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Slide 1
Manuel Romero Instituto IMDEA Energía Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3 28935 Móstoles
Energía Solar Térmica de Alta Temperatura
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Slide 2
• ensure the development, together with the SET Plan stakeholders, of an Integrated Roadmap around the priorities identified in the EU Energy technology and innovation strategy by the end of 2013.
• define, together with the Member States, an Action Plan of joint and individual investments in support of the Integrated Roadmap by mid 2014. • invite, together with the Member States in the context of the Steering Group, the European Industrial Initiatives and associated European Technology Platforms to adjust their mandate, structure and participation to update their Technology Roadmaps and to contribute to the Integrated Roadmap. • establish a coordination structure, under the Steering Group of the SET Plan, to promote investments in research and innovation on energy efficiency
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Slide 3
The EU is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80-95% below 1990 levels by 2050 in the context of necessary Reductions by developed countries as a group. The Commission analysed the implications of this in its "Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050“.
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Slide 5
The public consultation was open between 20 December 2012 and 15 March 2013.
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Slide 7
Objetivo sostenible en el crecimiento de la demanda energética primaria mundial
Año Fuente: German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003, www.wbgu.de
Geotérmica Otras renovables Solar térmica (calor y frio) Electricidad solar (fotovoltaica y solar termoeléctrica) Eólica Biomasa (avanzada) Biomasa (tradicional) Hidroeléctrica Nuclear Gas Carbón Petróleo
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Slide 8
RADIACIÓN SOLAR
CENTRALES ELÉCTRICAS TERMOSOLARES
ESPEJOS
RECEPTOR
ALMA-
CENAMIENTO
FOCO FRIO
FOCO CALIENTE
TURBINA
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Slide 9 Maricopa Solar SES, USA
Archimede Priolo Italia, ENEA
LFC en Liddell Power plant de Areva, Australia
PS10 torre solar de Abengoa, España
Centrales Eléctricas Termosolares: Foco puntual (3D) Foco lineal (2D)
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Slide 10
Majadas, España, 50 MW, Acciona Energía
Gemasolar, España, 19 MW, Torresol Energy
Primeras plantas desplegadas en el mundo >2GW
La electricidad termosolar en el mundo
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Slide 11
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Slide 19
Cilindro-parabólicos y centrales de torre operando a temperaturas modestas, por debajo de 400 ºC . Consecuencias de estos diseños conservadores:
Uso de sistemas con eficiencias menores del 20% nominal en conversión de solar a electricidad. Fuertes limitaciones en el uso eficiente de sistemas almacenamiento de energía. Alto consumo de agua y de terreno por la ineficiencia de la integración con el bloque de potencia. Ausencia de esquemas racionales de integración con sistemas de generación distribuida. No se alcanzan temperaturas necesarias para la producción de combustibles solares e hidrógeno.
Limitaciones de la primera generación de CET
Implantación mercado de plantas avanzadas
Electricidad Termosolar
Reflectores solares de muy bajo coste Automatismo y operación remota Gestionabilidad (almacenamiento térmico/híbrido)/Combustibles solares Eficiencia (alta temperatura y altas irradiancias/nuevos fluidos térmicos y receptores solares) Modularidad Impacto ambiental (agua, terreno) Integración en ciclos avanzados y procesos de conversión directa
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Slide 22
• Steam heating
• Brayton cycle • Air heating
• Air heating
• Dish Stirling
• Air heating • Rankine cycle • Steam heating
Oil receivers
Water/Steam receivers
Solarized Stirling engines
Ceramic receivers Low P, T
Temperature (thermal fluid)
Pres
ent c
once
pts
Adva
nced
conc
epts
• Solar fuels and chemistry • Brayton cycle • Air heating
Ceramic receivers High P, T
Sodium Receivers
Molten salts receivers
• Brayton cycle • Air Pre-heating
500 ºC 1000 ºC 1500 ºC
• Rankine cycle • Steam heating
Current
Sour
ce: I
MDEA
Ene
rgía
Solid particles
receivers
Volumetric air receivers (metallic)
… to Market Implementation of Advanced Technologies
Solar Thermal Electricity
Efficiency (high-temperature /high-flux/new HTF/solar receivers) Integration in advanced cycles and direct conversion systems
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Slide 23
Receivers: More compact, durable and efficient (Efficiency > 85%)
molten salt receiver (SENER)
0 1000 2000 3000
Cur
rent
Nex
tge
nera
tion
Peak flux on aperture (kW/m2)
VolumetricMolten saltWater-steam
Direct Indirect Particles Tubular Volumetric Fluid - Water Liquid metals Molten Salts Air Average flux (MW/m2) Peak flux (MW/m2)
(0.9) (2.5)
0.1-0.3 0.4-0.6
0.4-0.5 1.4-2.5
0.4-0.5 0.7-0.8
0.5-0.6 0.8-1.0
Fluid outlet temperature (ºC) (2,000) 490-525 540 540-565 (700-1,000)
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Slide 24
Superheating steam with dual receivers
eSolar Double Cavity
B&W receiver
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Slide 25
Volumetric air-cooled receiver
Heat transfer area: 255 m2/m3 Efficiency at 750°: 78% Porosity: 50% Target:
• Improve volumetricity • Increase solar flux
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Slide 26
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Slide 27
Some recent data on production in Spain
Source REE
Important milestones in July 2012:
Max. contribution 4,1% (July the 11th at 17:00) Max daily contribution 3,2% (July the 15th)
Monthly production 2,3% (524 GWh in July)
Solar Thermal Electricity production in Spain. July 2012 MWh
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Slide 28
Average density
Average heat
conduc-tivity
Average heat
capacity
Volume specific
heat capacity
Media costs per kg
Media costs
per kWht
Cold HotStorage Medium ºC ºC kg/m3 W/mK kJ/kgK kWht/m3 $/kg $/kWht
Solid mediaSand-rock-oil 200 300 1 700 1 1.30 60 0.15 14Reinforced concrete 200 400 2 200 1.5 0.85 100 0.05 1NaCl (solid) 200 500 2 160 7 0.85 150 0.15 1.5Cast iron 200 400 7 200 37 0.56 160 1.00 32Cast steel 200 700 7 800 40 0.60 450 5.00 60Silica f ire bricks 200 700 1 820 1.5 1.00 150 1.00 7Magnesia f ire bricks 200 1 200 3 000 5 1.15 600 2.00 6
Liquid mediaMineral oil 200 300 770 0.12 2.6 55 0.30 4.2Synthetic oil 250 350 900 0.11 2.3 57 3.00 43Silicone oil 300 400 900 0.10 2.1 52 5.00 80Nitrite salts 250 450 1 825 0.57 1.5 152 1.00 12Nitrate salts 265 565 1 870 0.52 1.6 250 0.70 5.2Carbonate salts 450 850 2 100 2 1.8 430 2.40 11Liquid sodium 270 530 850 71 1.3 80 2.00 21
Phase change mediaNaNO3 308 2.257 0.5 200 125 0.20 3.6KNO3 333 2.11 0.5 267 156 0.30 4.1KOH 380 2.044 0.5 150 85 1.00 24
Salt-ceramics500-850 2.6 5 420 300 2.00 17
(Na2CO3-BaCO3/MgO)NaCl 802 2.16 5 520 280 0.15 1.2Na2CO3 854 2.533 2 276 194 0.20 2.6K2CO3 897 2.29 2 236 150 0.60 9.1
Temperature
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Slide 29
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21
Gene
ratio
n (M
W)
CSP5 Wind15 PV10 PV
CSP
Wind
Hydro
PHS/CAES
Gas
Other
Biomass
Coal
Nuclear
Geothermal
Curtailment Due to Minimum Generation Constraints
29 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Extensive coal and nuclear cycling unlikely to occur in current system
• Marginal curtailment rate of PV moving from 10% to 15% of generation was 5%
• At SunShot goals (~6 cents/kWh) this
increases effective PV cost by about 0.3 cents/kWh due to underused capacity
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21 1 5 9 13 17 21
Gene
ratio
n (M
W)
CSP5 Wind15 PV10 PV
CSP
Wind
Hydro
PHS/CAES
Gas
Other
Biomass
Coal
Nuclear
Geothermal
10% PV 5 % CSP
15% PV No CSP
• PV curtailment would be reduced if grid flexibility were increased
• CSP/TES provides an option to replace “baseload” capacity with more flexible generation
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Slide 30
System marginal price and corresponding CSP generation on January 22–24 (low RE case)
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Slide 31
Thermal energy storage Challenge: < 20-30 €/kWhth
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Slide 32
Innovative Latent Thermal Energy Storage System for Concentrating Solar Power Plants
Heat Transfer Fluid
HTF
Encapsulated PCM
Storage Container Encapsulated
PCM
Tubes for fluid flow
HTF
Storage Container
Fluid
HTF
Different concepts that will be modeled and tested Test setup - Schematic
PCM (Solidified) PCM (Melting)
PCM Melting point (0C) Latent Heat (kJ/kg) NaNO3 308 172 NaOH 318 316 KNO3 + 4.5%KCl 320 150 KNO3 333 266 Poly ether ether ketone 340 130
KNO3 + 4.7%KBr + 7.3%KCl 342 140
KOH 360 167 NaCl(26.8)/NaOH 370 370 42.5%NaCl + 20.5% KCl + MgCl2 390 410
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Slide 33
Ca(OH)2 + ΔH ↔ CaO + H2O (800K)
Thermochemical Energy Storage for Concentrated
Solar Power Plants
3Mn2O3 → 2Mn3O4 + ½ O2 (1180 K),
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Slide 34
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Slide 35
El heliostato de Sener Cheaper concentrators
Large area heliostats
New reflectors
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Slide 36
The Solar Energy Development Center Small heliostats
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Slide 37
Modularity, urban integration
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Slide 38
• Corto a medio plazo Producción de electricidad
Objetivos de la concentración solar
Objetivo último es la producción de combustibles solares
• Medio a largo plazo Química Solar
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Slide 39 39
Disociación de agua con óxidos metálicos
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Slide 40
CONCLUSIONES
Las CET introducen la energía solar en mercados de alto valor añadido mediante procesos a alta temperatura, proporcionando alta capacidad y gestionabilidad.
Las CET permiten trabajar en modo híbrido o con almacenamiento térmico para producción masiva de electricidad.
El mercado por el momento concentrado en España y EEUU.
Falta I+D para reducir costes un 60%, mejorar gestionabilidad y aumentar eficiencias.
La producción de combustibles solares es uno de los elementos estratégicos para las próximas décadas.
Energía Solar Alta Temperatura: