macro2o2o

Macroecology of the Anthropocene

2nd - 5th March, 2020University of Konstanz, Germany

CONTENTS

Word of welcome

Information for contributors

Keynote speakers

Detailed schedule

Presentation abstracts Tuesday talks Wednesday talks Thursday talks Posters

Campus map

Bus information

Important locations

City map

Quick schedule

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Back cover

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Welcome to Konstanz!

Macro2020 is the 14th annual meeting of the specialist group Macroecology of the Ecological Society of Germany, Austria, and

Switzerland (GfÖ). For this year’s conference, we will be high-lighting the crucial role of macroecological research for address-

ing issues of current global change. By inherently considering large spatial and temporal scales, the macroecological approach provides a powerful tool for understanding and predicting how ecological systems respond to rapid environmental change. We

assembled an excellent line up of presentations covering a diver-sity of topics that should foster discussion on future directions

for our discipline and how it can be leveraged in mediating the negative impacts of the Anthropocene.

We hope that you enjoy the meeting and look forward to your contributions.

Sincerely,The Macro2020 Organizing Committee

Mialy, Trevor, Qiang, and Christa4

Information for contributors:Talks - Talks can be uploaded during registration in K7, or in the seminar room (R611) during coffee breaks. Please be sure that your talk is uploaded the day be-fore your presentation is scheduled.Posters - Posters can be hung up during any breaks in K7 wherever there is space on the poster boards.

Lunch: On Tuesday and Wednesday, you can use the Mensa Card provided with registration to purchase lunch at the University Mensa (K6).

Social events:Ice Breaker - Monday starting at 18:00 in K7. Appetiz-ers and drinks provided.Poster Session - Tuesday starting at 17:15 in K7. Snacks and drinks provided.Conference Dinner - Wednesday at 18:00 in K7.

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Dr. Hanno Seebens - Tuesday 3rd MarchSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CenterFrankfurt am Main, Germany

In my research, I try to break down complex patterns into understandable chunks, which could be generalised to understand the complexity. My research focuses very much on the interaction of humans and nature, mostly on how humans drive biodiversity change by introducing new species, so-called neobiota. I strive to understand the introduction and establishment of neobiota over large spatial scales and how this has changed in the past and will change in the future. The spread and establishment of neobiota are tightly cou-pled to human activity, and as a consequence it is necessary to first understand changes in human activity related to neobiota such as trade and transport over large spatial and temporal scales. Much of research therefore deals with the analysis of human activity to predict the spread and estab-lishment of neobiota. (Abstract on page 11)

Dr. David Nogués-Bravo - Wednesday 4th MarchCenter for Macroecology, Evolution, and ClimateUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Den-mark

Thousands of species and ecosystems are declin-ing under on-going global change. My research integrates macroecological, paleo-ecological and genomic tools, and data, to unveil the processes behind biotic change for providing biodiversity tested-scenarios and prioritizing adequate con-servation strategies. (Abstract on page 23)

Keynote Speakers

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Dr. Regan Early - Thursday 5th MarchCentre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of Exeter, Penryn Campus, UK

Regan works on fundamental and applied bioge-ography, seeking to understand how environmental change redistributes wildlife by using information on species current and past distributions. She uses biological invasions as natural experiments and also studies the sometimes catastrophic impacts - like those caused by the crop pest the fall armyworm. Recently, she’s been disentangling the effects of biotic interactions on species distributions, with the aim of improving forecasts of climate-driven range shifts, biological invasions, and biological control, and understanding of what causes biodiversity patterns. Regan works on a multitude of ecosys-tems, taxa, and geographic regions, using field and computational studies. (Abstract on page 34)

Conference schedule

Monday 2nd March

15:30-19:00 Registration Open (K7)

18:00 - 20:00 Ice Breaker (K7)

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Tuesday 3rd March

9:00 Hanno Seebens - Biological invasions: a driver and a consequence of global change in the Anthropocene (page 11)

10:00 Qiang Yang - Global homogenization of flowering plants by naturalized species (page 11)

10:15 Johannes Wessely - Effects of climate change and horticultural use on the spread of naturalized alien garden plants in Europe (page 12)

10:30 COFFEE BREAK (K7)

11:15 Aurele Toussaint - Global functional spectra of plants and vertebrates (page 13)

11:45 Ana Maria Bastidas Urrutia - An analysis of global trait spaces of birds on islands (page 14)

12:00 Lukas Heiland - How does ontogeny reshape the niche? A case study in European forest trees (page 15)

12:15 Philipp Brun - Plant traits pushing grassland productivity beyond environmental expectation differ with elevation (page 15)

12:30 LUNCH (K6)

14:00 Mark van Kleunen - Economic use of plants is key to unravelling their naturaliza-tion success (page 16)

14:30 Bernd Lenzner - The option space of future alien species impacts: an expert based assessment (page 17)

14:45 Anna Schertler - The “Global Database of Alien Pathogenic Fungi” (page 17)

15:00 Guillaume Latombe - A global perspective of the variability in socio-economic and environmental drivers of biological invasions across countries (page 18)

15:15 Ludwig Leidinger - Island biogeography of the Anthropocene - investigating dif-ferentiation patterns of introduced species with a mechanistic model (page 19)

15:30 COFFEE BREAK (K7)

16:15Sarah Redlich - Novel methods in macroecology: using an automated, data-driv-en selection process to assess the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services on large spatial scales (page 20)

16:30 Michael Mechenich - Finding scale-dependent macroecological patterns using a discrete global grid system (DGGS) (page 21)

16:45 Matthias Biber - How well does the global protected area network cover the world’s physical and climatic conditions? (page 22)

17:15 Group Photo (K7)

17:15 - 20:00 Poster Session (K7)

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Wednesday 4th March9:00 David Nogués-Bravo - Paleo-records to safeguard biological diversity (page 23)

10:00 Mairin Balisi - Ecomorphological shifts revealed in Rancho La Brea mesocarni-vores from Ice Age to modern-day (page 23)

10:15 Esther Dale - Does the appearance of new biomes promote diversification? Con-trasting diversification strategies of New Zealand plant lineages (page 24)

10:30 COFFEE BREAK (K7)

11:15 Elham Nourani - Global energy seascape supports sea-crossing behavior in soar-ing birds (page 25)

11:45 Eva Katharina Engelhardt - Cross-taxon biodiversity trends in central Europe (page 25)

12:00Dirk Nikolaus Karger (presented by Niklaus Zimmermann) - The mean and the variance – Temporal variations in climate increase the accuracy of species distribu-tion models more than spatial variation (page 26)

12:15 Yohann Chauvier - Influence of climate, soil and land cover on plant species distri-bution in the European Alps (page 27)

12:30 LUNCH (K6)

14:00 Alke Voskamp - Impacts of climate change on the phylogenetic diversity of the world’s terrestrial birds (page 28)

14:30 Patrick Weigelt - A global quantitative bioregionalization for plants (page 29)

14:45 Anne Lewerentz - Biodiversity distribution and temporal trends of submerged macrophytes along depth gradient in different lake types (page 30)

15:00 Bianca Saladin - Rapid climate change results in long-lasting spatial homogeniza-tion of phylogenetic diversity (page 30)

15:15 Brian Steidinger - The latitudinal mycorrhizal/tree diversity gradients: are these the same thing? (page 31)

15:30 COFFEE BREAK (K7)

16:15 Franz Essl - AlienScenarios: developing scenarios and models of biological inva-sions for the 21st century (page 32)

16:45 Guohuan Su - Morphological sorting of introduced freshwater fish species within and between donor realms (page 32)

17:00 Trevor Fristoe - Dimensions of invasiveness are largely entangled in Europe’s alien flora (page 33)

18:00 - 20:00 Conference Dinner (K7)

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Thursday 5th March

9:00 Regan Early - Moving beyond climate as a driver of species distributions globally (page 34)

10:00 COFFEE BREAK (K7)

10:45 Christian König - Effects of spatial grain size on species association patterns in joint species distribution models (page 35)

11:15 Vladimír Remeš - Local co-occurrence in Australian birds: examining its ecological and evolutionary correlates while accounting for biogeography (page 35)

11:30 Mialy Razanajatovo - Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the formation of novel pollination interactions? (page 36)

11:45 Stefan Dullinger - Extinction debts and colonization credits of non-forest plants in the European Alps (page 37)

12:00 Meelis Pärtel - Dark diversity of plant communities in the Anthropocene (page 37)

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Presentation abstracts

TALKSTUESDAY

Biological invasions: a driver and a consequence of global change in the Anthropocene(Tuesday 9:00 KEYNOTE)Hanno SeebensSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CenterFrankfurt am Main, Germany

With increasing pressures imposed by humans on nature marcoecological pat-terns can hardly be understood without taking the human component into ac-count. One of the major drivers affecting large-scale distributions of species represents the introduction of organisms by human agency to regions outside their native range. The dimension of this biological invasion is immense and increasing with no sign of saturation. The introduction of alien species can have far-reaching consequences on nature and human well-being, and even has the potential to shift biogeographical boundaries. On the other side, alien species have also shown to support ecosystem functioning in various ways and rep-resents a component of “our” nature, which we do not want to miss and cannot avoid. In this presentation, I will give an overview of the current state of biolog-ical invasions worldwide and how this has changed during the last centuries. I will show how the introduction of alien species influences well-established patterns of biodiversity, namely species-area relationships, and will discuss this development in the context of the theory of island biogeography. Finally, I will challenge our view on nativeness of nature and nature conservation in general.

Global homogenization of flowering plants by naturalized spe-cies(Tuesday 10:00)Qiang Yang, Anke Stein, Patrick Weigelt, Trevor Fristoe, Zhijie Zhang, Hanno Seebens, Marten Winter, Christian König, Robin Pouteau, Wayne Dawson, Stefan Dullinger, Franz Essl, Holger Kreft, Bernd Lenzner, Noëlie Maurel, Dietmar Moser, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, and Mark van Kleunen

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Ecology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany

Human activities and the consequent extirpations of native species and intro-ductions of non-native species have largely modified the composition of spe-cies assemblages throughout the world. These anthropogenic impacts have not only changed the richness of regional assemblages but also reduced the taxonomic dissimilarity among them, leading to the homogenization of many taxonomic groups across regions. Moreover, Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis predicts that invaders less related to native flora are more likely to be success-ful than those that are closely related to natives, implying that addition of natu-ralized species to a regional flora from more distantly related clades would also increase the evolutionary similarity between regional floras. While some work has been conducted assessing biotic homogenization at the national level, the extent of homogenization of the global flora, especially its phylogenetic com-ponent, has rarely been explored. Using inventories of native species from the database GIFT (the Global Inven-tory of Floras and Traits) and records of naturalized species from the database GloNAF (Global Naturalized Alien Flora), we estimate to what extent natural-ized species contribute to the taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization of flowering plants between global regions. To have a comprehensive under-standing of the main drivers of homogenization, we further assess how the rel-ative changes in the taxonomic and phylogenetic dissimilarity between global regions relate to biogeographical and macroeconomic factors. We pay special attention to drivers that are most likely to determine the species introduction and establishment rate, including geographic distance, climatic similarity, and anthropologentic factors.

Effects of climate change and horticultural use on the spread of naturalized alien garden plants in Europe(Tuesday 10:15)Günther Klonner, Johannes Wessely et al.Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

Climate warming is supposed to enlarge the area climatically suitable to the naturalization of alien garden plants in temperate regions. Therefore, regulat-ing biological invasions has become a priority of environmental policy. Howev-er, the combined effects of a changing climate and invasive species policies on the spatio-temporal spread of naturalized ornamentals have not been evaluat-ed at larger scales so far. Here, we assess how climate change and the frequen-12

cy of cultivation interactively determine the spread of ornamental plants over the 21st century in Europe. We coupled species distribution modelling with simulations of demography and dispersal to predict range dynamics of 15 exemplary garden plants in annual steps across Europe at a fine resolution. Models were run under three scenarios of climate warming and six levels of cultivation intensity. Latter was implemented as size of the area used for planting a species. Although the climatically suitable area increases for all 15 species, the area predicted to be occupied by 2090 shrinks under two of the three climate change scenarios. This contradiction obviously arises from dispersal limitations that were pronounced although we assumed that cultivation is spatially adapting to the changing climate. Cultivation intensity had a much stronger effect on species spread than climate change, and this effect was non-linear. The area occupied increased sharply from low to mod-erate levels of cultivation intensity, but levelled off afterwards. Our simula-tions suggest that climate warming will not substantially foster the spread of alien garden plants in Europe over the next decades. However, climatically suitable areas do increase and hence an invasion debt is likely accumulat-ing. Restricting cultivation of species can be effective in preventing species spread, irrespective of how the climate develops. However, for being suc-cessful, restrictions have to reduce cultivation intensity to very low levels.

Global functional spectra of plants and vertebrates(Tuesday 11:15)Aurele ToussaintInstitute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Department of Botany, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia

The human-induced collapse of species has triggered a sixth mass extinction crisis worldwide. Around 40% of species accessed by IUCN are threatened. However, their ecological role and their contribution to the ecosystem func-tioning are not equivalent between species. For that, species need to be characterized not only by their taxonomy but also throughout their func-tional traits which might disentangle the different roles of species but also inform about their extinction risk. Here, using databases of traits for more than 80,000 species across five taxonomic groups (plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fishes), we characterized their global functional diversity and their functional vulnerability face to extinction of threatened species. We showed that the functional space of most groups (except fishes) can be summarized in two main dimensions related to size, pace of life, and reproductive strategies. The distribution of species within these planes is strongly clumped toward a high-density core in the functional

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space testifying that most of species shared close functional traits, but few are extremely widespread. Then using IUCN categories to map extinction risk in the functional trait space, we show that threatened species tend to share simi-lar functional traits for most of the groups, as large-sized, slow-paced and slow reproducing species. Their extinction is likely to lead to denser aggregation of species toward an even denser core of the functional trait space for a majority of the studied groups. Thus, our results show that despite the large variation of functional strategies within each taxonomic group, there are some strategies that are globally more successful in the present and conservation of rare and extreme strategies might help to preserve a high functional diversity which may support the resistance and resilience of ecosystems.

An analysis of global trait spaces of birds on islands(Tuesday 11:30)Ana Maria Bastidas Urrutia and Christian HofBiodiversity and Global Change Lab, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany

The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) predicts island species richness patterns based on immigration and extinction processes, which are in-fluenced by island characteristics (e.g., isolation and area). Recently, the rise of trait-based approaches has been influencing the field of biogeography, includ-ing the ETIB. For example, trophic characteristics and dispersal traits should influence the likelihood of species to colonize islands, i.e. whether they can get to the island and maintain a population. Here, we present an analytical frame-work that integrates various traits in a multi-dimensional trait space and links them to the predictions of the ETIB and its trait-based extensions.Using the bird communities of the world’s islands as a study system, we used eco-morphological traits as surrogates for resource acquisition and dispersal characteristics. Trait information was compiled from museum specimens, pub-lic databases, and the literature. Information on species distributions and geo-physical island characteristics were also compiled from published databases.Globally, 6.193 species of birds are occurring on 18.428 islands larger than 1km². Our preliminary results show that dispersal ability (as indicated by the re-spective morphological traits) increases with increasing isolation. Furthermore, the average trophic level increases with island size and decreases with island isolation, suggesting that the occurrence of species on small islands is mainly limited to species from lower trophic levels.Overall, these and other results provide general insights into the determinants of the variation of trait spaces among different island bird communities and

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increase our understanding of the variation of functional diversity on islands in general.

How does ontogeny reshape the niche? A case study in Europe-an forest trees(Tuesday 11:45)Lukas Heiland, Georges Kunstler, and Lisa HülsmannTheoretical Ecology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg

The niche is a widely applied concept in ecology: It is both a long-standing explanation for species coexistence, as well as a tool to explain and predict the probability of species to occur. In particular, the niche’s resource facet, the Grinnellian niche, in conjunction with the Hutchinsonian way of picturing it as a hypervolume in a space of environmental gradients, is used to predict species occurrence at the macroscopic scale. The Hutchinson niche is a representation of the viable conditions for species to maintain populations over generations and throughout all life-stages. But how does this niche concept relate to differ-ent life stages and ontogeny overall?We will provide a theoretical framework, regarding the niche as an intersection of all the viable hypervolumes for respective ontogenetic stages. In particu-lar, we will explore a priori, which processes could lead to different ways of divergence and overlap among different ontogenetic hypervolumes in sessile and dispersing organisms, like plants. The two parsimonious explanations for mechanisms leading to divergence of observed environmental hypervolumes are: (1) environmental filtering shifting in time, through processes like climate change, and (2) filtering shifting during ontogeny.We will then assess the relation of the viable environmental hypervolumes of recruit and adult trees in European forests. Integrating data from multiple na-tional forest inventories, we will test the hypothesis that, as a species’ pheno-type changes during its life history (like, e.g., specific leaf area decreasing with age), the optimal environmental conditions will shift. As a consequence, we expect a broader environmental hypervolume and distribution for recruits than for adult trees of the same species. Acknowledging the difference in these hy-pervolumes will both contribute to explain species’ coexistence through niche partitioning and improve predicting species’ occurrence under changing cli-mate.

Plant traits pushing grassland productivity beyond environmental expectation differ with elevation(Tuesday 12:00)

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Philipp Brun, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Sébastien Lavergne, Tamara Münkemüller, Catherine H. Graham, and Wilfried ThuillerSwiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Grassland productivity is driven by climate and soil conditions, and by the num-ber of species present. However, the ecological strategy of species, i.e., their capacity to tap on the local resources and produce biomass under the given conditions, is crucial as well, but corresponding relationships remain largely unexplored. Here, we combined >30’000 grassland community plots in the French and Swiss Alps, information on eight key functional traits for the ~500 most frequent species, and high-resolution satellite-sensed productivity esti-mates to identify ecological strategies that promote productivity beyond envi-ronmental expectation. Species whose presence patterns improved semi-para-metric models explaining productivity with environment and species richness (key species) were more numerous in communities occurring at 2000-3000 m above sea level than in those occurring at 0-1000 or 1000-2000 m. Further-more, compared to other species they formed distinct clusters in trait space. These clusters were more dispersed for the key species at low elevations than at high elevations and they shifted from generally representing tall species with high specific leaf area (SLA) to representing small species with low SLA as elevation increased. Finally, key species showed distinct patterns of dominance and functional distinctiveness in communities with productivity above and be-low environmental expectation. Our results contribute to a better understand-ing of how ecological strategies are related to key ecosystem functions which may ultimately inform more efficient and purposeful conservation policy.

Economic use of plants is key to unravelling their naturalization success(Tuesday 14:00)Mark van Kleunen, Xinyi Xu, Qiang Yang, Noëlie Maurel, Zhijie Zhang, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Holger Kreft, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Patrick Weigelt, Dietmar Moser, Bernd Lenzner & Trevor FristoeZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Con-servation, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany

Humans cultivate thousands of plant taxa with economic value outside their na-tive ranges. To analyze how this contributes to naturalization success, we com-bined global databases on economic uses and naturalization success of plants. The naturalization likelihood is almost 18 times higher for economic than for 16

non-economic plants. Naturalization success is highest for plants grown as an-imal food or for environmental uses (e.g. as ornamentals), and increases with the number of uses. Taxa from the Northern Hemisphere are disproportionate-ly over-represented among economic plants, and economic plants from Asia have the greatest naturalization success. The percentage of economic plants in regional naturalized floras increased towards the equator, and exceeds the global percentage. Phylogenetic patterns in the naturalized flora partly result from phylogenetic patterns in the plants we cultivate. Our study illustrates that accounting for the intentional introduction of plants with economic use is key to unravelling the drivers of plant naturalization.

The option space of future alien species impacts: an expert based assessment(Tuesday 14:30)Bernd Lenzner, Brady Mattson, Stefan Dullinger, Franz EsslDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Austria

Impacts caused by invasive alien species (IAS) on the environment and human livelihoods are substantial and on the rise world-wide. Accordingly, much re-search has been devoted to understanding the historical trajectories of alien species accumulation, the impacts they cause, and to improving the under-standing of the underlying drivers. At the same time, much less work has been devoted to assessing the potential future impacts of alien species. This has sev-eral reasons: first, biological invasions are a complex and context-dependent phenomenon, which severely constrains the development of scenarios and predictive models, in particular over long time-periods and for a large amount of alien species spread across a range of taxonomic groups. Second, impacts caused by alien species on the environment and human livelihoods may differ severely, and have to take into account that perceptions, values and interests further complicate the assessment and projection of impacts.Here, we provide an assessment of how a set of pre-defined drivers may affect biological invasions in contrasting contexts over the next three decades (until 2050), based on the knowledge of biological invasions experts. Specifically, we address the following questions: (i) Which proportional increase of the status quo of alien species impacts in a specific context is considered to cause major impacts on the environment? (ii) Secondly, we constructed two alternative fu-tures, i.e. plausible best case- and worst case-scenarios of the 15 most relevant drivers on future (mid-21st century) impacts of biological invasions in different contexts.

The “Global Database of Alien Pathogenic Fungi”17

(Tuesday 14:45)Anna Schertler, Bernd Lenzner, Stefan Dullinger, Dietmar Moser, Col-laborators, and Franz EsslUniversity of Vienna, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research,Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

Human-mediated spread of species beyond their native ranges has undergone a remarkable acceleration within the last decades (Seebens et al. 2017). Con-sequently, efforts to quantify biological invasions worldwide (e.g. Capinha et al. 2017, Dawson et al. 2017, Pyšek et al. 2017) and identify underlying drivers (e.g. Seebens et al. 2017, Moser et al. 2018) have been made, taking advan-tage of recently compiled global databases on alien species. As invasion biology exhibits a strong bias towards vascular plants and verte-brates, other major groups, as for example fungi, are often severely underrep-resented or missing (Desprez-Loustau et al. 2007). However, many fungi are crucial for nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, while others engage in important mutualistic or parasitic biotic interactions (Willis 2018). As advancing methods in molecular ecology have allowed for noteworthy progress on spe-cies delimitation and identification of native and alien ranges (Gladieux et al. 2015), the compilation of a global database on alien fungal pathogens has be-come feasible. Given the large impacts pathogenic fungi cause on the environ-ment and human livelihoods (Fisher et al. 2012), this has become an important knowledge gap to address.Here, we introduce the “Global Database of Alien Pathogenic Fungi”, a com-prehensive database on the worldwide distribution of introduced and emerging fungal pathogens (including Ooymcetes). This database contains information on alien distributions (taken from a wide range of sources), complemented by data on taxonomy, functional traits and life-history characteristics relevant for invasion, years of first records, associated hosts and observed impacts. Further, we will present applications of this database for answering macroecological and biogeographical questions, and highlight the role of linked plant-fungal invasions.

A global perspective of the variability in socio-economic and environmental drivers of biological invasions across countries(Tuesday 15:00)Guillaume Latombe, Céline Bellard, Franck Courchamp, Wayne Daw-son, Christophe Diagne, Stefan Dullinger, Marina Golivets, Jonathan Jeschke, Ingolf Kühn, Bernd Lenzner, Brian Leung, Dietmar Moser, Núria Roura-Pascual, Wolf-Christian Saul, Hanno Seebens, Anna Turbe-

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lin, and Franz EsslDivision of Conservation Biology, Vegetation and Landscape Ecology, Depart-ment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

The rapid increase in numbers and impacts of alien species has become defin-ing characteristic of the Anthropocene. Recent studies have shown that there are no signs of a slowing down of alien species accumulation. Given the in-creases in underlying drivers of invasions such as trade and land use, it is likely that future impacts of biological invasion will increase further. Nonetheless, there is a lack of scenarios and models on the potential future of biological invasions.Coupled with quantitative models, scenarios have become crucial for policy and decision making for a wide range of environmental applications, and have been widely used for climate change. Recently, a framework for such scenar-ios for the spread and impact of alien species in the 21st century has been developed (Roura-Pascual et al. in review). These scenarios follow four global scenario families, each representing a plausible future trajectory of changes in the main environmental and socio-economic drivers of the distribution, spread and impact of alien species.For the first time, we present an assessment of 122 countries’ performance in relationship to these drivers of future biological invasions. We use a represen-tative set of global predictors of alien species distribution, spread and impact to map countries on a global invasion landscape. We map the countries on in-vasion pathways which are related to global invasion scenarios. In doing so, we identify the main challenges countries currently face for reducing the impacts of invasions, and we identify how different geopolitical groups of countries per-form and how they differ. We discuss limitations of this approach and provide recommendations for addressing the country-specific challenges for reducing future invasion impacts.

Island biogeography of the Anthropocene - investigating dif-ferentiation patterns of introduced species with a mechanistic model(Tuesday 15:15)Ludwig Leidinger, Daniel Vedder, Juliano Sarmento CabralCenter for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg

Classical island biogeography theory relies on clearly defined isolation be-tween islands or the mainland to explain colonisation, extinction and specia-tion. In the globalized world, however, isolation between islands can hardly

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be measured by distance alone, but must consider, e.g., commercial connec-tivity. For several species, commercial connectivity explains current distribu-tions better than distance. What effects these anthropogenic distribution and re-introduction patterns have on the evolutionary trajectory of transported and native species can not be assessed yet. Here we employ a genome-explicit individual based model to investigate whether and how repeated introductions of species within an island network (archipelago) affect diversification rates of populations. We contrast scenarios of no human interference, reflecting natural dispersal between islands, with scenarios where single species from the islands are displaced repeatedly to other islands. Specifically we address the following questions: Does human mediated transport lead to increased differentiation of transported species? How are native communities affected by introduced spe-cies? We find that the rate of differentiation of transported species depends on transportation frequency and genomic traits of transported species. The diversity responses of island communities depend on spatial scale and suc-cess of transported species. While alpha-diversity (i.e. within-island richness) increases through transported species, gamma-diversity (whithin archipelago) decreases in most cases. However, highly differentiating species may contrib-ute to elevated in-situ speciation rates at longer time periods even after cessa-tion of introductions , thus increasing alpha-, beta- and gamma-diversity at the evolutionary temporal scales. Our findings provide insights into the potential impacts of repeated species introductions within an archipelago and demon-strate how evolutionary patterns may be affected by anthropogenic influences.

Novel methods in macroecology: using an automated, data-driv-en selection process to assess the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services on large spatial scales(Tuesday 16:15)Sarah Redlich, Jie Zhang, and Ingolf Steffan-DewenterUniversity of Wuerzburg, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology

The Anthropocene is characterised by two dramatic environmental changes: First, natural systems are continuously being transformed into artificial land-scapes dominated by urban areas or agricultural land. Second, resulting from these land use changes and the burning of fossil fuels, greenhouse gas effects lead to global warming and weather extremes. But how does land use and climate influence plant and animal biodiversity, and the provisioning of ecosys-tem services such as pollination, biological pest control and decomposition? Are there interactive effects of land use and climatic conditions? And can bio-diversity at population, species community and landscape level improve the re-silience against climate change and extreme climatic events? To answer these 20

questions, the LandKlif research network investigates the biodiversity and multi-functionality of landscapes with different levels of anthropogenic impact, situated along a temperature gradient in Bavaria, Germany. This is done using a novel approach that deals with the fact that landscape studies investigating climate-biodiversity patterns are often biased due to correlations between cli-matic conditions, spatial distribution of study sites, and landscape composition and configuration around study sites. We developed a novel method of select-ing study sites using large-scale land use and climate data combined with an automated moving window approach. This allowed us to select independent climate and land use gradients within Bavaria, while also avoiding landscape composition and configuration correlations on smaller spatial scales that often hamper our ability to disentangle individual or interactive effects of land use and climate.

Finding Scale-Dependent Macroecological Patterns Using a Dis-crete Global Grid System (DGGS)(Tuesday 16:30)Michael MechenichDepartment of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Macroecological patterns observed today provide a means of understanding the biosphere’s current structure, reconstructing its past, and predicting its fu-ture. Earth observation (EO) datasets are readily available today, but are dis-tributed in a wide variety of spatial data formats, spatial and temporal extents and resolutions, and coordinate reference systems. This complicates combin-ing these datasets, quantifying relationships between flora, fauna, and abiotic environment, and testing macroecological theory.To this end, we developed the Ecosphere spatial database, built on a discrete global grid system (DGGS) dividing the whole of the Earth’s surface into dis-crete, regular cells at several spatial resolutions. Utilizing the Icosahedral Sny-der Equal-Area (ISEA) projection and hexagonal cell topology, the DGGS de-fines sets of equal-area, uniformly adjacent cells, congruent across resolutions ranging from 10 to 150 kilometers. Within this spatial framework we incorpo-rate widely used, remotely sensed and ground-based climatological, land cov-er, and species range datasets. The Ecosphere database will be made openly available in 2020.In this presentation, we discuss the development of the database, and highlight its usage in several case studies. Using supervised machine learning, we found scale-dependent patterns of association between, on the one side, mammal community structure, and community summaries of mammal species’ function-al traits; and on the other, elements of the biotic and abiotic environment,

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including temperature, precipitation, productivity, and vegetation type. Result-ing statistical models are useful both in understanding the nature of these as-sociations, and in predicting unseen conditions, past and future.However, perhaps as interesting are the spatial patterns of model residuals. We are decades, perhaps centuries or millennia, into the Anthropocene Ep-och. Well-documented, large-scale changes in climate, land cover, and species distributions occurred in the 20th century, disrupting natural macroecological patterns. In examining regions in which our models do not hold, we learn more about both the exceptions and the rules.

How well does the global protected area network cover the world’s physical and climatic conditions?(Tuesday 16:45)Matthias Biber, Alke Voskamp, and Christian HofTerrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, D-85354 Freising, Germany

Protected areas (PAs) are one of the most effective ways of conserving biodi-versity and have been steadily growing in number and areal extent over the last few decades. Yet, we still struggle to fulfill the Aichi’s Target 11 to protect 17% of the terrestrial and 10% of the marine areas by 2020. Existing conservation areas are often chosen on a national level and too rarely in consideration with neighbouring countries or already existing PAs. This may lead to an over-repre-sentation of certain climatic and physical conditions within the existing PA net-work, which may in turn weaken their overall potential to conserve biodiversity.Here, we assess the physical and climatic coverage of the current global PA network, highlight which conditions currently lack protection and where these conditions are located. For this, we quantified the percentage cover of the global PA network at a spatial resolution of 1km² and combined these with climatic and topographic data for terrestrial areas (Worldclim v2 and EarthEnv, respectively) and for marine areas (MARSPEC).For terrestrial areas, low and high temperature conditions are well protected (> 17%), while areas with intermediate temperatures are not. Around 25 % of terrestrial areas experience conditions of relatively low annual precipitation, yet these conditions are not well protected. All elevational levels are protected by less than 15 %. For marine areas, low and high temperature as well as low salinity conditions are well protected (> 10%), while intermediate temperatures and high salinity conditions are not. Areas with a low and high depth to the seafloor are also well protected, in contrast to areas with intermediate depths.While we are aware that strategies for protected area planning require a large spectrum of different aspects (among which biodiversity measures should

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dominate), our results highlight the need to also consider physical and climatic conditions for conservation.

WEDNESDAYPaleo-records to safeguard biological diversity(Wednesday 9:00 KEYNOTE)David Nogués-BravoCenter for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences

The ongoing global decline of biological diversity presents a major challenge for a sustainable future of modern societies. I will bring evidence showing that this decline is accelerating but started already thousands of years ago, as a result of direct anthropic impacts and past climate change. I will present also unpublished results showing whether these drivers of biodiversity decline, at the genetic level, have already significantly modified globally current patterns of mammalian diversity resulting from millions of years of evolution. Those evi-dences strongly suggest the need to incorporate paleo-records to improve our knowledge on biodiversity erosion and to provide better estimates of species extinction risk, species conservation status and adequate managing decisions in the ground.

Ecomorphological shifts revealed in Rancho La Brea mesocarni-vores from Ice Age to modern-day(Wednesday 10:00)Mairin BalisiLa Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Natural Sci-ences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA

Major disturbances may precipitate the rise of novel communities, as was seen after the last Ice Age following a combination of megafaunal extinctions, climatic change, and human impacts. As large carnivores and large prey dis-appeared, so did the interactions that had exerted cascading trophic effects. Most of the Anthropocene’s remaining carnivores are of small to medium body size: mesocarnivores.North American mesocarnivores from Pleistocene to Recent present a natural laboratory to track the effects of large-scale biotic and abiotic disturbance on a faunal community. Here, I quantify the ecomorphology of mesocarnivores from the Rancho La Brea (RLB) asphalt seeps in Los Angeles, southern California, USA. While RLB is known for abundantly trapping megafauna, the asphalt also

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ensnared smaller carnivores, evaluated here for the first time.Excluding coyotes, RLB preserves five mesocarnivore species having sample sizes >=10 individuals: badger (Taxidea taxus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), grey fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), and long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata). These species were found in 33 separate deposits spanning 44,650–5,270 radiocarbon years before present and continue to in-habit Los Angeles today. In various linear ecomorphological traits, most RLB specimens differ significantly from historic representatives of the same species. Mesocarnivores were generally larger in the late Pleistocene and Holocene, un-dergoing as much as a 27% reduction in body size into the Anthropocene. RLB mesocarnivores also exhibit greater tendencies for carnivory, as quantified by the slicing and grinding areas of the teeth, perhaps in response to greater lev-els of competition presented by megafaunal carnivores. Further, species-spe-cific differences in postcranial morphology highlight shifts in mesocarnivore locomotor ability, potentially reflecting environmental changes. These results highlight the utility of a deep-time approach to studies of the Anthropocene. As different species likely responded to different stressors, future analyses will refine radiocarbon chronology to pinpoint potential causes for these shifts.

Does the appearance of new biomes promote diversification? Contrasting diversification strategies of New Zealand plant lin-eages(Wednesday 10:15)Esther DaleManaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Dunedin,Department of Botany, University of Otago, New Zealand

Biome shifts are often regarded as difficult and rare, with lineages tending to remain in their ancestral biome rather than shifting into novel biomes. De-spite this, the appearance of novel biomes can be important for diversification because they present new ecological opportunities to lineages that shift into them. I explore the question: does the appearance of new biomes promote diversification in plant lineages? New Zealand has had a progression of differ-ent biomes appearing in sequence over the past 5 million years, which makes it an excellent system for exploring this question. My approach involves bio-geographic modelling of biomes occupied through time and inferring biome shifts and speciation events for six New Zealand plant lineages. There were two types of lineage: ones that generally remained in their ancestral biome and were not particularly affected by novel biomes appearing, or lineages that shifted into new biomes then diversified further within the novel biomes. Lin-eages that tended to remain in their ancestral biome had consistent biome 24

shift rates through time and speciation predominantly in the ancestral biome. The lineages that shifted out of their ancestral biome tended to have high bi-ome shift rates when new biomes appeared, and speciation largely within the novel biomes. Speciation was not directly linked to biome shifts, but when lin-eages shifted out of their ancestral biome, the new ecological opportunities of the novel biomes fostered subsequent diversification within the new biomes. This demonstrates that new biomes can create opportunities for diversification, but only in some lineages.

Global energy seascape supports sea-crossing behavior in soar-ing birds(Wednesday 11:15)Elham Nourani and Kamran SafiDepartment of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany

Terrestrial soaring birds are thought to avoid crossing the open sea due to the energetic cost of flying over water. Uplifts, which are vertically rising air currents that subsidize soaring flight, are weak or absent over water. Yet, remote-track-ing studies show that sea-crossing behavior in these species is not as rare as previously thought. In a recent study, we found that the dynamics of the en-ergy seascape, quantified by calculating temperature gradient between the sea-surface and the air (as a proxy for uplift potential), can explain sea-crossing behavior in a soaring species over the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, we showed that contrary to the traditional beliefs about the impossibility of soaring flight over temperate seas, uplift potential exists over the sea can aid terrestrial birds in tackling such ecological barriers. In the current study, we test the generality of the energy seascape concept by applying it at the global scale. We construct the global energy seascape using forty years of temperature data and compare it to the available remote-tracking migratory trajectories for soaring birds that perform sea-crossing. This study sheds light on a largely overlooked aspect of the influence of atmospheric conditions on migratory birds. Hence, alterations in the sea-surface and air temperatures due to climate change can potentially disrupt the spatio-temporal patterns of optimal migration strategies in terres-trial soaring birds.

Cross-taxon biodiversity trends in central Europe(Wednesday 11:45)Eva Katharina Engelhardt, Matthias Biber, and Christian HofBiodiversity & Global Change Lab, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Tech-

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nical University of Munich, Germany

Changes in climate and land-use are considered to have considerable impacts on different levels of biodiversity, associated with rapid declines in many pop-ulations, range shifts, and changes in species communities. Most studies in-vestigating such biodiversity trends are limited by a lack of reliable fine-scale, long-term field data, especially in highly heterogeneous regions. In central Eu-rope, heterogeneous areas are affected by different human pressures acting at different scales and changing over short spatial distances, which increases the need for fine-scaled assessments of biodiversity trends. The state of Bavaria in southern Germany includes a diverse mixture of landscapes and habitats, rang-ing from lowland forests and floodplains to alpine environments. Therefore, Bavaria may serve as a model region for recent pressures on central European biodiversity.Here, we present long-term trends in four ecologically and physiologically different animal taxa (birds, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers), based on survey data over the course of more than 30 years. Specifically, we analyse the data using occupancy models to obtain reliable population trends, and link these trends to species’ traits, indicating possible drivers of change. For instance, declines of cold-adapted species and increases in warm-adapted species may indicate that climate warming has already affected the Bavarian fauna. As another example, a decrease of wide ranged species could indicate that species declines are a large scale problem, while stable populations of protected species could show positive effects of focussed conservation efforts. Our results emphasize the need for systematic, reliable assessments of the ef-fects of human pressures on different levels of biodiversity, especially in areas as greatly affected by human actions as central Europe. Understanding past influences of climate and land-use change on species is the first step towards the mitigation of increasing human pressures on biodiversity in the future.

The mean and the variance – Temporal variations in climate increase the accuracy of species distribution models more than spatial variation(Wednesday 12:00)Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Bianca Saladin, Rafael O. Wüest, and Niklaus E. ZimmermannSwiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmens-dorf, Switzerland

Species distribution models (SDMs) heavily rely on climatic predictors such as mean annual temperatures or precipitation sums to describe the environmental 26

niche space of a species. Additionally, several bioclimatic variables, such as temperature and precipitation seasonality, isothermality, or the annual tem-perature range are often used to act as proxies for the temporal dynamics of the climate system. These climatic variables describe, however, only the mean climatic variance of a system within a year. They ignore an important aspect of the climate system, namely the long-term variability in climate, most species experience during their lifetime. Two spatial locations might have, for example, the same mean temperature. If one has a higher inter-annual variation than the other, it might provide quite a different habitat to species than one with a lower variation. This inter-annual variability in climate is often simply ignored in species distribution models. Additionally, spatial variability, such as higher and higher resolutions, are generally believed to lead to a large improvement in the accuracy of species distribution models. We tested the predictive performance of temporal variability in temperature and precipitation against their spatial variability for three major tetrapod groups globally - mammals, reptiles, and amphibians - using three commonly used climate datasets: CHELSA, World-Clim, and CRU. We can show that including temporal variability of temperature and precipitation into species distributions increases their performance more than spatial variation does. The inclusion of temporal variability increases the predictive accuracy of several biodiversity metrics such as alpha- and beta di-versity, while the actual differences between climate datasets do not seem to be significant. Altogether, climate variability seems to be an important factor that needs to be accounted for when we try to describe species environmental niches.

Influence of climate, soil and land cover on plant species distri-bution in the European Alps(Wednesday 12:15)Yohann Chauvier, Wilfried Thuiller, Philipp Brun, Sébastien Lavergne, Patrice Descombes, Dirk N. Karger, Julien Renaud, and Niklaus E. ZimmermannSwiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmens-dorf, Switzerland

Although the effect of edaphic parameters and habitat structure on plant growth and survival is known, both are rarely incorporated when investigating plant species and diversity distribution. In addition to climate, those missing components are decisive for a better understanding of biodiversity distribu-tion, especially in mountain ecosystems which have complex soils and habitat boundaries. Here, we contrasted the importance of climate, soil and land cov-er, in predicting the distributions of 2.616 vascular plant species in the Euro-

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pean Alps. Using presence-only data, we build different point-process models (PPMs) to relate species observations to different combinations of PCA co-variates related to climate, soil and land cover, as well as using an innovative variance partitioning approach. We found that climate was the most influential driver of plant species distribution (60.3%) with a decreasing influence from low to high elevations. In contrast, soil (19.1%) and land cover (20.6%) had lower importance and followed an increasing trend of influence from low to high elevation. Nevertheless, land cover showed a strong local effect at lowlands whereas the contribution of soil stabilized at mid-elevations. The decreasing influence of climate with elevation is explained by climate becoming more ho-mogeneous as altitude increases along with environmental conditions, while soil follows the opposite trend. Additionally, in the lowlands human mediated land cover effects appear to reduce climate influence. Overall, our results make clear that future studies would benefit markedly from including soil and land cover effects in predicting species distributions.

Impacts of climate change on the phylogenetic diversity of the world’s terrestrial birds(Wednesday 14:00)Alke Voskamp, Matthias Biber, Christian Hof, and Susanne FritzSenckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Climate change is affecting species abundances and distributions. These re-sponses alone are already projected to lead to a global decrease in biodiversity but idiosyncratic responses of species, due to their abiotic tolerances and dis-persal abilities, could amplify or ameliorate the impacts. These heterogeneous responses have the potential to reshuffle species assemblages globally. Poten-tial consequences include changes to the co-occurrence patterns of competing species, the trait composition of local assemblages, as well as the phylogenetic diversity of species assemblages. Here we use species distribution models (SDMs), to investigate the impacts of climate change on terrestrial bird distributions and, subsequently, the species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD) and mean pairwise distance (MPD) of species assemblages across the globe. Under the assumption that PD reflects the evolutionary history of a species assemblage, a reduction in PD could leave species assemblages more vulnerable to climate change, whilst changes in the average relatedness (MPD) could lead to subsequent changes in the competi-tive balance of species assemblages. We show that SR and PD, which are highly correlated at the global scale, do change in the same direction but not necessarily with the same severity. We

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highlight areas globally where changes in PD are higher or lower than could be expected from changes in SR alone. Furthermore we show that heterogeneous species responses to climate change are leading to a global reshuffling of spe-cies assemblages, affecting both the PD and MPD of global species communi-ties. Overall 61 % of the global terrestrial area is projected to have changes in PD and MPD in the opposite direction, indicating that the communities in this area do not only change in species numbers but also in species composition.

A global quantitative bioregionalization for plants(Wednesday 14:30)Patrick Weigelt, Lirong Cai, Dylan Craven, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Mark van Kleunen, Christian König, Pavel Krestov, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Julian Schrader, Anke Stein, Marten Winter, Qiang Yang, and Holger KreftDepartment of Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany

Distinguishing biogeographic regions helps to understand the dissimilarities among and uniqueness of the world’s biotas and their evolutionary histories. Until now, bioregions for plants have been established using expert knowledge on the composition of regional floras and endemism across different taxonomic scales (e.g. Takhtajan’s floristic regions of the world). A quantitative delinea-tion of floristic regions based on an assessment of compositional dissimilarities across regional floras worldwide is currently lacking. Here, we present a global, quantitative bioregionalization for all vascular plants. We used regional plant checklists from the Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT; gift.uni-goettin-gen.de) and a broadly inclusive plant phylogeny to calculate taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity among geographical units. We then used a set of past and present climatic and physical geographic distances among geograph-ical units as explanatory variables in generalized dissimilarity models to predict beta diversity across a global equal-area and equidistant grid. Distances ac-counted for barriers such as water, mountain ranges and climatically unsuitable areas between geographical units today and in the past considering plate tec-tonics and changes in climate. We applied hierarchical clustering algorithms to delimit different sets of floristic bioregions across the grid and compared them to established expert-based delineations like Takhktajan’s plant kingdoms, sub-kingdoms and regions, as well as Wallace’s zoogeographic regions and quanti-tative reassessments thereof. We propose a new global floristic regionalization that is broadly similar to established expert-based schemes but quantitatively derived, which enhances our understanding of regional biogeographic histo-ries and can be used as a baseline for accounting for biogeographic history in

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macroecological and macroevolutionary models.

Biodiversity distribution and temporal trends of submerged mac-rophytes along depth gradient in different lake types(Wednesday 14:45)Anne Lewerentz and Juliano Sarmento CabralEcosystem Modeling, Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, Germany

Aim: Macrophyte species show a zonal distribution along depth gradient of lake shores due to their preferred habitat conditions varying with depth (i.e. light). However, biodiversity gradients of macrophytes along the depth gradi-ent and its regional differences for different lakes remain poorly investigated. Therefore, we ask the following questions: (1) What are the depth patterns for macrophyte species and biodiversity? (2) What are the drivers of these pat-terns? (3) Have these biodiversity patterns changed in the last decade?Methods: We studied the depth gradient at 30 deep lakes across Bavaria per-taining to 3 different lake types. The datasets of macrophytes abundance and physio-chemical measurements from 2006 to 2017 were acquired by the Bavar-ian State Office for the Environment (Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt, www.lfu.bayern.de).Results: We find that different species have indeed different depth and lake type preferences, resulting in i) hump-shaped patterns along depth for species richness and gamma diversity of submerged macrophytes and in ii) different maximal biodiversity and Depth with Maximum Biodiversity (DMB) for differ-ent lake types. The DMB for each lake is explained in a Generalized Additive Model by a combination of seven different morphometry (area, altitude) and physio-chemical variables (different nutrient variables, pH, spectral absorption coefficient) (R2=0.946). Temporal trends become evident for particular macro-phyte subsets and lake types.Main conclusions: Macrophyte biodiversity gradients along depth in lakes gen-erally agrees with both the mid-domain effect and the mean-disturbance/pro-ductivity hypothesis, with deviations depending on macrophyte group and lake type. Whereas results describe biodiversity patterns in freshwater lakes and potential drivers, giving insights for conservation strategies, mechanistic ap-proaches seem necessary to disentangle competing explanatory hypotheses.

Rapid climate change results in long-lasting spatial homogeniza-tion of phylogenetic diversity(Wednesday 15:00)

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Bianca SaladinKanton Zürich, Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft, Abfallwirtschaft und Betriebe Biosicherheit, Switzerland

Our scientific understanding of region-specific biodiversity dynamics that re-sults from past climate variabilities and from projections of future changes in biodiversity under ongoing climate changes has advanced considerably over the past decade. Yet, we know little about how these responses are spatially connected. Analyzing the spatial biodiversity turnover provides insights into how climate change affects the accumulation of diversity across space. Here, we evaluate the spatial phylogenetic turnover of European vascular plants among neighboring sites and assess the effects past climate oscillations during the Quaternary on these patterns. We find a phylogenetic diversity homoge-nization across large regions in Northern and Central Europe, linked to high climate change velocity and large distances to refugia. Our results indicate that the future projected loss in evolutionary diversity may be even more serious, leaving a legacy that has lasted for millennia.

The latitudinal mycorrhizal/tree diversity gradients: are these the same thing?(Wednesday 15:15)Brian SteidingerEcology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany

The latitudinal tree species diversity gradient, where trees are most diverse in the tropics and decline in diversity at temperate and boreal latitudes, is one of the most striking global biogeographic patterns. For over two centuries, ecol-ogists have been explaining why it exists. Most recently, global analyses have established that the latitudinal decline in tree species diversity coincides with a shift in the dominant form of mycorrhizal symbiosis, from arbuscular mycorrhi-zal (in the tropics) to ectomycorrhizal (in the boreal forests). Here, I will discuss evidence that the two gradients are not merely coincidental. By comparing the species accumulation curves of ecto- and arbuscular-mycorrhizal trees, I will show that shifts to ectomycorrhizal dominance should result in a decline in tree species diversity, even at tropical latitudes. Moreover, projected declines in ectomycorrhizal tree abundance in mid- to high-latitudes forests under altered climates are likely to diminish the latitudinal diversity gradient. This suggests that the latitudinal tree species diversity gradient is maintained by climatic and biological filters acting on the dominant form of tree root symbiosis, yielding one integrated latitudinal symbiotic/tree species diversity gradient.

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AlienScenarios: developing scenarios and models of biological invasions for the 21st century(Wednesday 16:15)Franz Essl, Celine Bellard, Emma Cebrian-Pujol, Stefan Dullinger, Franck Courchamp, Christophe Diagne, Marina Golivets, Jonathan Jeschke, Sonja Knapp, Ingolf Kühn, Bernd Lenzner, Brian Leung, Chun-long Liu, Dietmar Moser, Wolf-Christian Saul, Hanno Seebens, Anna Turbelin, and Guillaume LatombeDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Austria

In this contribution, we will introduce the concept, methods and first key in-sights into AlienScenarios (https://alien-scenarios.org/). AlienScenarios, a three-year project starting in March 2019 and funded by Biodiversa and the Belmont-Forum, will evaluate for the first time the range of plausible futures of biological invasions for the 21st century. The project consists of six project partners and seven integrated complementary subprojects. We have already developed qualitative narratives for plausible futures of global alien species richness and impacts in the 21st century – the Alien Species Nar-ratives (ASNs) (Lenzner et al. 2019, Roura-Pascual in review). The ASNs further serve as overarching concept to parameterize quantitative models of global, continental and regional futures of biological invasions. Here, we will outline the first global mechanistic invasion model considering major processes of bi-ological invasions such as source pools, driver dynamics and establishment rates. Further, we will present approaches how to assess current and future impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) in terms of economic costs according to the different ASNs. In addition, we will discuss the future consequences of different levels of implementation of the European Union Regulation on IAS. Finally, the approach and status quo of AlienScenarios will be presented and discussed in respect to on-going initiatives such as IPBES Special Report on Biological Invasions, EU regulation on IAS, and upcoming Living Planet Report. We will also highlight how AlienScenarios can make an important contribution to global assessments and projections of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Morphological sorting of introduced freshwater fish species with-in and between donor realms(Wednesday 16:45)Guohuan Su, Sébastien Villéger, and Sébastien BrosseLaboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR5174, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France32

Biological invasions have altered patterns of biodiversity from local to conti-nental scales and resulted in marked ecological and economic impacts. Since the invasion trend is still growing throughout the world, it is urgent to deter-mine which characteristics make a species a good candidate for introduction and establishment. We used a global database of freshwater fishes from the six realms. Ten morphological traits were measured on 9,150 species, including 2,690 introduced species, among which 418 established in one or more river basins. Principal component analysis was conducted to combine the ten traits into a multidimensional morphospace. We used PERMANOVA and PERM-DISP2 to compare the distributions of species groups in the morphospace and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare their distributions on PC axes. The mor-phology of introduced species differed from that of non-introduced species in all the six biogeographic realms. Among introduced species, established spe-cies had more extreme morphological traits than non-established species in most realms. Among established species, exported species had more extreme morphological traits than translocated species. Our findings suggest that mor-phological differences between introduced and non-introduced species rely on an anthropogenic trait selection for fisheries and angling, leading to favor the introduction of predators, with large and laterally compressed bodies. Estab-lished species represent a small subset of introduced species morphologies, with species having more extreme morphological traits, probably making them more efficient on particular habitats than their non-established counterparts. This was particularly marked for fish morphologies adapted to lentic waters. Such a trend was triggered for exported species that have more extreme traits than translocated species.

Dimensions of invasiveness are largely entangled in Europe’s alien flora(Wednesday 17:00)Trevor S Fristoe, Milan Chytrý, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, Holger Kreft, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Patrick Weigelt, Marten Winter, European Vegetation Archive Consortium, and Mark van KleunenEcology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany

Outcomes from anthropogenic introductions vary greatly: some species fail to establish outright, and even those that become naturalized find different degrees of success in newly occupied regions. Disentangling the factors that lead to success for alien species can aid in predicting future invasions, but can also provide insights into the dynamics underlying natural range expansions.

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However, invasiveness encompasses multiple measures of ecological success, prompting the recent adoption of schemes for classifying species along three distributional ‘dimensions’ of invasiveness: extent, abundance, and habitat breadth in the naturalized range. While this framework recognizes the possi-bility for species to attain different ‘types’ of invasiveness, many concepts in ecology suggest links among the dimensions of species distributions. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation surveys spanning Europe with a global database of alien plant distributions to quantify dimensions of inva-siveness in Europe’s alien flora. We test whether dimensions covary, or whether species achieve invasion success in different ways. In addition, we explore driv-ers of each invasiveness dimension, asking if functional traits, habitat prefer-ence, or region of origin predict different types of invasion success.We find that most naturalized plants in Europe fall along a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders – species excelling in all three di-mensions. The extent and abundance dimensions had the strongest link with few species becoming widespread without achieving high local abundances in their naturalized range. Functional traits were generally poor at predicting invasion success, but species introduced from completely outside of Europe were consistently good invaders. These species were disproportionately rep-resented among the super invaders and particularly excelled in the abundance dimension, suggesting a role of ecological release. Our results indicate that the forces mediating alien distributions are similar to those that shape natu-ral distributions. Alien species demonstrating high success at local scales (i.e. reaching high abundance in a variety of habitats) present the greatest risk for expanding their naturalized range.

THURSDAYMoving beyond climate as a driver of species distributions glob-ally(Thursday 9:00 KEYNOTE)Regan EarlyCentre for Ecology and Conservation,University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, UK

It’s becoming increasingly apparent that macro-ecologists can no longer as-sume climate is the single biggest driving force behind all species’ geographic distributions. I will present evidence for when we can and cannot rely on cli-mate to understand species’ distributions, show some alternatives, and discuss some new approaches to understanding the complex effects of biotic interac-34

tions on species’ distributions.

Effects of spatial grain size on species association patterns in joint species distribution models(Thursday 10:45)Christian König, Rafael Wüest Karpati, Catherine C Graham, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Niklaus Zimmermann, Thomas Sattler, and Damaris Zurell Geography Department, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Mountain plant species shift their elevational ranges in response to climate change. However, to what degree these shifts lag behind current climate change, and to what extent delayed extinctions and colonizations contribute to these shifts, is under debate. Here, we calculate extinction debt and colo-nization credit of 135 species from the European Alps by comparing species distribution models with 1576 re-surveyed plots. We find extinction debt in 60% and colonization credit in 38% of the species, and at least one of the two in 93%. This suggests that the realized niche of very few of the 135 species fully tracks climate change. As expected, extinction debts occur below and colonization credits occur above the optimum elevation of species. Coloniza-tion credits are more frequent in warmth-demanding species from lower ele-vations with lower dispersal capability, and extinction debts are more frequent in cold-adapted species from the highest elevations. Local extinctions hence appear to be already pending for those species which have the least opportu-nity to escape climate warming.

Local co-occurrence in Australian birds: examining its ecological and evolutionary correlates while accounting for biogeography(Thursday 11:00)Vladimír Remeš, Eva Remešová, and Lenka Harmáčková Department of Zoology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech RepublicDepartment of Ecology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

Diversifying clades occupy limited geographic and ecological space. Within this space, coexistence of species on a regional scale is allowed by geographic allopatry. Given enough time, new species can evolve habitat differences that allow regional sympatry with habitat-based microallopatry. In the next step, evolution of behavioral differences (e.g. foraging behavior) can allow fine-scale niche partitioning and local coexistence (syntopy). We test this set of mecha-nisms enabling the build-up of local diversity on a clade of Australian song-

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birds, thornbills, gerygones, and allies (Acanthizidae). We analyse geographic ranges and 470 local communities of 33 species of Australian acanthizids ob-tained from Australian Bird Count program. We combine this data with a com-prehensive database of habitat associations and foraging behavior from the Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds. We quantify i) range overlap and ii) local co-occurrence in individual communities, while controlling for range overlap (i.e. for large-scale biogeographic processes). We expected that range overlap would be best explained by phylogeny and climate, while local species co-occurrence by habitat associations and foraging behaviour. We found high range overlap in less related species differing in morphology but with similar climatic niches. High local co-occurrence was found in species with similar habitat associations and climatic niches. We thus illustrate how ecological isolation evolves among species and across spatial scales. We also show that it is important to control for history (phylogeny and biogeography) when analysing local co-occurrence.

Does phylogenetic relatedness influence the formation of novel pollination interactions?(Thursday 11:15)Mialy Razanajatovo, Felana Rakoto Joseph, Princy Rajaonarivelo An-drianina, and Mark van Kleunen Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany

Biological invasions offer real-time opportunities to study the assembly of com-munities, as many alien organisms have integrated into native communities, and novel biotic interactions are established. There are two major concepts on the roles of novel plant-pollinator interactions in the assembly of invaded communities. Due to pollinator facilitation, alien plants that have more simi-lar floral traits to the natives can use the same pollinators as the natives and thus should more readily attract pollinators. On the other hand, due to polli-nator-mediated competition, alien plants that can use pollinators not used by the natives should more readily attract new pollinators in the local community. In a field experiment, we tested whether novel plant-pollinator interactions involving alien plants and native pollinators were influenced by the phyloge-netic distance between the alien and the native plant species, as closely relat-ed species are more likely to have similar flower morphologies. In 22 sites in Southern Germany, we simulated invaded communities by placing pots with flowering alien plants which were paired with the dominant co-flowering na-tives. We recorded flower visitation by native insect pollinators for 3,768 hours to 37 added alien and 20 native resident plant species (a total of 157 species 36

combinations). Results of a negative binomial generalized linear mixed model showed no significant effect of the phylogenetic distance between the alien and the native plant species on the number of visits per flower unit to alien spe-cies. The result of a linear mixed model also showed no effect of phylogenetic distance on the logit transformed index of visits to the alien species. There was no non-linear relationship between the phylogenetic distance between alien and native species and flower visitation to the alien species, indicating that an intermediate distance did not favour the formation of novel pollination interac-tions. While phylogenetic distance is frequently assumed to be an alternate to trait distance, it could be that the floral traits that influence pollination are not more similar for closely related species.

Extinction debts and colonization credits of non-forest plants in the European Alps(Thursday 11:30)Stefan Dullinger, Karl Hülber, Johannes Wessely, Wolfgang Willner, Dietmar Moser, Andreas Gattringer, Günther Klonner, Niklaus E. Zim-mermann, and Sabine B. Rumpf Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria

Mountain plant species shift their elevational ranges in response to climate change. However, to what degree these shifts lag behind current climate change, and to what extent delayed extinctions and colonizations contribute to these shifts, is under debate. Here, we calculate extinction debt and coloniza-tion credit of 135 species from the European Alps by comparing species distri-bution models with 1576 re-surveyed plots. We find extinction debt in 60% and colonization credit in 38% of the species, and at least one of the two in 93%. This suggests that the realized niche of very few of the 135 species fully tracks climate change. As expected, extinction debts occur below and colonization credits occur above the optimum elevation of species. Colonization credits are more frequent in warmth-demanding species from lower elevations with lower dispersal capability, and extinction debts are more frequent in cold-adapted species from the highest elevations. Local extinctions hence appear to be al-ready pending for those species which have the least opportunity to escape climate warming.

Dark diversity of plant communities in the Anthropocene(Thursday 11:45)Meelis Pärtel, Carlos P. Carmona, and the DarkDivNet consortium

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University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu 51005, Estonia

Biodiversity is currently threatened globally due to various human disturbanc-es. This might harm ecosystem functioning and stability, and finally also human well-being. Understanding the dynamics of biodiversity can benefit a lot from identifying which ecologically suitable species are absent in any study site. Such absent but expected species should be present in the surrounding region and tolerate local ecological conditions. These taxa form the dark diversity of the site. Observed and dark diversity together form the site-specific species pool, and the comparison of observed and dark diversity can reveal how complete local communities are in respect to the species pool. In order to understand the variation of observed and dark diversity in plant communities globally, we started with a global research collaboration, DarkDivNet, where plant diversi-ty will be sampled both at the local and regional scales using a standardized methodology, including trait measurements. Such a sampling allows to esti-mate dark diversity based on species co-occurrences. Currently DarkDivNet includes >150 potential sites (>60 already sampled). The sampling scheme include pairs of natural and anthropogenically disturbed sites. Here we explore specifically this contrast to explore (1) whether dark diversity is relatively larger in disturbed sites, (2) if this is due to larger species pool or lower community completeness, (3) if there are some traits which characterize species in dark di-versity in the disturbed sites. We will examine if there are systematic differences in dark diversity patterns between ecosystem types (e.g. forests, open lands), biogeographic regions, or between the nature of disturbance (human-induced fire, grazing of domestic animals, trampling etc.). Our results can reveal how both the stable and the lost part of local biodiversity are reacting to land-use change, a main threat for nature during the Anthropocene.

POSTERSLarge-scale premature wilting in Central European forests during the 2018 summer drought(POSTER)Philipp Brun, Achilleas Psomas, Christian Ginzler, Wilfried Thuiller, Massimiliano Zappa, and Niklaus E. ZimmermannSwiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland

The combination of drought and warm temperatures affects terrestrial ecosys-tems by deteriorating trees’ health which can lead to large-scale die-offs with significant consequences on forest biodiversity, the carbon cycle and wood production. It is thus crucial to understand how such events unfold and which 38

factors determine ecosystem susceptibility and resilience. Here, we analyze the responses of Central European forests to the 2018 summer drought using 10×10 m observations from the Sentinel-2 satellite program. By associating time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) with visually classified observations of premature wilting, we show that the drought led to early leaf-shedding responses across >6500 km2. In the heaviest-hit region, the German state of Saxony Anhalt, more than 14% of forests were affected. High temperatures and low precipitation, particularly in August, mostly explained these patterns, while broadleaved trees of small to intermediate canopy height, steep slopes and southern exposition additionally increased the risk of pre-mature wilting. Forest patches showing premature-wilting responses in 2018 also showed reduced NDVI in the summer of 2019. Timing and magnitude of NDVI-drops associated with early wilting showed some skill in predicting the extent of lower 2019 NDVI, but the relationship was noisy, potentially owing to species-specific differences. Since the frequency and severity of drought events is expected to increase in the future, shifting towards drought adapted tree communities may be an advisable forest management strategy, especially in the comparably dry and hot areas of northeastern Central Europe.

Comparison of (new) strategies in correcting sampling and envi-ronmental biases in a Point-Process Model framework(POSTER)Yohann Chauvier, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Daria Bystrova, Giovanni Poggiato, Philipp Brun, Sébastien Lavergne, and Wilfried ThuillerSwiss Federal Research Institute (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland

Assessments of current and future species distributions are increasingly un-dertaken by means of new tools such as Species Distributions Models (SDMs). But using those tools and considering their outputs as reliable necessitate methods of correcting sampling bias from dataset of observations. While au-to-logistic models or density target-group method have shown efficiency for presence-(pseudo)absence models, systematic methods to correct observer bias for Point Process Models (PPMs), which are specifically designed to use presence-only data, are still lacking. Some introductory methods, using bias covariates in model calibrations, recently gave preliminary leads on how to cor-rect PPMs, but those neither allowed for a big sample of species to be studied, nor showed large improvements of model predictive performances. Here we present a new corrective method of observer bias improving drastically PPMs, and a comparison of model performances between our methods and previous ones. Using 1318 plant species across the European Alps, we fitted and eval-uated with block cross-validation and an independent test dataset more than

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150,000 PPMs accounting for 21 different types of sampling correction combi-nations. The method presented here, consisted of using in model calibrations, the raw sampling effort of our study area as a key-bias covariate. Compared to previous corrective methods, which used accessibility predictors as bias co-variates (e.g. distance to roads), our method showed strong improvements of PPMs predictive performances, as well as realistic species distributional ranges with a clear positive correlation found between modelled species diversity and expert-based species diversity.

Spatial modelling of ecological indicator values at high resolu-tion improves predictions of plant distributions(POSTER)Patrice Descombes, Lorenz Walthert, Andri Baltensweiler, Reto Giulio Meuli, Dirk N. Karger, Damaris Zurell, Niklaus E. ZimmermannSwiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmens-dorf, Switzerland

Ecologically meaningful predictors, such as soil acidity or soil moisture, are often neglected in plant distribution studies due to data paucity, resulting in in-complete niche quantification and low predictive power of species distribution models (SDMs). Because micro-environmental data are rare and expensive to collect, and because their relationship with local microclimatic and microtopo-graphic conditions are complex, mapping them over large geographic extents and at high spatial resolution remains a main challenge. Here, we generat-ed a set of ecologically meaningful variables by combining plant occurrences with expert-based plant ecological indicator values (EIVs) for 3600 species in Switzerland. EIVs were modeled and projected at 93m spatial resolution with random forest and a set of 16 predictors representing meso-climate, land use, topography and geology. We explored the validity of the generated soil EIV variables against in-situ soil properties, and investigated how they improve high resolution SDMs.

Invasion success of introduced ornamental plant species in Chi-na: relative importance of bio-geography, introduction effort and species traits(POSTER)Bi-Cheng DongEcology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany

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Ca. 14,565 plant species have now been introduced in China as ornamental species, and at least 592 species among them are identified as naturalized species. However, the underlying mechanism determining the naturalization success of ornamental species in China has rarely been explicitly tested at the broad-range scale. To examine the potential effects of bio-geography, intro-duction effort and species characteristics on the naturalization success of intro-duced ornamental plants. We compiled a dataset of 14,565 alien plant species introduced in cultivation in China, including data on bio-geography (i.e., native range outside China, and their ecological niches in China), introduction effort (i.e., the earliest year of introduction, the number of botanical gardens where they are planted, the total number of countries which exported each plant, and the frequency of economic use), species traits (i.e., growth form, vegetative reproduction, winter hardiness, and maximum height), and status of naturaliza-tion success. Finally, we will use path analysis to estimate the relative impor-tance of bio-geography, introduction effort and species traits on naturalization success of alien plants introduced for horticulture.

Energetic origins of the Anthropocene(POSTER)Joseph R Burger, Miikka Tallavaara, Trevor S Fristoe, and Miska LuotoEcology Lab, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany

The activities of humans, like those of all organisms, are fueled by energy. Here, we track the energy acquisition of the human species as we transitioned from a world populated by on the order of 10 million hunter-gatherers to a techno-logical society of 7.8 billion that is largely supported by extra-metabolic energy (fossil fuels, renewables, ect.). Perhaps surprisingly, we find that in many ways, humans behave like ‘just another mammal’. Using a dataset of globally distrib-uted hunter-gatherers, we find a strong latitudinal diet gradient, with mixed diets meeting metabolic demands in the tropics and diets composed almost exclusively of meat at high latitudes. This pattern is mirrored in other mam-malian omnivores and even at the community level diet of mammals across the globe (excluding vegetative resources that are indigestible for humans), suggesting similar resource constraints acting across species. In addition, our early results show that the estimated metabolic demands of a world ‘full’ of hunter-gatherers would have been similar to the average energetic demands of other mammal populations. While certainly on the upper end, the metabolic requirements of even the current human population are within the bounds of other mammals. It is not until we tapped into extra-metabolic energetic re-sources (particularly fossil fuels) that our species has truly become exceptional

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in energetic acquisition. By fueling our activities, from global transportation, to industrial agriculture, to wholesale landscape alterations, our work highlights that this is the energy fueling the Anthropocene.

Seasonal changes in diversity of Australian songbirds(POSTER)Lenka Harmáčková, Remeš V., and Fritz S.Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic

Macroecological studies focusing on patterns of avian diversity usually do not take seasonality into account and work only with breeding ranges or focus on differences between summer and winter in highly seasonal areas with large proportion of migratory species. Such studies also often lack details on exact species distributions on fine spatial scales and information about species’ abun-dances, both important for studying community assembly, and coexistence of species. We studied seasonal (intra-annual) changes in species richness and phylogenetic and functional diversity in Australian songbirds. Although this system is composed of mainly sedentary species, we expected to find seasonal movement tied to changes in water availability, which shapes avian diversity on this arid continent, and to temperature and vegetation complexity. Finally, we focused on assemblage composition changes in functional traits of species present in different seasons too see how is niche filled in response to different resource availability. We found that seasonal variability in species richness and phylogenetic and functional diversity is present in Australian songbirds but is not very profound. Diversity increased with increasing vegetation complexity and rainfall, but surprisingly decreased in areas with high rainfall. Functional space was mainly determined by body mass in case of morphological traits and by foraging on ground, on flowers and feeding on insect in ecological traits. The centroid of these functional spaces showed a slight seasonal movement, pointing to changes in assemblage composition throughout the year. Overall, we were able to find seasonal changes in all three aspects of avian diversity and linked them to changes in environmental conditions, yet the biological signifi-cance of such changes is still needed to be evaluated.

Selecting suitable sites for the permanent conservation of biodi-versity: Legacy Landscapes(POSTER)Alke Voskamp, Valerie Köcke, Christof Schenck, and Katrin Böh-ning-Gaese

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Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Three important aspects that can affect the successful long term management of a protected area (PA), are the availability of a stable source of funding al-located to the PA rather than the currently prevalent boom and bust cycles in funding availability that many PAs experience; the need to have stable gover-nance in place based on long term trusted relationships between funders, PA managers (NGOs) and local communities, to ensure effective management and monitoring of a PA; and the selection of the most suitable sites based on their potential to facilitate permanent conservation, considering long term climatic resilience and existing human pressures as well as their value for biodiversity. Here we present a newly developed approach, to identify sites, based on bio-diversity indicators, climatic resilience and information on local governance, that have a high potential to secure long term biodiversity conservation, with-in an integrative framework that involves biogeographers, funders and local stakeholders.

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R 611- Talks(Big blue building across from the main campus entrance)

K7(Use main campus entrance A and follow the arrows)- Registration- Ice breaker- Poster session- Conference dinner- Coffee breaksK6 - lunch

Universityof Konstanz

DowntownKonstanz

Bus to downtown KonstanzBus lines 9A and 9B travel between campus and downtown (Bahnhof or Konzilstrasse stops) Departing about every 10 minutes between 7:50 and 20:30 (less frequenty earlier or later)

Botanical Garden

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