Macmillan Law Masters ContractLaw978-1-349-14657... · 2017. 8. 28. · Macmillan Law Masters...

Macmillan Law Masters

Contract Law

Macmillan Law Masters

Series editor: Manse Cremona

Basic English Law (2nd edn) W. T. MajorBusiness Law Stephen JudgeCompany Law (3rd edn) Janet DineConstitutional and Administrative Law (2nd edn) John AlderContract Law (3rd edn) Ewan McKendrickConveyancing (2nd edn) Priscilla SartonCriminal Law Marise CremonaEconomic and Social Law and Policy ofthe European Union Jo ShawEmployment Law (2nd edn) Deborah J. LocktonFamily Law (2nd edn) Kate StandleyIntellectual Property Law Tina Hart and Linda FazzaniLand Law (3rd edn) Kate GreenLandlord and Tenant Law (3rd edn) Margaret Wilkie and Godfrey ColeLaw ofthe European Union (2nd edn) Jo ShawLaw ofSuccession Catherine RendellLaw ofTrusts Patrick McLoughlin and Catherine RendellLegal Method (2nd edn) Ian McLeodLegal Theory Ian McLeodTorts (2nd edn) Alastair Mullis and Ken Oliphant

Contract Law

Third Edition

Ewan McKendrickLLB. BCL, MAProfessor ofEnglish LawUniversity College London

Law series editor: Marise CremonaSenior Fellow, Centre for Commercial Law StudiesQueen Mary and Westfield College, University ofLondon

~MACMIllAN

© Ewan McKendrick 1990, 1994, 1997

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Published byMACMILLAN PRESS LTDHoundmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XSand LondonCompanies and representativesthroughout the world

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ISBN 978-0-333-71980-0 ISBN 978-1-349-14657-4 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14657-4

v

Contents

Preface to the Third Edition

Table ofCases

Table ofStatutes

1 Introduction

1.1 Introduction1.2 The Scope ofthe Law of Contract1.3 The Basis of the Law of Contract1.4 Contract, Tort and Restitution1.5 Contract and Empirical Work1.6 A European Contract Law?1.7 An International Contract Law?

Part I THE FORMAnON ANDSCOPE OF A CONTRACT

2 Agreement: Clearing the Ground

2.1 Who Decides that an Agreement has been Reached?2.2 A Residual Role for a Subjective Approach2.3 The Objective Test2.4 Has Agreement been Reached?

SummaryExercises

3 Offer and Acceptance

xiii

xiv

xxxv

1

113677

10

15

151820222525

26

3.1 Offer and Invitation to Treat 273.2 Display of Goods for Sale 293.3 Advertisements 313.4 Auction Sales 323.5 Tenders 333.6 Timetables and Vending Machines 353.7 Acceptance 363.8 Communication of the Acceptance 373.9 Acceptance in Ignorance of the Offer 383.10 Prescribed Method of Acceptance 393.11 Acceptance by Silence 393.12 Exceptions to the Rule Requiring Communication of Acceptance 41

vi Contents

3.13 Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts 453.14 Termination of the Offer 463.15 The Limits of Offer and Acceptance 47

Summary 49Exercises 50

4 Certainty and Agreement Mistakes 51

4.1 Certainty 514.2 Vagueness 574.3 Incompleteness 574.4 A General Rule? 594.5 A Restitutionary Approach? 594.6 Mistake Negativing Consent 60


5 Consideration and Form 68

5.1 Requirements of Form 685.2 Consideration Defined 735.3 The Many Functions of Consideration 745.4 Consideration and Motive 765.5 The Scope of the Doctrine 765.6 Consideration Must Be Sufficient but it Need not Be Adequate 765.7 Trivial Acts 775.8 Intangible Returns 785.9 Compromise and Forbearance to Sue 805.10 Performance of a Duty Imposed by Law 815.11 Performance of a Contractual Duty Owed to the Promisor 835.12 Practical Benefit 865.13 Consideration and Duress 885.14 Alternative Analyses 905.15 Part Payment of a Debt 915.16 Performance of a Duty Imposed by Contract with a Third Party 935.17 Conceptions of Value 945.18 Past Consideration 955.19 Consideration Must Move from the Promisee 965.20 Reliance Upon Non-bargain Promises 975.21 The Role of Consideration 985.22 Estoppel 1005.23 Estoppel by Representation 1015.24 Waiver and Variation 1025.25 Promissory Estoppel 1035.26 Estoppel by Convention 1055.27 Proprietary Estoppel 1065.28 The Relationship between Estoppel and Consideration 108

5.29 Conclusion: The Future of ConsiderationSummaryExercises

6 Intention to Create Legal Relations

6.1 Introduction6.2 Balfour v, Balfour6.3 Rebutting the Presumption6.4 Domestic and Social Agreements6.5 Commercial Agreements

SummaryExercises

7 Privity

Contents vii

110111112

113

113114115liS118119119

120

7.1 Introduction 1207.2 The Development of Privity and the Challenge of Lord Denning 1237.3 The Scope of the Doctrine of Privity 1267.4 Action by the Contracting Party 1267.5 Interference with Contractual Rights 1307.6 Exclusion Clauses and Third Parties 1327.7 Evading the Rule 1367.8 Collateral Contracts 1367.9 Agency 1377.10 The Trust Concept 1387.11 The Role of the Law of Tort 1407.12 Assignment 1427.13 Negotiable Instruments 1437.14 Statutory Exceptions 1437.15 The Need for Reform? 144


Part n THE CONTENT OF A CONTRACT

8 What is a Term? 151

8.1 What is a Term? 1518.2 Verification 1528.3 Importance 1528.4 Special Knowledge 1538.5 The Consequences of the Distinction Between a Term and a

Mere Representation 1538.6 Can a Representat ion be Incorporated into a Contract as a Term? 154

viii Contents


9 The Sources of Contractual Terms 157

9.1 Introduction 1579.2 The Parol Evidence Rule 1579.3 Bound by Your Signature? 1599.4 Incorporation of Written Terms 1649.5 Incorporation by a Course of Dealing 1679.6 Interpretation 1689.7 Rectification 1719.8 Implied Terms 173


10 The Classification of Contractual Terms 179

10.1 The Classification of Terms 17910.2 What is a 'Condition'? 18010.3 Distinguishing Between a Condition and a Warranty 18010.4 The Need for Change? 18410.5 Innominate Terms 188


11 Exclusion Clauses 192

11.1 Exclusion Clauses: Defence or Definition? 19211.2 The Functions of Exclusion Clauses 19411.3 An Outline of the Law 19411.4 Incorporation 19511.5 Construction of Exclusion Clauses 19511.6 Negligence Liability 19811.7 Fundamental Breach 20111.8 Other Common Law Controls upon Exclusion Clauses 20211.9 The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 20311.10 Negligence Liability 20411.11 Liability for Breach of Contract 20911.12 Indemnity Clauses 21311.13 Attempts at Evasion 21311.14 The Reasonableness Test 21411.15 Excepted Contracts 21711.16 Conclusion 217


Contents ix

Part III POLICING THE CONTRACT

12 A Duty to Disclose Material Facts

13 Misrepresentation

14 Common Mistake and Frustration

12.112.212.312.412.512.612.712.812.912.10

13.113.213.313.413.513.613.713.813.913.10

14.114.214.314.414.514.614.714.814.914.1014.1114.12

IntroductionSnatching at a BargainRepresentation by ConductRepresentation Falsified by Later EventsStatement Literally True but MisleadingContracts Uberrimae FideiFiduciary RelationshipsA Duty of Disclosure in Tort?The Role of the Sale of Goods Act 1979ConclusionSummaryExercises

IntroductionWhat is a Misrepresentation?A Statement of Existing FactAddressed to the Party MisledA Material InducementThe Types of MisrepresentationRemediesRescissionDamagesExcluding Liability for MisrepresentationSummaryExercises

IntroductionCommon MistakeMistake as to the Existence of the Subject-matter of the ContractMistake as to Identity of the Subject-matterMistake as to the Possibility of Performing the ContractMistake as to QualityMistake in EquityFrustrationFrustration , Force Majeure and HardshipFrustration: A Sterile Doctrine?ImpossibilityFrustration of Purpose

223

223224225226227227227227228229233233

234

234235236238238240246246249253253254

255

255257258261261262264266267270271272

x Contents

14.13 Illegality14.14 Express Provision14.15 Foreseen and Forseeable Events14.16 Self-Induced Frustration14.17 The Effects of Frustration14.18 Conclusion

SummaryExercises

273273275275278282284285

15 lliegality

15.115.215.315.415.515.615.715.815.915.1015.1115.1215.1315.1415.1515.1615.1715.1815.19

IntroductionSome Difficulties of ClassificationIllegality in PerformanceStatutory IllegalityGaming and Wagering ContractsIllegality at Common LawContracts Contrary to Good MoralsContracts Prejudicial to Family LifeContracts to Commit a Crime or a Civil WrongContracts Prejudicial to the Administration of JusticeContracts Prejudicial to Public RelationsContracts in Restraint of TradeContracts of EmploymentContracts for the Sale of a BusinessRestrictive Trading and Analogous AgreementsThe Scope of Public PolicyThe Effects of IllegalityThe Recovery of Money or PropertySeveranceSummaryExercises

286

286288288290291291292292293294294295296297297298299299304305306

16 Capacity

16.1 Introduction16.2 Minors16.3 Mental Incapacity and Drunkenness16.4 Companies

SummaryExercises

307

307307311312312313

17 Duress, Undue Influence, and Inequality of Bargaining Power 314

17.1 Introduct ion17.2 Common Law Duress17.3 Undue Influence

314314319

Contents Xl

17.4 Inequality of Bargaining Power 32217.5 The Role of Parliament 32417.6 The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994 32517.7 A General Doctrine of Unconscionability? 330


Part IV PERFORMANCE, DISCHARGE AND THE REMEDIESFOR BREACH OF CONTRACT

18 Performance and Discharge of the Contract

18.1 Performance18.2 Discharge of the Contract18.3 Discharge by Performance18.4 Discharge by Agreement18.5 Discharge by Operation of Law

SummaryExercises

19 Breach of Contract

19.1 Introduction: Breach Defined19.2 When Does Breach Occur?19.3 The Consequences of Breach19.4 Damages19.5 Enforcement by the Party in Breach19.6 The Right to Terminate Performance of the Contract19.7 The Prospective Nature of Breach19.8 The Right of Election19.9 Anticipatory Breach

SummaryExercises

337

337338338339339339340

341

341342343343343344345346350353354

20 Damages for Breach of Contract

20.120.220.320.420.520.620.720.820.920.10

IntroductionCompensation and the Different 'Interests'The Expectation InterestThe Restitution InterestFailure of Consideration and Enrichment by SubtractionEnrichment by WrongdoingReliance InterestThe Date of AssessmentThe Commitment to the Protection of the Expectation InterestMitigation

355

355355357362362364368370371371

xii Contents

20.11 Remoteness 37320.12 Causation 37620.13 Damages for Pain and Suffering and the 'Consumer Surplus' 37720.14 Conclusion 380


21 Obtaining an Adequate Remedy

21.121.221.321.421.521.621.721.8

21.921.1021.1121.12

IntroductionThe Entire Obligations (or 'Contracts') RuleThe Creation of ConditionsA Claim in DebtLiquidated DamagesEvading the Penalty Clause RuleDeposits and Part PaymentsLiquidated Damages, Penalty Clauses and Forfeitures: AnAssessmentSpecific PerformanceInjunctionsDamages in Lieu of Specific PerformanceConclusionSummaryExercises

382

382383385385386390392

394397401401401402403

Bibliography

Index

405

411

xiii

Preface to the Third Edition

My aim in writing the third edition of this book has not changed from thestated aim of the first and second editions: namely, to provide a clear andstraightforward account of the basic rules of English contract law. I havealso sought to introduce the reader to some of the debates about thenature, the scope and the functions of the law of contract and to discusssome of the wider controversies which surround certain basic doctrines ofEnglish contract law, such as consideration and privity. In discussing theseissues I have attempted to build a bridge between this introductory workand some of the more advanced and detailed writings on the law ofcontract by making frequent reference throughout the book to both theperiodical literature and the standard textbooks on the law of contract (fullcitations are contained in the bibliography located at the end of the book).My hope is that these references will encourage the reader to pursue theissues raised in this book in greater detail in the writings to which I havemade reference.

When preparing the second edition of the book I took the opportunityto add considerably to its length. This time I have resisted the temptationto add significantly to the size of the book. However a number of majorchanges to the text have been necessitated by the enactment of the UnfairTerms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994, the publication of theLaw Commission's report on the reform of the doctrine of privity ofcontract and a number of decisions of the House of Lords, mostly notablyRuxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v, Forsyth. Finally, I mustacknowledge the debts which I have incurred in writing this edition. Onceagain I am indebted to John Winckler at Macmillan for his continuedsupport. I must also acknowledge the assistance which I have derivedfrom colleagues and students who have helped to clarify my thoughts andoffered a number of constructive criticisms and suggestions. But mygreatest debt is to my wife, Rose, and our children, Jenny, Sarah, Racheland Katie. I am grateful to them for their encouragement and support.

The book is dedicated to the memory of my grandparents .I have endeavoured to state the law on the basis of the materials

available to me at the end of January 1997.

London, May 21st, 1997 Ewan McKendrick

xiv

Table of Cases

250

196, 197

89289137

102128117390

8929315899

196390159369240

280,281

4424941

378,379167

105, 106, 10720,40

388

A to Z Bazaars (Ply) Ltd v. Minister of Agriculture 1974 (4)SA 392

AB v. South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 1 B & Aid 681Addis v. Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488AEG (UK) Ltd v. Logic Resource Ltd [1996] CLC 265Ailsa Craig Fishing Co Ltd v. Malvern Fishing Co Ltd [1983] 1

WLR964Alan W J & Co Ltd v. EI Nasr Export and Import Co [1972] 2

QB 189Albazero, The [1977] AC 774Albert v. Motor Insurers' Bureau [1972] AC 301Alder v. Moore [1961] 2 QB 57Alev, The [1989] 1 Lloyd's Rep 138Alexander v, Rayson [1936] 1 KB 169Allen v. Pink (1838) 4 M & W 140Alliance Bank v. Broom (1864) 2 Dr & Sm 289Alliance and Leicester Building Society v. Edgestop Ltd [1994]

2 All ER 38Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v. John Walker

& Sons Ltd [1977] 1 WLR 164 256,273,283Amalgamated Investment and Property Co Ltd v. Texas

Commerce International Bank Ltd [1982] QB 84Amazonia, The [1990] 1 Lloyd 's Rep 238AMEV UDC Finance Ltd v. Austin (1986) 162 CLR 170Anangel Atlas Compania Naviera SA v. Ishikawajima-Harima

Heavy Industries Co Ltd (No.2) [1990] 2 Lloyd 's Rep 526Anderson v. Daniel [1924] 1 KB 138Andrews v. Hopkinson [1957] 1 QB 229Andrews Bros (Bournemouth) Ltd v. Singer and Co Ltd [1934]

1 KB 17Angelic Star, The [1988] 1 Lloyd's Rep 122Angell v. Duke (1875) 32 LT 320Anglia Television Ltd v. Reed [1972] 1 QB 60Angus v. Clifford [1891] 2 Ch 449Appleby v. Myers (1867) LR 2 CP 651

Table ofCases xv

289

312,313

258,264315239352

101, 102, 103164

Archer v. Brown [1985] QB 401Arcos Ltd v. E A Ronaasen & Son [1933] AC 470

Archbolds (Freightage) Ltd v. Spanglett Ltd [1961] 2 QB 374289,290,305

249182, 184, 186,

229,231,330,347Arrale v. Costain Civil Engineering Ltd [1976] 1 Lloyd's Rep 98 80Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co v. Riche (1875) LR 7

HL653Ashmore, Benson, Pease & Co Ltd v. A V Dawson Ltd [1973]

1 WLR828Associated Japanese Bank (International) Ltd v. Credit du Nord

[1989] 1 WLR 255Astley v. Reynolds (1731) 2 Str 915Atwood v. Small (1838) 6 CL & F 232Avery v. Bowden (1856) 6 E & B 953Avon County Council v. Howlett [1983] 1 WLR 603Avon Finance Co v. Bridger [1985] 2 All ER 281

229371271

320,321

78114,115

374

228362377

315,316185184

257, 258, 262,263,264,265,285

301

153293124

121,124,129,130,145,397

Belvoir Finance v. Stapleton [1971] 1 QB 210Bentley, (Dick) Productions Ltd v. Harold Smith (Motors)

Ltd [1965] 1 WLR 623Beresford v. Royal Exchange Assurance [1938] AC 586Beswick v. Beswick [1966] Ch 538Beswick v. Beswick [1968] AC 58

Bainbridge v. Firmstone (1838) 8 A & E 743Balfour v. Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571Balfour Beatty v. Scottish Power pic 1994 SLT 807Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering Ltd v. Docklands Light

Railway Ltd (1996) 78 Build LR 42Banco de Portugal v. Waterlow & Sons Ltd [1932] AC 452Bank Line Ltd v. Arthur Capel & Co Ltd [1919] AC 435Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA v. Aboody

[1990] 1 QB 923Banque Keyser Ullmann SA v. Skandia (UK) Insurance Co Ltd

[1990] 1 QB 665Barclays Bank Ltd v. W J Simms Ltd [1980] 1 QB 677Barclays Bank pic v. Fairclough Building Ltd [1995] QB 214Barton v. Armstrong [1976] AC 104Behn v. Burness (1863) 3 B & S 751Behzadi v. Shaftesbury Hotels Ltd [1992] Ch 1Bell v. Lever Brothers Ltd [1932] AC 161

xvi Table of Cases

167

283

59,60

185293

236,237

371321293

374,375181,189

175, 17678,82

3914737

106309

32

33,34,35384363185

32301,302,303

281,282282

Bettini v. Gye (1876) 1 QBD 183Bigos v. Bousted [1951] 1 All ER 92Bissett v. Wilkinson [1927] AC 177Blackpool & Fylde Aero Club Ltd v. Blackpool Borough

Council [1990] I WLR 1195Bolton v. Mahadeva [1972] 1 WLR 1009Boomer v. Muir 24 P 2d 570 (1933)Boone v. Eyre (1777) 1 H B1 273Bowerman v. Association of British Travel Agents Ltd [1996]

CLC 451Bowmakers Ltd v. Barnet Instruments Ltd [1945] KB 65BP v. Hunt [1979] 1 WLR 783BP v. Hunt [1982] 1 All ER 925BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v. Shire of Hastings (1978)

52 ALJR 20Bret v. JS (1600) Cro Eliz 756Bridge v. Campbell Discount Co Ltd [1962] AC 600Brimnes, The [1975] QB 929Brinkibon Ltd v. Stahag Stahl [1983] 2 AC 34Brinnand v. Ewens (1987) 19 HLR 415Bristow v. Eastman (1794) 1 Esp 172British Car Auctions Ltd v. Wright [1972] 1 WLR 1519British Crane Hire Corporation Ltd v. Ipswich Plant Hire Ltd

[1975] QB 303British Movietonews Ltd v. London and District Cinemas [1951]

1 KB 190 (CA); [1952] AC 166 (HL)British Steel Corporation v. Cleveland Bridge and Engineering

Co Ltd [1984] 1 All ER 504British Westinghouse Co v. Underground Electric Ry Co [1912]

AC673Brocklehurst, Re [1978] Ch 14Brodie v. Brodie [1917] P 271Brown v. KMR Services Ltd [1995] 4 All ER 598Bunge Corporation v. Tradax Export SA [1981] 1 WLR 711Butler v. Ex-CeIl-O Corporation (England) Ltd [1979]1

WLR 401 22,23,24,25,26,37,49,50Byrne v. Van Tienhoven (1880) 5 CPD 344 42,46

C and P Haulage Co Ltd v. Middleton [1983] 3 All ER 94CIBC Mortgages pic v. Pitt [1994] 1 AC 200Campbell Discount Co v. Gall [1961] 1 QB 431Canada Steamship Lines Ltd v. The King [1952] AC 192

369320158

Table ofCases xvii

158

389

369

210

381293

4064,66

26831,164

37030877

137171242320

16, 17,24,25278,284

Cassell & Co v. Broome [1972] AC 1027CCC Films (London) Ltd v. Impact Quadrant Films Ltd [1985]

QB 16Cellulose Acetate Silk Co v. Widnes Foundry (1925) Ltd [1933]

AC20Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd

[1947] KB 130 104,105,112Centrovincial Estates pIc v. Merchant Investors Assurance

Company Ltd [1983] Com LR 158Chandler v. Webster [1904] 1 KB 493Channel Island Ferries Ltd v. Sealink UK Ltd [1988] 1 Lloyd's

Rep 323Chapleton v. Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532Chaplin v. Hicks [1911] 2 KB 786Chaplin v. Leslie Frewin (Publishers) Ltd [1966] Ch 71Chappell & Co v. Nestle [1960] AC 87Charnock v. Liverpool Corporation [1968] 1 WLR 1498Charter Reinsurance Co Ltd v. Fagan [1996] 2 WLR 726Chaudhry v. Prabhakar [1989]1 WLR 29Cheese v. Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35Chester Grosvenor Hotel Co Ltd v. Alfred McAlpine Manage

ment Ltd (1991) 56 Build LR 115Cie Francaise d'Importation et de Distribution SA v. Deutsche

Continental Handelsgesellschaft [1985]2 Lloyd's Rep 592Citibank 'NA v. Brown Shipley & Co Ltd [1991]2 All ER 690City and Westminster Properties (1934) Ltd v. Mudd [1959] Ch

129City of New Orleans v. Fireman 's Charitable Association 9 So

486 (1891)Clay v. Yates (1856) 1 H & C 73Clea Shipping Corp v. Bulk Oil International Ltd (The Alaskan

Trader) [1984] 1 All ER 129 351,352,353Clements v. L & NW Railway [1894] 2 QB 482 308Collins v. Godefroy (1831) 1 B & Ad 950 82Combe v. Combe [1951] 2 KB 215 99, 100, 101, 105, 110, 112Commercial Banking Co of Sydney v. RH Brown and Co [1972]

198,199,200,201,218Candler v. Crane, Christmas and Co [1951] 2 KB 164 240Caparo Industries pIc v. Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 241,242Car and Universal Finance Co v. Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525 247Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893]1 QB 256

31,36,41,45,49,236355

xviii Table of Cases

238

155

273

356,370

70, 173393

203383,384

60317,318

62,6373

55259,260,285

117107

321,322253

311,323

27677,80,81 ,94

262

2 Lloyd's Rep 360Commission for the New Towns v. Cooper (Great Britain) Ltd

[1995] Ch 259Commissioner of Public Works v. Hills [1906] AC 368Commonwealth of Australia v. Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991)

66 ALJR 123Compagnie Francaise des Chemins de Fer Paris-Orleans v.

Leeston Shipping Co (1919) 1 Ll LR 235Constantine (Joseph) Steamship Ltd v. Imperial Smelting Corpora-

tion Ltd [1942] AC 154Cook v. Wright (1861) 1 B & S 559Cooper v. Phibbs (1867) LR 2 HL 149Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v. Argyll Stores (Holdings)

Ltd (1997) 2 WLR 898 397,398,399Couchman v. Hill [1947] KB 554 152,181,203Coulls v. Bagot's Executor (1967) 119 CLR 460 126Countess of Dunmore v. Alexander (1830) 9 S 190 44Courtaulds Northern Textiles Ltd v. Andrew [1979] IRLR 84 176Courtney and Fairbairn Ltd v. Tolaini Brothers (Hotels) Ltd

[1975] 1 WLR 297Couturier v. Hastie (1856) 5 HLC 673Coward v. Motor Insurers' Bureau [1963] 2 QB 259Crabb v, Arun DC [1976] Ch 179Craig, Re [1971] Ch 95Cremdean Properties v. Nash (1977) 244 EG 547Cresswell v. Potter [1978] 1 WLR 255Cricklewood Property Investment Trust Ltd v. Leighton's

Investment Trust Ltd [1945] AC 221Crown House Engineering Ltd v. Amec Projects Ltd (1990)

47 Build LR 32CTN Cash and Carry Ltd v. Gallaher Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 714Cundy v. Lindsay (1878) 3 App Cas 459Currie v. Misa (1875) LR 10 Ex 153Curtis v. Chemical Cleaning and Dyeing Co Ltd [1951] 1 KB

805Cutter v. Powell (1795) 6 TR 320

D & C Builders v. Rees [1966] 2 QB 617 332D & F Estates Ltd v. Church Commissioners for England and

Wales [1989] AC 177 128, 141Darlington Borough Council v. Wiltshier Northern Ltd [1995]

1 WLR 68 125, 128, 129

Table of Cases xix

121, 122, 123120

392,394386291107236

199249176

26146

387

273240170

343323

197,20045

348267 ,268,269

308250294

Darlington Futures Ltd v. Delco Australia Pty Ltd (1987) 61ALJR 76

Daulia Ltd v. Four Millbank Nominees Ltd [1978] Ch 231Davenport v. R (1877) 3 App Cas 115Davis Contractors Ltd v. Fareham UDC (1956] AC 696De Francesco v. Barnum (1889) 43 Ch D 430De Lassalle v. Guildford [1901] 2 KB 215De Wutz v. Hendricks (1824) 2 Bing 314Decro-Wall International SA v. Practitioners in Marketing Ltd

[1971] 1 WLR 361Demarara Bauxite Co Ltd v. Hubbard [1923] AC 673Denny, Mott & Dickinson v. James B Fraser & Co Ltd [1944]

AC265Derry v. Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 337Deutsche Genossenschaftsbank v. Burnhope [1995] 1 WLR 1580Diamond v. British Columbia Thoroughbred Breeders' Society

(1966) 52 DLR (2d) 146Dickinson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch D 463Dies v. British and International Mining and Finance Co

[1939] 1 KB 715Diestal v. Stevenson [1906] 2 KB 345Diggle v. Higgs (1872) 2 Ex D 442Dillwyn v. Llewelyn (1862) D, F & G 517Dimmock v. Hallett (1866) LR 2 Ch App 21Dorset County Council v. Southern Felt Roofing Co Ltd

(1989) 48 Build LR 96Doyle v. Olby [1969] 2 QB 158Duke of Westminster v. Guild [1985] QB 688Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company Ltd v. New Garage & Motor

Co Ltd [1915] AC 79Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company Ltd v. Selfridge [1915]

AC847Dutton v. Poole (1677) 2 Lev 211

Earl of Aylesford v. Morris (1873) LR 8 Ch App 484Earl of Chesterfield v. Janssen (1751) 2 Yes Sen 125Eastwood v. Kenyon (1840) 11 A & E 438Ecay v. Godfrey (1947) 80 Ll LR 286Edgington v. Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459Edmund Murray Ltd v. BSP International Foundations Ltd

(1993) 33 Con LR 1Edwards v. Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349

323323

95,96,112152238

202115

xx Table a/Cases

391

387

295,297

24845

274

118397

315,316

200,201132294

29237,41,44

EE Caledonia Ltd v. Orbit Valve Co Europe [1994] 1 WLR1515; [1993] 4 All ER 165

Elder Dempster v. Paterson, Zochonis and Co [1924] AC 522Elliott v. Richardson (1870) LR 5 CP 744Elphinstone v. Monkland Iron and Coal Co (1886) 11 App Cas

332Enderby Town Football Club Ltd v. The Football Association

Ltd [1971] Ch 591Entores v. Miles Far East Corporation [1955]2 QB 327Erlanger v. New Sombrero Phosphate Co (1878) 3 App Cas

1218Errington v. Errington [1952] 1 KB 290Ertel Bieber and Co v. Rio Tinto Co Ltd [1918] AC 260Esso Petroleum Co Ltd v. Harper's Garage (Stourport) Ltd

[1968] AC 269Esso Petroleum Ltd v. Commissioners of Custom and Excise

[1976]1 WLR 1 118Esso Petroleum Ltd v. Mardon [1976] QB 801 236,237Eugenia, The [1964] 2 QB 226 275Euro-Diam Ltd v. Bathurst [1990] I QB I 303Eurymedon, The [1975] AC 154 25,93, 134, 135,.144Evans (1) & Son (Portsmouth) Ltd v. Andrea Merzario Ltd

[1976] 1 WLR 1078Evans Marshall and Co Ltd v. Bertola SA [1973] I WLR 349Evia Luck, The [1992]2 AC 152Export Credits Guarantee Department v. Universal Oil Products

Co [1983] 1 WLR 399

34239,40,41

23170,71,72

30

35

273,278392371201

Fairclough Building Ltd v. Borough Council of Port Talbot (1993)62 Build LR 82

Federal Commerce & Navigation Co Ltd v. Molena Alpha Inc[1979] AC 757

Felthouse v. Bindley (1862) 11 CB (NS) 869Fibrosa Spolka Akcyjna v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour

Ltd [1943] AC 32Financings Ltd v. Baldock [1963] 2 QB 104Finlay (James) & Co Ltd v. Kwik Hoo Tong [1929] 1 KB 400Fiona, The [1994] 2 Lloyd's Rep 506First Energy (UK) Ltd v. Hungarian International Bank Ltd

[1993] 2 Lloyd's Rep 194Firstpost Homes Ltd v. Johnson [1995] 1 WLR 259Fisher v. Bell [1961] 1 QB 394

Table of Cases xxi

127163292

296210,216

37377,91,92,93,

94,98, 105, 11256

118377296

Foley v. Classique Coaches [1934] 2 KB 1Ford Motor Co Ltd v. AEF [1969]1 WLR 339Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v. Butcher [1989] AC 852Forster and Sons v. Suggett (1918) 35 TLR 87Forster v. Silvermere Golf and Equestrian Centre Ltd (1981) 125

SJ 397Foster v. MacKinnon (1869) LR 4 CP 704Franco v. Bolton (1797) 3 Ves 368

Fitch v. Dewes [1921] 2 AC 158Flamar Pride, The [1990]1 Lloyd's Rep 434Fletcher v. Tayleur (1855) 17 CB 21Foakes v. Beer (1884) 9 App Cas 605

Galloway v. Galloway (1914) 30 TLR 531Gamerco SA v. ICMlFair Warning (Agency) Ltd [1995]1

WLR 1226Gibbons v. Proctor (1891) 64 LT 594Gibson v. Dickie (1815) 3 M & S 463Gibson v. Manchester City Council [1978] 1 WLR 520Gibson v. Manchester City Council [1979]1 WLR 294

258

279,28038

29324,27

24,27,28,53

Gill (Stewart) Ltd v. Horatio Myer & Co Ltd [1992] QB 600214,215,216

Gillespie Bros & Co v. Cheney, Eggar & Co [1896]2 QB 59 158Gillespie Bros v. Roy Bowles Ltd [1973] 1 QB 400 195Glasbrook Ltd v. Glamorgan CC [1925] AC 270 82Gordon v. Selico (1985) 275 EG 899 226Gordon v. Selico (1986) 11 HLR 219 225,232Gore v. Gibson (1843) 13 M & W 623 311Gore v, Van Der Lann [1967]2 QB 31 130Gosling v. Anderson [1972] EGD 709 243,250Goss v. Chilcott [1996] AC 788 363Gran Gelato Ltd v. Richcliff (Group) Ltd [1992] Ch 560 246,249,250Griffith v. Brymer (1903) 19 TLR 434 262,283Grist v. Bailey [1967] Ch 532 265,266Grogan v. Robin Meredith Plant Hire [1996] CLC 1127 160, 161

Hadley v. Baxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341Hamer v. Sidway (1891) 27 NE 256Hannah Blumenthal, The [1983] I AC 834Hansa Nord, The [1976] QB 44

373,37479,80

15,17,40186, 190

xxii Table ofCases

2011163288

262311

8518,62,224

85

119

188, 190152374

23350384167

299,30344

Heilbut, Symons & Co v. Buckleton [1913] AC 30Henderson v. Arthur [1907] 1 KB 10Henderson v. Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145Henderson v. Stevenson (1875) LR 2 Sc & Div 470Henthorn v. Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27Hermann v. Charlesworth [1905] 2 KB 123Herne Bay Steam Boat Co v. Hutton [1903] 2 KB 683Heyman v. Darwins Ltd [1942] AC 356Heywood v. Wellers [1976] 1 QB 446Hickman v. Haynes (1875) LR 10 CP 598Hill v. C A Parsons [1972] Ch 305Hillas v. Arcos (1932) 147 LT 503Hinton v. Sparkes (1868) LR 3 CP 161Hirji Mulji v. Cheong Vue SS Co [1926] AC 497Hitchins (Hatfield) Ltd v. H Butterworth Ltd, Unreported,

Court of Appeal, 25 February 1995Hochster v. De La Tour (1853) 2 E & B 678Hoenig v. Isaacs [1952] 2 All ER 176Hollier v. Rambler Motors (AMC) Ltd [1972] 2 QB 71Holman v. Johnson (1775) 1 Cowp 341Holwell Securities Ltd v. Hughes [1974] 1 WLR 155Home Insurance Co v. Administratia Asiguraliror [1983] 2

Lloyd's Rep 674Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co Ltd v. Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd

[1962] 2 QB 26Hopkins v. Tanqueray (1854) 15 CB 130Horne v. Midland Railway (1873) LR 6 CP 131

Hanson v. Royden (1867) LR 3 CP 47Harbutt's Plasticine Ltd v. Wayne Tank Pump Co Ltd [1970] 1

QB477Hardwick v. Johnson [1978] I WLR 683Harris v. Nickerson (1873) LR 8 QB 286Harris v. Watson (1791) Peake 102Harrison and Jones v. Burton and Lancaster [1953] 1 QB 646Hart v. O'Connor [1985] AC 1000Hartley v. Ponsonby (1857) 7 E & B 872Hartog v. Colin and Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566Harvela Investments Ltd v. Royal Trust Co of Canada [1986]

AC 207 33Hayes v. James and Charles Dodds [1990] 2 All ER 815 379Hedley Byrne v. Heller [1964] AC 465 142,240,241 ,242

243,246,254152,251

159241,377

16542,44

292273345378103398

52,53,57,58392267

Table of Cases xxiii

Horsfall v. Thomas (1862) I H & C 90 239Hounslow LBC v. Twickenham Garden Developments Ltd

[1971] Ch 233 351Household Fire Insurance v. Grant (1879) 4 Ex D 217 43Howard v. Pickford Tool Co Ltd [1951] I KB 417 351Howard Marine and Dredging Co v. A Ogden and Sons [1978]@~4 M~M~M5

Howatson v. Webb [1907] 1 Ch 537 163Howe v. Smith (1884) 27 Ch D 89 392Hughes v. Liverpool Victoria Legal Friendly Society [1916] 2

KB 482 300Hughes v. Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439

103, 104, 105,348Hughes v. Greenwich London Borough Council [1994] AC 170 175Hutton v. Warren (1836) 1 M & W 466 158, 174Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334 37,47Hyundai Shipbuilding and Heavy Industries Co Ltd v.

Papadopoulos [1980] 1 WLR 1129 394

Imperial Loan Co v. Stone [1892] I QB 559 311Ingram v. Little [1961] I QB 31 64,65,66,67Interfoto Picture Library Ltd v. Stiletto Visual Programmes

Ltd [1989] QB 433 166, 195,229,231Inwards v. Baker [1965] 2 QB 29 107Irani v. Southampton AHA [1985] ICR 590 398

Jackson v. Horizon Holidays [1975] I WLR 1468 127Jackson v. Union Marine Insurance Co Ltd (1874) LR 10

CP 125 270,271 ,274Jacobs v. Batavia & General Plantations Trust Ltd [1924] 1

Ch 287 157Jaggard v. Sawyer [1995] 1 WLR 269 365,366Janson v. Driefontein Consolidated Mines Ltd [1902] AC 484 298Jarvis v. Swan's Tours [1973] QB 233 250,378JEB Fasteners v. Marks, Bloom and Co [1983] 1 All ER 583 239Jobson v. Johnson [1989] 1 All ER 621 387Johnson v. Agnew [1980] AC 367 344,348,370,401Johnstone v. Bloomsbury Health Authority [1992] QB 333 176,208Jones v. Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 115, 117Jones v. Waite (1839) 5 Bing NC 341 93Jorden v. Money (1854) 5 HL Cas 185 102Joscelyne v. Nissen [1970] 2 QB 86 172, 173

xxiv Table of Cases

Junior Books Ltd v. Veitchi Ltd [1983]1 AC 520 133, 140, 145

63300

102,348,349170202300300223167122

Kanchenjunga, The [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 391Karen Oltman, The [1976] 2 Lloyd 's Rep 708Karsales (Harrow) Ltd v. Wallis [1956] 1 WLR 936Kasumu v. Baba-Egbe [1956] AC 539Kearley v. Thomson (1890) 24 QBD 742Keates v. Cadogan (1851) 10 CB 591Kendall (Henry) Ltd v. William Lillico Ltd [1969] 2 AC 31Kepong Prospecting Ltd v. Schmidt [1968] AC 810King's Norton Metal Co v. Edridge Merrett & Co Ltd (1897) 14

TI..R 98Kiriri Cotton v. Dewani [1960] AC 192Kleinwort Benson v. Malaysia Mining Corporation Berhad [1989]

1 WLR 379 234, 235Koufos v. C Czarnikow Ltd (The Heron II) [1969] 1 AC 350 373,374Krell v. Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 270,272,273,283Kum v. Wah Tat Bank Ltd [1971] 1 Lloyd's Rep 439 174

276

216

277,278

159,160,16164

37696

L'Estrange v. F Graucob Ltd [1934] 2 KB 394Lake v. Simmonds [1927] AC 487Lambert v. Lewis [1982] AC 225Lampleigh v. Braithwait (1615) Hob 105Lauritzen (1) AS v. Wijsmuller BV ('The Super Servant Two')

[1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 1Lauritzen (1) AS v. Wijsmuller BV (The 'Super Servant Two')

[1989] 1 Lloyd's Rep 148Law Debenture Trust Corporation v. Ural Caspian Oil

Corporation Ltd [1993] 1 WLR 138 132Le Lievre v. Gould [1893] 1 QB 491 240Leafv. International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86 247,262,264Lease Management Services Ltd v. Purnell Secretarial Services

Ltd [1994] Tr LR 337Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores 86 NW 2d

(1957) 30, 50Lens v. Devonshire Social Club, The Times 4 December 1914 116Leonidas D, The [1985] 1 WLR 925 16Les Affreteurs Reunis v. Walford [1919] AC 801 139Leslie (R) Ltd v. Sheill [1914] 3 KB 607 310Levison v. Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning Co Ltd [1978] QB 68 195Lewis v. Avery [1972] 1 QB 198 65,66,67Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v. Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd

317

125, 135376311

169, 171292130

46,176

39158

100247

265,266125, 135290,305

379

Table ofCases xxv

[1994] 1 AC 85 125, 128, 129Lister v. Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co Ltd [1957] AC 555 176Liverpool CC v. Irwin [1976] QB 319 175Liverpool CC v. Irwin [1977] AC 239 175, 176Lloyds Bank v. Bundy [1975] QB 326 322,323Lobb (Alec) (Garages) Ltd v. Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd

[1983] 1 WLR 87Lobb (Alec) (Garages) Ltd v. Total Oil (Great Britain) Ltd

[1985] I WLR 173 298,323Lockett v. AM Charles Ltd [1938] 4 All ER 170 148Lodder v. Slowey [1904] AC 442 363Lombard North Central pIc v. Butterworth [1987] QB 527 182,185,

186,346,385,391Lombard Tricity Finance Ltd v. Paton [1989] 1 All ER 918 58London Drugs Ltd v, Kuenhe & Nagel International Ltd (1992)

97 DLR (4th) 261London Joint Stock Bank v. Macmillan [1918] AC 777Loudon (John) & Co v. Elder 's CB 1923 SLT 226Lovell and Christmas Ltd v. Wall (1911) 104 LT 85Lowe v. Peers (1768) 2 Burr 2225Lumley v. Gye (1853) 2 El & Bl216Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd v. Cooper [1941] AC 108

Maclaine v. Gatty [1921] 1 AC 376MacLeod v. Kerr 1965 SC 253Magee v. Pennine Insurance Co [1969] 2 QB 507Mahkutai, The [1996] AC 650Mahmoud and Ispahani , Re [1921] 2 KB 716Malik v. BCCI [1995] 3 All ER 545Manchester Diocesan Council for Education v. Commercial

and General Investments Ltd [1969] 3 All ER 1593Mann v. Nunn (1874) 30 LT 526Maritime National Fish Ltd v. Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935]

AC 524 276MarIes v. Philip Trant & Sons Ltd [1954] 1 QB 29 289Mason v. Benhar Coal Co (1882) 9 R 883 43Mason v. Provident Clothing and Supply Co [1913] AC 724 296Mathieson Gee (Ayrshire) Ltd v. Quigley 1952 SC (HL) 38 20,52May and Butcher v. R [1934] 2 KB 17 53,57,58,66McArdle, Re [1951] Ch 669 95McCausland v. Duncan Lawrie Ltd [1997] 1 WLR 38 70,72McCutcheon v. David MacBrayne Ltd [1964] 1 WLR 125 167, 168

xxvi Table ofCases

McKenzie v. Royal Bank of Canada [1934] AC 468 248McNaughten (James) Papers Group pIc v. Hicks Anderson &

Co (a firm) [1991] 2 QB 113 241McRae v. Commonwealth Disposals Commission (1951) 84

CLR 377 260, 261, 284, 370Merritt v. Merritt [1970] 1 WLR 1121 116Metropolitan Water Board v. Dick Kerr and Co [1918] AC 119 274Mihalis Angelos, The [1971] 1 QB 164 181,348Mikhail Lermontov, The [1990] 1 Lloyd's Rep 579 165Miles v. New Zealand Alford Estate Co (1886) 32 Ch D 267 99Miller (James) & Partners Ltd v. Whitworth Street Estates

(Manchester) Ltd [1970] AC 583 170Miller v. Karlinski (1945) 62 TLR 85 293Mitchell (George) (Chesterhall) Ltd v. Finney Lock Seeds Ltd

[1983] 2 AC 803 197,215Monarch Steamship Co Ltd v. Karlshamns Oljefabrieker [1949]

AC 196 376Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD 64 175Morgan v. Manser [1948] 1 KB 184 272Morris (Herbert) Ltd v. Saxelby [1916] 1 AC 688 296Mutual Life and Citizens Assurance Co v. Evatt [1971] AC 793

242

172240297

84,316

163, 164

Naxos, The [1990] I WLR 1337Nelson v. Nelson (1995) 70 ALJR 47Nema, The [1982] AC 724New York Star, The [1981] 1 WLR 138Nicholson and Venn v. Smith-Marriott (1947) 177 LT 189Nicolene Ltd v. Simmonds [1953] 1 QB 543Nittan (UK) Ltd v. Solent Steel Fabrication Ltd [1981] 1

All ER 633Nocton v. Lord Ashburton [1914] AC 932Nordenfelt v. Maxim Nordenfelt [1894] AC 535North Ocean Shipping Co Ltd v. Hyundai Construction Co Ltd

[1979] QB 705Norwich and Peterborough Building Society v. Steed (No.2)

[1993] QB 116

Nash v. Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 308,309Nash v. Stevenson Transport Ltd [1936] 2 KB 128 289National Carriers v. Panalpina (Northern) Ltd [1981] AC 675 270National Westminster Bank pIc v. Morgan [1985] AC 686 211,212,

319,323,324,396181, 185

303267,294

135263

57

Table ofCases xxvii

Norwich City Council v. Harvey [1989] 1 All ER 1180 133Notts Patent Brick and Tile Co v. Butler (1866) 16 QBD 778 227

O'Dea v. Allstates Leasing System (WA) Pty Ltd (1983) 57ALJR 172 390

Odenfield, The [1978] 2 Lloyd 's Rep 357 352Olley v. Marlborough Court Ltd [1949] 1 KB 532 164Olympia & York Canary Wharf Ltd, Re (No.2) [1993] BCC

159 184, 189Olympic Pride, The [1980] 2 Lloyd's Rep 67 172Oom v. Bruce (1810) 12 East 225 300Oscar Chess Ltd v. Williams [1957] 1 WLR 370 153,262,263Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v. Morts Dock and Engineering Co

Ltd (The Wagon Mound) (No.1) [1961] AC 388 375

107

17493,94,96,316,317,323

269116, 117

165294

Pacol Ltd v. Trade Lines Ltd [1982] 1 Lloyd's Rep 456Palgrave, Brown & Son Ltd v. SS Turid (Owners) [1922] 1

AC397Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614Paradine v. Jane (1647) Aleyn 26Parker v. Clark [1960] 1 WLR 286Parker v. South Eastern Railway (1877) 2 CPD 416Parkinson v. College of Ambulance Ltd [1925] 2 KB 1Parsons (H) (Livestock) Ltd v. Uttley Ingham & Co Ltd [1978]

QB 791 375Parsons Bros Ltd v. Shea (1966) 53 DLR (2d) 86 281Partridge v. Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204 29,31Pascoe v. Turner [1979] 1 WLR431 106,107Patel v. Ali [1984] Ch 283 398,402Pearce v. Brooks (1866) LR 1 Ex 213 286,287,292Pearson (S) & Son Ltd v. Dublin Corporation [1907] AC 351 253Penarth Dock Engineering v. Pound [1963] 1 Lloyd 's Rep 359

366,367,368Pennsylvania Shipping Co v. Compagnie Nationale de

Navigation [1936] 2 All ER 1167 154Peters v. Fleming (1840) 6 M & W 42 308Pharmaceutical Society of GB v. Boots Cash Chemists [1953] 1

QB 401 30Philips Electronique Grand Publique SA v. British Sky

Broadcasting Ltd [1995] EMLR 472 229Philips Hong Kong Ltd v. Attorney-General of Hong Kong

(1993) 61 Build LR 41 388,389,390

63,64

103390

158,180

xxviii Table ofCases

Phillips v. Brooks [1919] 2 KB 243Phillips Products Ltd v. Hyland and Hamstead Plant Hire Co

Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 620 205,206,207,208,213,215Photo Production Ltd v. Securicor Transport Ltd [1980]

AC 827 169, 197,201,202,337,343,344,345Pilkington v. Wood [1953] Ch 770 371Pinnel's Case (1602) 5 Co Rep 117a 91,92Pitt v. PHH Asset Management Ltd [1994] 1 WLR 327 56,70,78,79Planche v. Colburn (1831) 8 Bing 14 363Playa Larga, The [1983] 2 Lloyd's Rep 171 274Polhill v. Walter (1832) 3 B & Ad 114 240Port Line Ltd v. Ben Line Steamers Ltd [1958] 2 QB 146 132Post Chaser, The [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep 693 105Prenn v. Simmonds [1971] 1 WLR 1381 169, 170Price v. Strange [1978] Ch 337 398Prosper Homes v. Hambro's Bank Executor & Trustee Co

(1979) 39 P & CR 395Protector Loan Co v. Grice (1880) 5 QBD 592Pym v. Campbell (1856) 6 E6B 370

Quadrant Visual Communications Ltd v. Hutchinson TelephoneUK Ltd [1993] BCLC 442

Queen (The) in Right of Ontario v. Ron Engineering &Construction Eastern Ltd (1981) 119 DLR (3d) 267

Queensland Electricity Generating Board v. New HopeCollieries Pty Ltd [1989] 1 Lloyd's Rep 205

R & B Customs Brokers Ltd v. United Dominions Trust Ltd[1988] 1 WLR 321

R v. Andrews [1973] QB 422R v. Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 227Radford v. De Froberville [1977] 1 WLR 1262Raffles v. Wichelhaus (1864) 2 H & C 906Raggow v. Scougall & Co (1915) 31 TLR 564Raphael, The [1982] 2 Lloyd's Rep 42Raymond Burke Motors Ltd v. Mersey Docks & Harbour Co

[1986] 1 Lloyd's Rep 155Reardon Smith Line Ltd v. Hansen Tangen [1976] 1 WLR 989Record v. Bell [1991] 1 WLR 853Redgrave v. Hurd (1881) 20 Ch D IRegalian Properties pIc v. London Dockland Development

Corporation [1995] 1 WLR 212

399

35

54,56

209294

39370

6184

199

13518670

239,247

60

Table of Cases xxix

172118

173308

357,358386249

95

292165103

97,98,100173

Richardson v. Mellish (1824) 2 Bing 229Richardson, Spence and Co Ltd v. Rowntree [1894] AC 217Rickard (Charles) Ltd v. Oppenhaim [1950] 1 KB 616Ricketts v. Scothorn 57 Neb 51 (1898)Riverlate Properties v. Paul [1975] Ch 133Roberts (A) and Co Ltd v. Leicestershire County Council

[1961] Ch 555Roberts v. Gray [1913] 1 KB 520Robinson v. Harman (1848) 1 Ex 850Robophone Facilities Ltd v. Blank [1966] 1 WLR 1428Rookes v. Barnard [1964] AC 1129Roscorla v. Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234Rose (Frederick E) London Ltd v. William H Pim Jnr & Co

Ltd [1953] 2 QB 450Rose and Frank Co v. J R Crompton and Bros Ltd [1925] AC 445Rover International Ltd v. Cannon Film Sales Ltd (No.3)

[1989] 1 WLR 912 363Royscot Trust Ltd v. Rogerson [1991] 2 QB 297 244,245,246,250Rust v. Abbey Life Assurance Co Ltd [1979] 2 Lloyd's Rep 334 41Ruxley Electronics & Construction Ltd v. Forsyth [1996]

AC 344 358,359,360,361 ,378,379

298

196

200

162, 163

210,217

174,17651,53,57

152139

170,183, 18993,94

294263,264

Salvage Association (The) v. CAP Financial Services Ltd[1995] FSR 655

Saunders v. Anglia Building Society (Gallie v. Lee) [1971]AC 1004

Scally v. Southern Health and Social Services Board [1992] 1AC294

Scammell and Nephew Ltd v. Ouston [1941] AC 251Schawel v. Reade [1913] 2 IR 64Schebsman, Re [1944] Ch 83Schenker & Co (Aust) Pty Ltd v. Malpas Equipment and

Services Pty Ltd [1990] VR 834Schroeder Music Publishing Co Ltd v. Macaulay [1974] 1

WLR 1308Schuler AG v. Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974]

AC235Scotson v. Pegg (1861) 6 H & N 295Scott v. Avery (1855) 5 HLC 811Scott v. Coulson [1903] 2 Ch 249Scottish Special Housing Association v. Wimpey Construction

UK Ltd 1986 SLT 173

xxx Table of Cases

123

140353

374312

245,249

250289261

37493,94

57226136

198,201176,398

299175

315,316228

Selectmove , In re [1995] 1 WLR 474Seven Seas Properties Ltd v. AI-Essa (No.2) [1993] 1 WLR

1083Shadwell v. Shadwell (1860) 9 CB (NS) 159Shamrock SS Co v. Storey and Co (1899) 81 LT 413Shankland & Co v. Robinson and Co 1920 SC (HL) 103Shanklin Pier Ltd v. Detel Products Ltd [1951] 2 KB 854Sharneyford Supplies Ltd v. Barrington Black and Co [1987]

Ch 305Shaw v. Groom [1970] 2 QB 504Sheikh Brothers Ltd v. Ochsner [1957] AC 136Shell Chemicals UK Ltd v. P&O Roadtanks Ltd [1995] I

Lloyd's Rep 297Shell UK Ltd v. Lostock Garages Ltd [1976] 1 WLR 1187Shelley v. Paddock [1980] QB 348Shirlaw v. Southern Foundries Ltd [1939] 2 KB 206Siboen, The and The Sibotre [1976] 1 Lloyd's Rep 293Sidaway v. Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors [1985] AC 871Simaan General Contracting Co v. Pilkington Glass Ltd (No.2)

[1988] QB 758Simona, The [1989] AC 788Simpson v. London and North Western Railway Co (1876) 1

QBD 274Sinclair v. Brougham [1918] AC 514Sindall (William) pIc v. Cambridgeshire County Council

[1994] 1 WLR 1016 251,252,266,282Skeate v. Beale (1840) 11 Ad & E 983 315Smith v. Chadwick (1884) 9 App Cas 187 239Smith v. Cuff (1817) 6 M & S 160 300Smith v. Eric S Bush [1990] 1 AC 831 206,239,242,243Smith v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597 21,62,224Smith v. Land and House Property Corp (1884) 28 Ch D 7 237Smith v. UBM Chrysler (Scotland) Ltd 1978 SC (HL) 1 198Smith and Snipes Hall Farm Ltd v. River Douglas

Catchment Board [1949] 2 KB 500Smith New Court Securities Ltd v. Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset

Management) Ltd [1996] 3 WLR 1051

Scottish Special Housing Association v. Wimpey ConstructionUK Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 995 207,208

Scriven Bros v. Hindley [1913] 3 KB 564 19,21Scruttons Ltd v. Midland Silicones Ltd [1962] AC 446 121, 123

125, 132, 133, 13478,92,93

Table ofCases xxxi

165

201384

210,216

288,290

169132202

253135293

70241175165

132261,29958,397

Stockloser v. Johnson [1954] 1 QB 476Stocks v. Wilson [1913] 2 KB 235Storer v. Manchester City Council [1974] 1 WLR 1403Strathcona (Lord) Steamship Co v. Dominion Coal Co Ltd

[1926] AC 108Strongman (1945) Ltd v. Sincock [1955] 2 QB 525Sudbrook Estates Ltd v. Eggleton [1983] 1 AC 444Sugar v. London, Midland and Scottish Railway Co [1941] 1

All ER 172Suisse Atlantique Societe d' Armament Maritime SA v. N V

Rotterdamsche Kolen Centrale [1967] lAC 361Sumpter v. Hedges [1898] 1 QB 673Surrey County Council v. Bredero Homes Ltd [1993] 1 WLR

1361 364,365,366,368,401Surrey Heath Borough Council v. Lovell Construction Ltd

(1990) 48 Build LR 113Swiss Bank Corporation v. Lloyd's Bank Ltd [1979] Ch 548Sze Hai Tong Bank Ltd v. Rambler Cycle Co Ltd [1959] AC 576

Snelling v. John G Snelling Ltd [1973] QB 87 116, 130Solholt, The [1983] 1 Lloyd 's Rep 605 371Solholt, The [1981] 2 Lloyd's Rep 574 371Solie v. Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671 259,263,264,265,266,283South Western General Property Co Ltd v. Marton (1982) 263

EG 1090Southern Water Authority v. Carey [1985] 2 All ER 1077Spiers v. Hunt [1908] 1 KB 720Spiro v. Glencrown Properties Ltd [1991] Ch 537Spring v. Guardian Assurance pIc [1995] 2 AC 296Spring v. NASDS [1956] 1 WLR 585Spurling (1) Ltd v. Bradshaw [1956] 1 WLR 461St Albans City and District Council v. International Computers

Ltd [1996] 4 All ER 481; [1995] FSR 686St John Shipping Corporation v. Joseph Rank Ltd [1957] 1 QB

267State Trading Corporation oflndia Ltd v. M Golodetz Ltd

[1989] 2 Lloyd's Rep 277 181Steinberg v. Scala (Leeds) Ltd [1923] 2 Ch 452 308,309Stilk v. Myrick (1809) 2 Camp 317 and 6 Esp 129 83,84,

85,86,88,89,90,101,315,332393309

28

Tatem (WJ) Ltd v. Gamboa [1939] 1 KB 132Taylor v. Bhail [1996] CLC 377

275300

xxxii Table of Cases

341

165

52301,302

300270,271

344

107364,368

76252

125, 139214131

96,120,121,122, 124, 144

Thornton v. Jenkyns (1840) 1 Man & G 166Thornton v. Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163Tilden Rent-a-Car Co v. Clendenning (1978) DLR (3d) 400Timeload Ltd v. British Telecommunications pIc [1995]

EMLR 459 211,229,324Tinn v. Hoffman & Co (1873) 29 LT 271 38Tinsley v. Milligan [1994] 1 AC 340 292,301 ,302,303,304Tito v. Waddell (No.2) [1977] Ch 106 367,368.398Toepfer (Alfred C) International GmbH v. Itex Hagrani Export

SA [1993] 1 Lloyd 's Rep 360Trentham (Percy) Ltd v. Archital Luxfer Ltd [1993] 1 Lloyd 's

Rep 25Tribe v. Tribe [1996] Ch 107Trident General Insurance Co Ltd v. McNiece Bros Pty Ltd

(1988) 165 CLR 107Tudor Grange Holdings Ltd v. Citibank NA [1992] Ch 53Tulk v. Moxhay (1848) 2 Ph 774Tweddle v. Atkinson (1861) I B & S 393

Taylor v. Bowers (1876) I QBD 291Taylor v. Caldwell (1863) 3 B & S 826Taylor v. Webb [1937] 2 KB 370Taylor Fashions Ltd v. Liverpool Victoria Trustees Co Ltd

[1982] QB 133Teacher v. Calder (1899) 1 F (HL) 39Thomas v. Thomas (1842) 2 QB 851Thomas Witter Ltd v. TBP Industries Ltd [1996] 2 All ER 573Thompson v. London, Midland and Scottish Railway Co Ltd

[1930] 1 KB 41Thompson v. T Lohan (Plant Hire) Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 631

206,207,209,2139536

161

United Dominions Trust Ltd v. Western [1976] QB 513 163Universe Tankships of Monrovia v. International Transport

Workers Federation (The Universe Sentinel) [1983] lAC 366316,317

Valentini v, Canali (1889) 24 QBD 166 310Vandepitte v. Preferred Accident Corporation of New York

[1933] AC 70 139Vaswani v. Italian Motors (Sales) Ltd [1996] 1 WLR 270 342Vaughan v. Vaughan [1953] 1 QB 762 117

Table ofCases xxxiii

Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v. Newman Industries Ltd[1949] 2 K.B 528

Vitol SA v. NorelfLtd [1996] AC 800374,37541,347

237

275

310107

279,36378,79,80

108,10982,83,84

32,33400

90138

250,398378,379

398

80,8124971

226,23855,56,57,229,

231,268,270253311389196

225,398

Walker v. Boyle [1982] 1 All ER 634Walker, Re [1905] 1 Ch 60Wall v. Rederiaktiebogalet Luggude [1915] 3 K.B 66Wallis, Son and Wells v. Pratt and Haynes [1911] AC 394Walters v. Morgan (1861) 3 D F & J 718Walton Harvey Ltd v. Walker and Homfrays Ltd [1931] 1

Ch 274Walton Stores (Interstate) Ltd v. Maher (1988) 164 CLR

387Ward v. Byham [1956] 1 WLR 496Warlow v. Harrison (1859) 1 E & E 309Warner Bros Pictures Inc v. Nelson [1937] 1 K.B 209Watkin & Son Inc v. Carrig (1941) 21 A 2d 591Watteau v. Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346Watts v. Spence [1976] Ch 165Watts v. Morrow [1991] 1 WLR 1421Webster v. Cecil (1861) 30 Beav 62West London Commercial Bank Ltd v. Kitson (1884) 13

QBD 360Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v. Islington London

Borough Council [1996] AC 669Western Fish Products v. Penwith DC [1981] 2 All ER 204Whincup v. Hughes (1871) LR 6 CP 78White v. Bluett (1853) 23 LJ Ex 36White and Carter (Councils) Ltd v. McGregor [1962]

AC 413 350,351,352,353,386,402White v. Jones [1995] 2 AC 207 110, 125, 141, 142, 145,241Whittington v. Seale-Hayne (1900) 82 LT 49 248Wilkie v. London Transport Board [1947] 1 All ER 258 36Williams v. Bayley (1866) LR I HL 200 322Williams v. Carwardine (1833) 4 B & Ad 621 38Williams v. Williams [1957] 1 WLR 148 82

Wade v. Simeon (1846) 2 CB 548Wagon Mound, The (No.1) [1961] AC 388Wakeham v. Mackenzie [1968] 1 WLR 1175Wales v. Wadham [1977] 1 WLR 199Walford v. Miles [1992] 2 AC 128

xxxiv Table ofCases

366296,306

With v. O'Flanagan [1936] Ch 575Woodar Investment Development Ltd v. Wimpey

Construction UK Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 277 124, 125, 127, 129,342Workers Trust and Merchant Bank Ltd v. Dojap

Investments Ltd [1993] AC 573 392,393,395Wrotham Park Estate Co Ltd v. Parkside Homes Ltd [1974]

1 WLR 798Wyatt v. Kreglinger and Fernau [1933] 1 KB 793

Williams v. Roffey Bros. & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd [1991]1 QB 1 75,78,81,82,83,85,86,87,88,

89,90,92,94,95,97,98, 101, 110,111,112,261,315,318,319,384

226

Yeoman Credit Ltd v. Latter [1961] 1 WLR 828 70Yuen Kun-Yeu v. Attorney General of Hong Kong [1988] AC

175 228

Table of Statutes

Great Britain

Arbitration Act 1996s.41(3)s.68(1)s.69s.87

Bills of Exchange Act 1882s.3(1)s.27(1)(b)

Bills of Sale Act 1878 (Amendment) Act 1882Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992

s.2Companies Act 1985

s.35(1)s.35(2)s.35(3)s.35As.35B

Competition Act 1980Consumer Credit Act 1974

s.60s.61s.127s.137(1)s.138(1)

Consumer Protection Act 1987 Part Is.20(1)

European Communities Act 1972s.2(2)

Fair Trading Act 1973Gaming Act 1845

s.18Law of Property Act 1925

s.40(1)s.52

xxxv

40294294294

699669

144

312,313312312312312298

323,33270, 7270, 72

72324324228

30

325298

291

71,7268

xxxvi Table ofStatutes

96

143

293

68143, 144

142

696868

69, 70717271

249,377283

279,280,285280,281,282,285

143311,313

310309,310

154155, 156

243,244,245,246,249,250,251 ,254246,249,251,252,254

253,2543031696971696971716969

s.54(2)s.56s.136(1)

Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989s.1s.I(2)s.I(3)s.2s.2(1)s.2(5)s.2(8)

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945, s.lLaw Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943

s.I(2)s.1(3)

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970s.l

Limitation Act 1980s.27(5)

Marine Insurance Act 1906s.14(2)

Married Women's Property Act 1882s.l1

Mental Health Act 1983 Part VIIMinors ' Contracts Act 1987

s.3(I)Misrepresentation Act 1967

s.l(a)s.2(1)s.2(2)s.3

Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933Protection of Birds Act 1954Requirements of Writing (Scotland) Act 1995

s.I(I)s.I(2)s.I(2)(a)(i)s.1(2)(a)(ii)s.l (3)s.I(4)s.2s.l1(l)

Table ofStatutes xxxvii

401

290,298298

143214,228

311307

259,260,2615757

174,181 ,187174,181 ,187

174,179,181 ,187174,181 ,187,228,342

174, 181, 187,228181, 187

185, 187, 190187187187344

68. 70, 7269,71

228,32421234257

118398294

161,162,165,167,174,195197,203,324,325,332

204,205204,212

204204,205,207,243,325

204,205,207204

209,210,389

s.I(1)s.I(3)s.1(4)s.2(1)s.2(2)s.2(3)s.3(1)

Resale Prices Act 1976 Part IRestrictive Practices Act 1976Road Traffic Act 1972

s.148(4)Sale of Goods Act 1979

s.3(2)s.3(3)s.6s.8(1)s.8(2)s.12(1)s.12(2)s.13(1)s.14(2)s.14(3)s.15s.15As.15A(1)s.15(A)(2)s.15(A)(3)s.28

Statute of Frauds 1677sA

Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982s.2s.13s.15(1)

Supreme Court Act 1981s.50

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992s.179s.236

Trading with the Enemy Act 1939Unfair Contract Terms Act '1977

xxxviii Table ofStatutes

s.3(2)(a)s.3(2)(b)s.4(1)s.6(1)s.6(2)s.6(3)s.6(4)s.7(2)s.7(3)s.7(3A)s.7(4)s.8s.9s.lOs.l1(1)s.11(3)s.11(5)s.12s.13(1)s.14s.26

Statutory Instruments

210,211211,212,217

213212212212212212212212212253202214214212214

209,327206,208,210,213,217

205217

Regulation 2(1)Regulation 3(1)Regulation 3(2)Regulation 3(3)Regulation 3(5)Regulation 4(1)Regulation 4(2)Regulation 4(4)Regulation 5(1)Regulation 5(2)Regulation 6Regulation 8Regulation 8(1)Regulation 8(2)

Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994 (SI1994, No. 3159) 8,161 ,162,166,203,217,

223,230,314,325,326,327,328,329,330,333,396

327327

328,329327327

327,329328327328328

171,328328329329

Regulation 8(7)Schedule 2Schedule 3Schedule 3 paragraph l(a)Schedule 3 paragraph 1(b)Schedule 3 paragraph 1(d)Schedule 3 paragraph 1(e)Schedule 3 paragraph l(i)

America

Uniform Commercial Code5.1-2015.1-2035.2-1035.2-2045.209(1)

Canada

Frustrated Contracts Act (British Columbia) 1974

New Zealand

Illegal Contracts Act (New Zealand) 1970

Europe

Table ofStatutes xxxix

329327,328

327325161396396161

229229230

59,6691

279

304

EC Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts(93113/EEC) 8,230,314

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