MACMILLANMASTER

SERIES

Work Out

Biology

for First Examinations

The titlesin this.sertes

For First ExaminationsBiologyChemistryComputer StudiesEnglish LanguageMathematicsPhysicsPrinciples of AccountsStatistics

For examinations at Advanced LevelApplied MathematicsBiologyChemistryPhysicsPure MathematicsStatistics

For examinations at college levelMathematics for EconomistsOperational Research

MACMILLANMASTER

SERIES

for First Examinations

O.F.G. Kilgour

MACMILLAN

©0. F. G. Kilgour 1986

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended).

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published 1986 Reprinted (with corrections) 1986

Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

Typeset by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Kilgour, 0. F. G. Work out biology.-(Macmillan master series) -(Macmillan work out series) 1. Biology-Examinations, questions, etc. I. Title 574'.076 QH316

ISBN 978-0-333-37609-6 ISBN 978-1-349-18139-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-18139-1

Dedication:

To Mary and Dilys Kitty Brearley

AcknowledgementsIntroduction

How to use this bookRevisionThe Examination

1 Basic Bioscience1.1 Theoretical Work Summary1.2 Practical Work1.3 Examination Work1.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

2 Variety of Living Organisms2.1 Theoretical Work Summary2.2 Practical Work2.3 Examination Work2.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

3 Cells, Tissues, Organs and Organisation3.1 Theoretical Work Summary3.2 Practical Work3.3 Examination Work3.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

4 Plant Nutrition4.1 Theoretical Work Summary4.2 Practical Work4.3 Examination Work4.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

5 Animal Nutrition5.1 Theoretical Work Summary5.2 Practical Work5.3 Examination Work5.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

6 Transport6.1 Theoretical Work Summary6.2 Practical Work6.3 Examination Work6.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions

ixxixixi

xii

117

1016

1818333442

4343484956

575762

6572

7373838489

919198

102109

7 Respiration 1127.1 Theoretical Work Summary 1127.2 Practical Work 1217.3 Examination Work 1247.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 132

8 Growth 1348.1 Theoretical Work Summary 1348.2 Practical Work 1428.3 Examination Work 1448.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 151

9 Homeostasis 1539.1 Theoretical Work Summary 1539.2 Practical Work 1589.3 Examination Work 1599.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 164

10 Irritability 16610.1 Theoretical Work Summary 16610.2 Practical Work 17310.3 Examination Work 17310.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 179

11 Support and Movement 18211.1 Theoretical Work Summary 18211.2 Practical Work 18711.3 Examination Work 18711.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 194

12 Reproduction 19612.1 Theoretical Work Summary 19612..2 Practical Work 20612.3 Examination Work 20712.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 216

13 Genetics and Evolution 21813.1 Theoretical Work Summary 21813.2 Practical Work 22413.3 Examination Work 22413.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 232

14 Organisms and the Environment 23414.1 Theoretical Work Summary 23414.2 Practical Work 23914.3 Examination Work 24114.4 Self-test answers to objective and structured questions 251

Index 255

AcknowledgementsEvery effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any havebeen inadvertently overlooked, the publishers will be pleased to make the nec­essary arrangements at the first opportunity.

Throughout the preparation of this book I have been grateful for the constructivecriticism and advice of a long-established teacher of biology, Meinwen Parry, B.Sc.,M.I.BioI., whose identification with the preparation of candidates for the com­bined CSE/GCE alternative biology syllabus of the Welsh Joint Education Com­mittee since its inception has made an invaluable contribution to the work.

I am also appreciative of the assistance and encouragement given by my editor,Mary Hoddinott, B.~c., M.I.Biol., of Macmillan Education.

I express my sincere thanks to Mrs V. C. Stirling for the professional and speedypreparation of the typescript. The author and publishers wish to thank Mr MalcolmFraser of Chelsea College Centre for Science Education for permission to useFigs 1.5, 4.4, 14.6 and the photograph on page 37. The cover photograph, byStephen Dalton (NHPA), shows Apis mellifera (honey-bee) landing on appleblossom.

Grateful acknowledgement is made to the following examining boards forpermission to reproduce their past examination questions: Associated ExaminingBoard, University of London Entrance and School Examination Council, OxfordLocal Examinations, Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examinations,Scottish Certificate of Education Examining Board, Secondary Education Auth­ority, Western Australia, and Northern Ireland General Certificate of EducationExaminations Council.

The University of London Entrance and School Examinations Council accepts no responsibilitywhatsoever for the accuracy or method in the answers given in this book to actual questions setby the London Board.

Acknowledgement is made to the Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examina­tions for permission to use questions taken from their past papers but the Board is in no wayresponsible for answers that may be provided and they are solely the responsibility of theauthor.

The Associated Examining Board, the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Exarnina­tions, the Northern Ireland Schools Examination Council and the Scottish Examination Boardwish to point out that worked examples included in the text are entirely the responsibility ofthe author and have neither been provided nor approved by the Board.

This book has been written to meet the needs of students of biology preparing forexternal examinations, and it will be a useful aid to revision, and to practical andexamination work throughout the course.

How to Use this Book

Each chapter is presented in the following way:

1.1 Theoretical work summary of the key information you should understandand know.

1.2 A summary of the practical work you will be expected to have had experienceof.

1.3 Examination questions, which form the major part of the book, covering thewide range of question types used in examining candidates at this level. Thequestions are grouped into three main sections: objective, structured andessays.

Suggested answers to the essays follow straight on from these questions, andanswers to the objective and structured questions are at the end of each chapter.

You should use this book during your course, when preparing answers forhomework, and when revising for examinations. Use the objective and structuredquestions to test your grasp of each topic covered by a chapter.

Revision

All exammmg boards or associations issue a detailed syllabus and you shouldobtain a copy of this. Read through the syllabus as you revise and make. sure youunderstand each section properly. Do not study topics which are not included inyour examination syllabus.

Throughout your course you should aim to work methodically. Plan your finalrevision in good time, work out a programme of revision and stick to it. Take eachmajor topic, such as respiration, in turn, and revise it thoroughly. To test yourgrasp of each topic, attempt past examination papers under examination condi­tions; stick to the time allocated for each questions, and, of course, do not useyour notes to help you. In biology it is important to be able to draw and labeldiagrams accurately and you will need to practise doing this as you revise. Try tosimplify the diagrams that you draw so that you can complete them quickly andclearly.

The Examination

Written external examinations follow different patterns and use different types ofquestion. Obtain past question papers from the appropriate examining board tofind out the pattern and type of question, the number of questions to be answered,and whether certain sections are composed of compulsory questions.

The following are the main types of external examination questions:

Question type ________

Objective~ / \ --------------- Long answeror multiple choice or essay

Structured Shortanswer

(a) Objective or Multiple Choice Questions

This type of question is mainly of the kind that has four, or sometimes five,answers or responses, one of which is correct. They require very careful readingand thought, and certainly cannot be answered by guessing. Other kinds of objec­tive question can include completion questions, where the candidate supplies amissing word, phrase or number.

(b) Structured Questions

These questions can be rather lengthy and may take a long time to read, but oncethey are understood they are among the quickest and most direct questions toanswer in the examination paper. Structured questions can be based on experi­mental data, and you may need to draw a graph, or they may be based on dia­grams or written statements. The questions usually require short answers. Thelength of your answer can be gauged roughly by the marks shown on the paper.

(c) Short-answer Questions

The length of the answer expected is shown in the answer book of the exami­nation paper as one, two Qr more lines. Sometimes they are completion-typequestions requiring the insertion of missing words or terms. Diagrams, photo­graphs or graphs may also be shown in the question, with labelled parts requiringconcise names or terms.

(d) Long-answer or Essay Questions

These are mainly unstructured questions, requiring the careful planning of ananswer by the candidate. Consequently, worked examples are given in this bookto assist the reader with a wide range of problems. Remember that in essay-typeanswers there are many ways of presenting acceptable answers and candidates canachieve the same overall mark by many different answers; only one version is

shown here. Essay questions can be direct questions on certain topics, or mixed or composite questions on more than one biological topic.

Various terms are used in questions, which means that it is essential to under­stand their meaning. Most of the terms relate to the type of answer required.

(i) Concise, short, descriptive answers are generally expected for questions that include: 'state', 'outline', 'define', 'state and explain', or include the word 'briefly' followed by a term.

(ii) Longer written answers are generally expected for questions that include: 'describe', 'discuss', 'explain', 'give an account', or 'comment', or which may include the word 'fully', 'in detail', or 'detailed'.

(iii) Diagrams or graphs are expected to be drawn in answer to questions that include: 'illustrate', 'make', 'sketch', 'draw', 'give annotated diagrams', or 'an illustrated account'.

(iv) Tabular answers are generally expected to questions that ask you to: 'dis­tinguish', 'enumerate', 'tabulate', 'compare', or 'contrast and compare'.

(v) Practical questions often include the following, asking how you would: 'demonstrate', 'find', 'estimate', 'measure' or 'calculate'.

(e) Diagrams

Diagrams are line drawings, i.e. they are made up of continuous lines. They are not artistic sketches, made up of broken lines. They should be drawn in pencil, large and clear, and labelled fully, and the completed diagram should be given a title and if possible an indication of its scale of magnification. No shading, colour­ing or three-dimensional constructions are needed. Draw diagrams whenever possible and do not write a written description of what is shown in your diagram.

(f) In the Examination

(i) Read the instructions on the paper. (ii) Read the questions carefully, think, then answer.

(iii) Time flies so keep to a time allocation for each question.