenarios on ecosystems.

1 hawk

20 snakes

400 mice

500 000 insects

12 000 000 000 blades of grass

Pyramid of numbers

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1. In the box below, develop a labeled biomass pyramid from the numbers pyramid shown above.2500 g hawk

Biomass Pyramid

mass of one hawk: 2500 gmass of one snake: 130 gmass of one mouse: 50 gmass of one insect: 0.5 gmass of one blade of grass: 0.2 g

2. How much food in mass is available for the hawk to consume if it only eats snakes? Show your calculations.

130gX20 snakes=2600g

3. How much food in mass is available for the hawk to consume if it eats snakes AND mice? Show your calculations.

(130gx20 snakes) + (50gx400 mice) = 22600

4. How much energy was used by the organism for its daily activity?

An organism uses about 90% of the total energy it gains on its daily activities.

5. How much is passed on to the next tropic level?

An organism passes about 10% of the total energy it gains to the next tropic level

6. Suggest why hawks are solitary animals.

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Hawks requires a large territory to hunt more prey as they need a high amount of energy. In order to decrease competition, they prefer to hunt alone.

CYCLING of MATTER

The matter that is part of every living thing has been cannot be created nor destroyed but must come from somewhere. In order to continue to supply the matter required, ecosystems must cycle this matter through the living and non-living components. These processes are called biogeochemical cycles.

1. Draw a labeled diagram for the carbon cycle.

2. Put each term in the box in the correct space of the Venn diagram.

BIOTIC and ABIOTIC INFLUENCES on the ECOSYSTEM

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1. The Carrying capacity of an ecosystem is?

as the maximum population of a given species that can survive indefinitely in a given environment

2. What is tolerance range? How can this be explained using a diagram?

The range of conditions that a species can survive within. For example, the maximum and minimum water temperatures that a fish species is able to survive within. The diagram looks like a bell and can be found in your textbook.

Chemistry:

1a. What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has a volume

b. What are the 3 states of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas

2a. What is a physical change? A change where no new substance is formed

b. What are the 3 ‘clues’ that a physical change has taken place?

Change in form, change in state, or a substance has dissolved

3a. What is a chemical change?

A change that produced a new substance with different properties

b. What are the 5 ‘clues’ that a chemical change has taken place?

New colour, heat or light given off, bubbles of gas form, a solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid, the change is difficult to reverse

4. Decide whether the descriptions below are examples of a physical change (P) or chemical change (C).

__P_ ice melting__C_ baking a cake__P_ cutting carrots__C_ a fire burning_ C_ a firecracker exploding_ P_ breaking glass__C_ a car rusting__P_ mixing salt and pepper

5. a) Describe the meaning of the following physical properties and provide an example of each:PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTY MEANING EXAMPLE

SNC1D Exam Review Hardness

The resistance of a solid to scratching

MalleabilityAbility to be hammered or bent into different shapes.

Diamond is very hard

SolubilityAbility to dissolve in a solvent such aswater

Salt is soluble in water

DuctilityAbility to be stretched out into a wire.

Copper is ductile.

Melting/Boiling PointTemperature at which a substancechanges state.

Water boils at 100 degreesCelsius.

Conductivity A conductor is a substance in which electrons or heat can move freely throughout.

Copper is a good conductor of heat and electricity.

b. Complete the table below of the chemical properties: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PROPERTY MEANING EXAMPLECombustibility Ability to react with oxygen and produce

carbon dioxide (burn).Propane is combustible.

Reaction with AcidAbility of a substance to react with acid.

Limestone reacts with acid.

Corrosion Reaction with oxygen to form an oxide. Iron reacts with oxygen to formiron oxide (rust).

6 a. Match the term on the left with the description on the right.

__B_ Pure Substance a. can only see 1 phase__F_ Compound b. the same properties and composition throughout__A_ Homogeneous c. anything that has mass and takes up space__G_ Mixture d. particle with 1 type of atom __C_ Matter e. can see 2 or more phases__E_ Heterogeneous f. 2 or more elements put together__D_ Element g. different properties and composition throughout

6 b. Use the words below to fill in the Classification of Matter table.

element, matter, heterogeneous, homogeneous, compound, pure substance,

MATTER

7. Complete the following classification of matter table.

PURE SUBSTANCE

ELEMENT COMPOUND HOMOGENOUS HETEROGENEOUS

Mixture

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATTERType of Matter

Explain what this is Heterogeneous or

Homogeneous?or

N/A

Example

Element Made up of one type of atomNA COPPER

Compound Made up of two types of atoms chemically linked together

NA WATER

SolutionMixture with only one phase HOMOGENOUS APPLE JUICE

Mechanical Mixture

Mixture with more than one phase HETEROGENEOUS

SODA POP

8. Using the terms given below, complete the following sentences related to gas tests.

burst into flameturn cloudy

hydrogenpinkpop

carbon dioxideglowing

a) When testing for _____HYDROGEN________ gas, a flaming splint will ___POP_______.

b) When testing for oxygen gas, a ____GLOWING______ splint will ____________BURST INTO FLAME__________.

c) When testing for ______CARBON DIOXIDE_____________ gas, limewater will _____TURN CLOUDY____________.

9. Write the symbol for the following elements:

__C__ carbon__K_ potassium__N_ nitrogen__Ca_calcium

__B__ boron_He_ helium_Na_ sodium_Be_ beryllium

10. Write the name of the element for the following symbols:

Li ______LITHIUM___________K _______POTASSIUM__________Al ______ALUMINUM___________S _______SULFUR___________Ne _______NEON__________Si _______SILICON___________H _______HYDROGEN___________O _______OXYGEN___________

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11. Draw Bohr diagrams for the following elements.

Nitrogen Sodium Chlorine

12. Draw Bohr diagrams for the most likely ions that these elements will form.

Lithium Fluorine Aluminum

13. Complete the following chart.

Standard Atomic Notation

Atomic Number

Mass Number # protons # electrons #

neutrons94Be2+ 4 9 4 2 5

28 4+

14Si14

28 14 10 14

79 2-

34Se

3479 34 36

45

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31 3-

15P 15 31 15 18 16

14 a. Protons have a ______+_______ charge. b. Electrons have a _____-___________ charge.

c. Neutrons have a charge of _____ZERO_____.

For the following question, describe the location of the 3 subatomic particles within an atom.

15a. Protons are found ______________ in the nucleus ___________________ b. Electrons are found _____________ orbiting around the nucleus ________________

c. Neutrons are found ______________ in the nucleus _________________

16. Complete the following charts on counting atoms.

a) Na2CrO4 b) 2(K2S) c) 4Mg(NO3)2

Questions 17 and 18 refer to the Periodic Table of Elements.

17a. Vertical columns are called ________GROUPS____________

b. Horizontal rows are called _______PERIODS______________

c. Metals are found on the ________LEFT____________ side

Element # of Atoms

SODIUM 2CHROMIUM 1

OXYGEN 4

Element # of Atoms

POTASSIUM 4

SULFUR 2

Element # of Atoms

MAGNESIUM 4

NITROGEN 8OXYGEN 24

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d. Non-metals are found on the ______RIGHT___________ side

e. Elements which are metalloids are ____B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te___________

e. Transition metals are found in groups ______3-12________

18 a. Elements found in group 1 (IA) are called _ALKALI METALS FAMILY____

b. Elements found in group 2 (IIA) are called ALKALINE EARTH METALS FAMILY __

c. Elements found in group 17 are called __HALOGENS FAMILY__

d. Elements found in group 18 are called ____NOBLE GASES FAMILY___

19. A piece of lead is placed in a graduated cylinder that initially reads 10.0 mL. After a piece of lead is added to the graduated cylinder, it has a new reading of 45.6 mL. What is the mass of the lead? (density of lead = 11.3 g/cm3)V = 45.6 mL – 10.0 mLV = 35.6 mL (1 mL = 1 cm3)V = 35.6 cm3

M = DVM = (11.3 g/cm3)(35.6 cm3)M = 402.28 g

Therefore the mass of the lead sample is 402.28 g.

Electricity:

1. a. What is the charge of a protons? Positive (+1)

b. What is the charge of an electron? Negative (-1)

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c. What is the charge of a neutron? Neutral (0)

2. a. What is static electricity? A charge that does not move

b. What is current electricity? Electric charges that move from a source through a controlled path in an electric circuit.

3. Complete the following table.

INSULATOR CONDUCTORDefinition Does not allow electrons to flow freely

from atom to atomDoes allow electrons to flow freely from atom to atom

Type of Electricity(Static or Current)

Static Current

Examples Rubber, woodWire, water

4. List the 3 parts of the Law of Electric Charges.

i. like charges repel

ii. unlike charges attract

iii. charged objects attract uncharged (neutral) objects

5. Complete the following table.

Object A Object B Attract or Repelpositive positive Rneutral positive Anegative neutral Apositive negative Anegative negative R

6. Use the table of the electrostatic series to draw a diagram and explain what happens when the following objects are rubbed together

a. Glass rubbed with plasticBefore rubbing After rubbing

Electrostatic SeriesWEAK

AcetateGlass

Fur, HairCalcium

SilkAluminum

CottonWax

EbonitePlasticRubberCarbonSulfur

Platinum

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b. Calcium rubbed with platinumBefore rubbing After rubbing

c. If acetate has a weak hold on electrons it will ________Lose__________(lose/gain) electrons when rubbed with rubber, which has a strong hold on electrons.

7. Complete the following table of circuit diagrams.

TERM DEFINITION SYMBOLCell/Battery/Power Supply

Two electrodes and an electrolyte that provide an electric current

Conductor/Wire Path that carries electric current

Load/Resistor Resists flow of electronsAny, e.g.,

SwitchDevice that controls flow of electrons

Light Bulb Device within a circuit

AmmeterDevice to measure current in amperes

Electrostatic SeriesWEAK

AcetateGlass

Fur, HairCalcium

SilkAluminum

CottonWax

EbonitePlasticRubberCarbonSulfur

Platinum

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8. a. In an electric circuit, where do electrons leave from and return to?Battery/Power supply

b. In an electric circuit, what do electrons move through?Conductor/wire

9. a. If the switch in a circuit is open, what does it mean?No current flows, the switch is “off”

b. If the switch in a circuit is closed, what does it mean?Current flows, the switch is “on”

10. a. What is a series circuit?A circuit where all loads are connected one after each other, each electron flows through each load.

b. What is a parallel circuit?A circuit where some loads are connected in parallel, each electron flows only through some loads

11. a. Sketch a circuit that has: 28V battery two light bulbs wired in series that are parallel to a

third bulb an open switch controlling the entire circuit arrows showing electron flow

b) Sketch a circuit that has 9V power supply two light bulbs wired in series, in parallel with the third

bulb a fourth bulb placed in such a way that if it is unscrewed

nothing in the circuit works

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an open switch controlling the entire circuit a second open switch controlling each of the parallel

branches only

12. Complete the following table.

VARIABLE MATHEMATICAL SYMBOL

UNIT

Charge Q CCurrent I APotential

Difference/Voltage V V

Resistance R ohm or Ω

13. a. What does an ammeter measure? Current

b. What does a voltmeter measure? Voltage (potential Difference)

14. What is the formula for Ohm’s Law? V=IR

15. A heater has a resistance of 8.0Ω when it is plugged into a 110V outlet. What is the current? Given: R = 8.0 Ω, V = 110 VI = ?I = V/RI= 110 V/8.0 Ω = 110/8 A = 13.75 AThe heater’s current is 13.8 A

16. Identify the following circuits as series or parallel.

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Mixed parallel & series Series Parallel Parallel

17. Complete the following Formula Table.

COMPONENT SERIES CIRCUIT FORMULA PARALLEL CIRCUIT FORMULA

Current (I) IT = I1 = I2 = … IT = I1 + I2 + …

Potential Difference (V) VT = V1 + V2 + … VT = V1 = V2 = …

Resistance (R) RT = R1 + R2 + … 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …

18. Solve for each of the following circuits using Ohm’s Law and the formulae for series and parallel circuits:

V1 = V2 = 6.0 VI2 = 0.25 AR1 = R2 = 24 ΩRt = 12 Ω

V1 = V2 = 6.0 VI2 = 0.25 AR1 = R2 = 24 ΩRt = 12 Ω

V1 = V2 = 6.0 VI2 = 0.25 AR1 = R2 = 24 ΩRt = 12 Ω

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V1 = V2 = 6.0 VI2 = 0.25 AR1 = R2 = 24 ΩRt = 12 Ω

V1 = 6.0 V; V3 = 12 VI1 = I2 = 1.0 AR1 = R2 = 6.0 ΩR3 = 12 ΩRt = 6.0 Ω

19. a) Solve for equivalent (total) resistance (Req) when a 4Ω bulb and 6Ω bulb are connect in Series:G: R1 = 4 Ω, R2 = 6 ΩR: RT

A: RT = R1 + R2

S: RT = 4 Ω + 6 Ω = 10 ΩP: equivalent resistance is 10 Ω

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a) In a Parallel circuit, you have a Vs of 6V and Is of 14A.Req= Vs/Is

Req = 6/14Req = 0.43Ω

21. Mr. Spacie conducted an electricity experiment involving Ohm’s Law. During the experiment, he measured both the potential difference (V) and noted the current (I). In the table below are Mr. Spacie’s experimental results.

a) Plot the information on the graph belowb) Draw the line of best fitc) Find the resistance by using the slope of your line of best fit.d) What is the voltage when current is 0.18A? _________V = IR = (0.18 A)(2.3 ) = 0.4 V

e) What is the current when voltage is 6.0V? _________I = V/R = 6.0 V/2.3 = 2.6 A

REMEMBER TO TITLE YOUR GRAPH AND AXES!!!

Current (A)

Voltage (V)

0.5 1.41.0 2.21.5 3.72.0 4.92.5 6.13.0 7.3

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Astronomy:

1. Put each term in the box in the correct space of the Venn diagram.

run = x2 - x1= 2.0 A -

rise = y2 - y1= 4.8 V -

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2. Label the diagram using the terms in the box.

3. Circle the best answer to complete the sentence. In the northern hemisphere, summer is warmer than winter because __________________.A.Earth’s northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun in

summer and away from it in winter.B.Earth’s northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun in

summer and toward it in winter.C.Earth is closer to the Sun in summer than in winter.D. Earth turns upside down in the winter.

4.

• turning around axis• one object orbiting

another• an object is turning• takes Earth 24 h• takes Earth one year

turning around axis

takes Earth

one object orbiting another

takes Earth one year

an object is turning

SunDecemberJunerotationrevolution

revolution

December

rotation

Sun

June

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In the winter, sun light rays are more: __________(direct, indirect).

In the summer, sun light rays are more: ________(direct, indirect).

Seasons do occur at the equator but they’re not as noticeable as at higher latitudes

5. The longest daylight period in the northern hemisphere is on June 21.

6. The longest daylight period in the southern hemisphere is on December 21_______________________________________________________.

7. In the northern hemisphere on:June 21st we will receive more hours of daylight or darkness? __Daylight.

March 21st daylight = __12__ hours and darkness = _12___ hours.

December 21st we will receive more or less hours of daylight? __Less_____.

September 21st, more, less or the same # of hours of daylight & darkness? ____Same___.

8. On certain dates, all places on Earth experience equal hours of day and night. When do we experience this?

Explain why.

On the equinoxes, September 23 and March 21.Equal day and night because the Earth is the part of its revolution where it does not tilt towards or away from the Sun.

9. In the winter how is the Earth tilted relative to the Sun in the

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(a)northern hemisphere and the (b) southern hemisphere?a) away from Sun b) towards the Sun

10. What causes seasons?a. The Earth’s tilt and its revolution. Depending where

the Earth is on it’s orbit, its tilt will cause different places on the Earth to receive differentiate amounts of energy.

11. Describe the formation of planets and stars?

Gravity causes components of a rotating nebula to unite and flatten out as it contracts.

As the process continues, a bulge forms at the center becoming the Sun.

Smaller chunks away from the bulge gradually grew into larger chunks eventually becoming the planets.

12. List the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun.

mercury, venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, neptune

13. What is a Jovian Planet and where are they located in relation to terrestrial planets?

Gas giant planet is also called a jovian planet. They are located beyond the asteroid belt that separates them from the closer, terrestrial planets.

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14. Using the diagram below, identify which elements are present in the Mystery Star:

Mercury, Helium, Potassium

15. Name the phase that the moon is in during the specified days:

Day 0: ______New Moon_________

Day 1-7: ____Waxing Cresent____

Day 8: ______First Quarter______

Day 9-15: _____Waxing Gibbous___

Day 16: ______Full Moon_____

Day 17-22: ____Waning Cresent___

Day 23: _____Last/Third Quarter__

Day 24-29: ____Waning Gibbous____

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16. Explain both the Geocentric and the Heliocentric models of the solar system. Be sure to include who originated each theory and important aspects of each.

Geocentric model was proposed by Aristotle and has the Earth at the centre and all other celestial bodies revolving around it. Did not explain retrograde motion (the apparent backwards motion of planets in the sky). Ptolemy proposed a solution to retrograde motion with his idea of epicycles (small orbits that planets travel on as they revolve on a larger orbit around earth).

Heliocentric model was proposed by Copernicus and has the sun at the centre of the universe with the celestial bodies revolving around it. Was aided in his proof by Kepler, and Newton who help describe gravity.

17. What is the difference between redshift and blueshift?

A redshift star, planet or galaxy is moving away from earth so that we see elongated, lower energy wavelengths, which mean that the elements wavelengths that we see in a spectrometer have shifted to the red end of the colour spectrum.

Blueshift is a star, planet or galaxy that is moving towards Earth so that we see compressed, higher energy wavelengths, which mean that the elements wavelengths that we see in a spectrometer have shifted to the blue end of the colour spectrum.

18. Explain 2 pieces of evidence that prove that the earth is a sphere.

1. Time Zones – sun rises at different times in different places

2. Boat sailing away – a boat sailing away from shore will appear to sink and the last visible part of the boat would be the highest point of the boat. As it sailed towards shore it would appear to rise up and the first point visible would be the highest point of the boat.

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3. Lunar Eclipse – the earth’s shadow is projected onto the lunar surface during a Full moon.