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'PaslAJl ueeq re^eu sEq (t961)e, eug 4r 1p>1ce1g,{q paqsrlqnd oeecz:ed,{3 u;e1sa,tr-q1nos o1,4e1eq1 ( 1g61 uos[16) 1 szd./lag olpepleraauo?pue (g66y z1e1)srtAsrrqwU ot?u Suoloqselcads equo lsoru roJ olqpllB^€ sfel ele eleqt q8noqle',(lureJ eqlJo lueul€e4 e,rlsueqe:duroc luecer ou sr areql',4apaqur) equo qlnos suot3ar:og ellzgsnyuelsel[Jo ecurAord I€ortr€loq u]or.lUoN eql ul Sutrrncto serceds roJ suone4snlll pu? suoldlltsep 's^el

se,ua (3661 e,(a) ,,uor8aa XeFeqrury eqlJo?rolC,, ur e€eo?Ied,{3 (lrurag eql;o lunotc?tuecor oqJ

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uorlcolloc auo,{1uo ruo{ u^roul qceo solceds xrs lnoqz Sutpnlcut'ecuacgru8rs uorlp^resuoc Jo eru €x?l ouros palelsnlll o:e serceds pelceles Erl?llsnv uelsel[

Jo secul^oJd l?cruelog NeA\ qlnos pu? uee€ruerg aql uo{ u,,nour1seeoe;ed.{3 3o selcads lenuue eql

11z.ro|} pepl,ro.rd e;z sderu uoqnqllslp puz s,{eI'slsdou,4s V 'U66) t'n-E\e :G) I I €rs nN Ellerlsnvruelse1\ ueqlnos pu? l?quec uro.rg ezocered.{3 ;o serceds lenuuu eql;o stsdou,{s V 'I g 'e{U

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€869 rCA\'o[uoJ,{je^rleo,{eDuog't0l 8Eg pelco'IluouroS€u8tll pup.I pu€ uolls^DsuoJ Jo lueuuEdec 'urnlsqraH uelpltsnv uJqse^\

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(/661)€Zt-68tr(g) I I Drsl^nN

384 Nnytsia vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

About halfofthe l5 6 species included in the Kimberley flora are annuals, including several generathat do not occur elsewhere in Westem Australia, In the south-west most species are perennial; forexample, in the area covered by "Flora ofthe Perth Region" less than a quarter ofthe species are annuals(Rye 1987). Many ofthe annual species are small and inconspicuous, as well as being absent altogetherforpartofeach year, sotendto bepoorly collected. Sincethe Perthregional florawas completed, eightadditional annual species have been recorded in that region.

In maly ofthe perennial species, maximum fruitsethasbeenreduced to one or twonuts per spikelet,and vegetative spread by rhizomes is ofgreat importance. Annual species need to produce a good seedcrop each year to ensure future generations and almost invariably produce larger numbers ofnuts perspikeletor condensed spike. Since ftuitingquickly follows flowering in annuals, flowering and fruitinggenerally occur in the same months. The flowering and fruiting periods given here apply only tospecimens collected in the study area, as do any measurements and other descriptions.

Distribution patt€rns and new records

Most species of Cyperaceae have wide distributions, often extending to other states ofAustraliaand overseas. The annual species occur mainly in seasonally damp habitats, including the margins ofwatercouses, low-lying flats and rock crevices. Ofthe 48 named native species included here, 13 areendemic to the south-west and one to the Pilbara area ofWestern Australia. Five species (Fim brrsD,/isammobia, Fuirena incrassatd, F. nudiJlora, Isolepis australiensis and. Schoenus centralis) arcknownfrom less than five localities in this State but have been collected more frequently from other parts ofAustlalia, while the remaining species have beenwidely collected both in Western Australiaand outsidethe State. The Western Australian distributions ofall the species are shown in Figures l-18, with eachsymbol indicating thepresence ofthe taxon in aquarter degree latitude by quarter degree longitude area.

The number ofnamed annual species recorded for Western Australia since the publication ofthecensus and its mostrecent supplement (Green 1985, 1988) has increased by seven. Curation ofthe PERTHcollection by Karen Wilson has led to the addition ofthe two native species Fzirena incrassata and,Isolepis australiensr's and the introduced species 1solepis llystlr. A further four species, named sincethe last supplement ofthe census, are Fln bristylis simulans (LaIz 1990), Sc hoenus badius, S. plumosusand S. variicellae (Rye 1997).

One species previously recorded (Wilson l98l ) for WestemAustralia, butnow excluded, is 1solepisplatycarpa (5.T. Blake) Soj6k. This species occurs in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria,Tasmania and New Zealand, andmightproveto be more widespread, but there are cunentlyno specimensknown to have been collected from Western Australia.

The descriptions given for all the annual species included in "Flora ofthe Perth Region" (Rye 1987)are accurate except that the one given under the name ,Sc&oenus odontocarpus actually applies to thenew species S. variicellae. At the time the flora treatment was prepared, no specimens of trueS. odontocdrpus from the Perth region had been seen, but some have since been incorporated in thecollection at PERTH. Other newly recorded native species for the region arc Isolepis congrua,L hookeriena, Schoenus humilis, S. plumosus, S. sp. Bullsbrook (J.J. Alford9l1) and S. sp. Waroona(G.J. Keighery 12235). There is also one additional naturalized species, /so lepis hystrix.

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Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

I l-f-lWESTERN AUS'

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390 Nuytsia Vol. l l , No. 3 (1997)

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Figure 16. A - Western Australian distribution of,Scroen s discifer', B - full distrihution of Schoems

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402 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

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Nuytsia Vol. I l , No. 3 (1997)

Synopsis and keys to species

Bulbostylis Kunth

1. Spikelets usually fewto many in ahead, rarely solitary. Stamens I (2) ......................... B.barbata

l. Spikelets in a simple umbel or rarely solitary. Stamens 3

2. Involucral bracts long, at least one exceeding inflorescence, hairy. Glumeswith hairs c. 0.3 mm long; apical mucro I .5-2 mm long. Nut not transYerselyr idged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. burb idgeae

2. Involucral bracts all shorter than inflorescence or mrely the basal one longer,subglabrous or with minute hairs. Glumes subglabrous or with hairs less than0. lmmlong;apica lmucro lessthan0.5mmlong.Nut t ransverselyr idged. . . . . . . . . . . .B. turb inata

Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke - occurs from the coastto far inland, in a vafiety ofdamp habitats,including shallow soil over rock or in rock crevices, the margins ofwatercourses and low-lying flats.Widespread in the northern half of Western Australia, extending from the far north ofthe KimberleyRegion aroundthe coastto Kalbarri NationalPark in the South West Botanical Province, south to HuntRange in the South-west€rn Interzone and inland to near Gahnda Rockhole (east of Warburton) in theEremaean Botanical Province. Also occu$ in Northern Territory, SouthAustralia, Queensland and NewSouth Wales. Widely distributed in warm parts ofthe world. Flowers and fruits: mainly Febtuary-September. Plants20-350 mm high;stems0.2-0.6mm diam. Bulbostylis eustachiil.M.Black,Fimbrislylisbarb ata (Rottb.) Benth., Scirpus barbat&r Rottb. (Jessop & Vy'eber 1986:Figure 923A;Rye 1992: Figure31 I B; Sharp 1989: Figure43A; Wilson 1994: 381)

Bulbostylis burbidgeae K.L. Wilson - apparently endemic to thc Eremaean Botanical Province ofWestern Australia, recorded from the base of cliffs or associated with granite outcrops, on MulyieStation, Gorge Range, Abydos-Woodstock Reserve and Mt Edgar Station. Flowers and fruits: March,June-August. Plants 30-200 mm high; stems 0.2-0.4 mm diam. Priority 3 (Figure l9A.-C)

Bulbostylis turbinata S.T. Blake - occurs along watercourses, in depressions, rockholes and otherdamphabitats in the Eremaean Botanical Province, extending from KarijiniNational Park south to near MountMagnet and east to Walter James Range. AIso occurs in Northern Territory, Queensland and possiblySouth Australia. Flowers and fruits: February-April. Plants 50- 150 mm high;stems 0.2-0.6 mm diam.(Jessop & Weber 1986: Figure 9238;Latz& Wilson 1981: Figure 640)

CyperusL.

Nole. The two species keyed fint, C. y'la mulosus and C. squarro,ras, belong to a different species groupfrom the other species included here and might be bener placed in a distinct genus as discussed byWi lson(1981:171) .

1. Plants with adistinct currylike smell when dried. Spikelets either terete (theglumes spirally arranged) or squarrose with points (0,5)0.7- 1,2 mm long

2, Spikelets more or less terete; glumes spiro-distichous, with 1 or 2prominentveinsoneachsideandarecuruedmucro0.3-0.4mm1ong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *C,hamulosus

2. Spikelets flat; glumes distichous, with 2-4 prominent veins on each side andaprominentlyrecurvedmucro (0.5)0.7- 1.2 mm long .............. , C. squarrosus

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406Nu,,tsia Vot. lt, No. 3 (1997)

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408 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth - occurs along watercoutses and atound swamps and lakes,extending flom MitchellPlateau and Drysdale RiverNational Park inthe KimberleyRegion south-westtoDuckCreek Station in the Pilbara area ofthe Eremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in NorthemTenitory, Queensland and widely distributed in warm regions ofthe world. Flowers and fruits: April-August. Plants 0.03-0.1mhigh;stems0.1-0.3 mm diam. Eleocharis atropurpuleavar.setifolmisBetth.,Scirpus atropurpuretls Retz. (Rye 1992: Figure 3 10E)

El€ocharis g€niculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. - occurs along watercourses, commonly onthemargins ofpermanent pools. Extends fiom the far north and east ofthe Kimberley Region south-west to HardingRiver in the Eremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in Northem Territory, South Australia,

Queensland, New SouthWales andwidespread in warm regions ofthe world. Flowers and fruits:mainlyMay-October, also January-February. Many specimens appear to be perennial, others apparentlyannual. Plants 0.l-0.4 m high; stems0.3-l mmdiam. Eleocharis capitataR.Br., E. caribaea (Rottb.)S.T. Blake, Scirpas c aribaeus F.ottls., S. genicul1tusL. (Jessop & Weber 1986: Figure 930C;Rye 1992:Figure 3 l0I; Sharp 1989: Figure42F;Wilson 1993: 376)

FimbristylisVahl

l. Style flat, 2-branched. Nut biconvex, neither tuberculate nor transverselyridged

2. Stamen 1. Style base with very long reflexed hairs ......................... F. velata

2. Stamens (2)3. Stylebaseglabrousorciliolate.............. ........ F depauperata

l. Style triquetrous, 3 -branched. Nut 3-angled in cross-section, usually eithertuberculate or transversely ridged (exceptln F. miqocaryq which often has asmoother nut)

3. Spikelet solitary, compressed, the glumes distichous at first. Nut c. 2 5 mmlong....................... F. oxystachya

3. Spikelets l-many, more or less terete, the glumes spirally arranged. Nut0.6-1.5mmlong

4. Inflorescence of I or rarely 2 or 3 spikelets, simple. Glumes 2 5-5 mm long.Nut l -1.5 mm long, if I - 1.2 mm long then with prominent transverse ridges

5. Glumes2.5-3 mmlong. Nutwith 7- 10 prominent tansverse ridges . "., ...... F,ammobia

5. Glumes 4-5 mm long. Nut longitudinally 3-ridged, tuberculate towards apex . F. simulans

4. Inflorescence of(3)4-many spikelets, simple, compound or decompound.Glumes 1-2.5 mm long. Nut 0.6- I mm long, not transversely ridged

6. Glumes 2-2.5 mm long. Stamens 3, Style ciliate alongthe angles ofundivided portion

7. Glumes fairly broad, each side 0.5-0.6 mmwide. Anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long .. F.sp ShayGap

?. Glumes very broad, each side 1-1.2 mm wide. Anthers 1.2- 1.7 mm long .................... F. rara

6. Glumes 1-1.5(2)mmlong. Stamens 1or2. Style glabrous onundividedportion

8. Spikelets obtuse; axis (visible after fruits shed) slightly wingedAnthers 0.4-0.8 mm long ....................... F.littoralis

8. Spik€lets acute; axis (visible after fruits shed) prominently winged.Anthers 0.2-0.4mm long ....................... F. microcarya

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Nuyrsia vol. l l , No. 3 (199?)

River. Also occurs in Northem Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria andfromAsiatoPolynesia. Flowers andfiuits:December-May. Plants 0.04-0.15 mhigh;stems 0.4-0.6 mmdiam, Fimbristylis squqrrosavar, esquqryosaMakino, F. squarrosa var. velata (R. Br.) Cheeseman,Iriavelata(R.Br.)Kuntze (Sharp 1989: Figure 43M;Wilson 1993: 378)

Fimbristyfis sp. ShayGap(K.R. Newbqt 10293)- apparently endemic to the Eremaean Botanical hovinceof Western Australia, known from a single collection from sandy soil on a drainage line near Shay Gap.Flowers and fruits: June-July. Plants c. 0.15 m high; stems c. 0.7 mm diam. Priority I

Fuirena Rottb.

l. Perianth absent. Stamen l ............... ............ F.nudiflora

L Perianth consisting of3 bristles and3 prominently clawed scales. Stamensusually 3 (but sometimes hidden)

2. Perianth scales prominently 3-veined but otherwise unthickened throughoutthe body, with a shallow lobe or tooth on each side of a thickened incurvedapical point, the apical point c. 0.2 mm long ........................ ......... F. ciliaris

2. Perianth scales prominently 3-veined in basal part and prominently thickenedin distal part ofbody, the apex broadly obtuse and with a slender awn c. 0.6 mmlong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. incrassata

Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. - widespread in the Kimberley Region. Occurs along watercourses in theHamersley Ranges and along Yule River in the Eremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in NorthemTerritory, Queensland,New South Wales andfrom tropical Africanorth-eastto Japan. Flowers andfruits:April-August. Plants 0.1-0.35 m high;stems 0.5-1,2 mm diam. Fuirena glomerataLam.,Scirpus ciliarisL. (Kem 197 4:32;Latz & Wilson 1981 : Figure 642; Sharp 1989:Figure42A;Wilson 1993:369)

F uirena incrassata S.T. Blake - one record from Edgar Range in the far south ofthe Kimberley Regionand another ftom Googhenama Rockhole on upper Oakover River in the Eremaean Botanical Province.Also occurs in Northem Tenitory, Queenslandand New South Wales. Flowers andfruits: May-August.Plants 0.1-0.3 m high;stems 0.7- 1 .7 mm diam. This species is widespread butuncommon across northemAustralia and has been included on the Priority Flora List for Western Australia. It is probably poorlycollected rather than at risk; it is easily overlooked because it resembles its com mo n rclation F. ciliaris.Priority 3 (Sharp 1989: Figure42B;Wilson 1993: 369)

F uirena nudiflora S.T, Blake - onerecord from near Kunununa in the Kimberley Region, and one recordfrom arocky creekbed in a valley ofRawlinson Range in the Eremaean Botanical Province. Also occursin Northern Territory and Queensland. Flowers and fruits: June. Plants 0.05-0.2 m high; stems0.3-1.0mmdiam. Likethe previous species, F. nudiJlorahas been included on the Priority Flora ListforWestern Australia, although it has a large range in Ausffalia. It is probably poorly collected, perhapsmostly overlooked because of its much more common relation,F. ciliaris. Priority 1 (Figure 19GJ)

Isolepis R. Br.

1 Glumes 2.3-3.7 mm long. Stylebranches2. Nutvery compressed, shallowlybiconvex,l.4-l.8mmlong

2. Spikelets 1-5, 1.5-2.5 mm diam. atfirst, upto 3.5 mm diam. in fruit. Glumeswith a short or long, rather straight mucro. Nut usually broadly obovate tobroadly elliptic but sometimes almost circular in outline ......... I. cyperoides

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Nuyrsia vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

Tasmaniaandmostregions ofthe world. Flowe$ and fiuits:August-March. Plants 20-200(300)mm high;stems 0.2-0.6 mm diam. Annual or apparently annual specimens are much less common than perennialones, and a particularly robust perennial variant from the south coast has been named SclrPaspsammophilus S.T, Blake. There may be two or more species or infra-specific taxa included here, withone species or variant being distinguished by having a black (rather thar brown) nut; the variation inthis complexneeds further study throughout the world. Scirpus cernuusYahl (Jessop & Weber 1986:Figure 9348; Sharp 1989:Figure 4l L;Wilson 1994:Figure 65a-c)

Isolepis congrua Nees - commonly associated with granite outcrops, also in other damp locations suchas the margins ofwatercoutses and winter-wet depressions. Widespread in the South WestBotanicalProvince (except for the extreme south-west comer), South-westem Interzone and adjacent parts oftheEremaeanBotanical Province, extending ftom Lyons RiverStation and Kalbarri south-eastto PorongurupRange National Park and east to Dadyum Rockhole (east ofLaverton), with an isolated record fromRawlinson Range. Alsooccurs inNorthem Territory, SouthAustralia, New South Wales andVictoria.Flowers and fruits: July-October. Plants l5- 180 mm high; stems 0.15-0.35 mm diam. Scirpus congruus(Nees) S.T. Blake (Jessop & Weber 1986: Figure 934C; Wilson 1994: Figure 63e,f)

Isolepis cyperoides R. Br. - endemic tothe South WestBotanical Province, occurring in clay inwinter-wet depressions and other damp habitats, extending around the coast from near Nanson (north ofGeraldton) to near Cape Le Grand National Park and inland to Stirling Range. Flowers and fruits: mainlySeptember-February. Plants (when apparently annual) 35- 150 mm high, more commonly perennial andup to 300 mm high;stems 0.3- L3 mm diam. Closely relatedtol oldfieldiana,whichhas broader, usuallymore obtuse spikelets. Scirpus brunonianas S.T. Blake, S. cyperor'des (R Br') Spreng (Figure20A,B)

Isolepis hookeriana Boeck. - occurs in the South West Botanical Province, recorded on winter-wet flatsin sandy clay, known from at least five scattered localities extending from Meenaar south to Lowden(possibly also Stirling Range) and east to near Corrigin. Also occurs in South Australia, Queensland,New South Wales, VictoriaandTasmania. Flowers andfruits: September-November. Plants 30- 150 mmhigh;stems 0.1-0.25 mm diam. Although this species is widespread, it appears to be uncommon, withfew plants at each population (K.L. Wilson pers. comm.) Sclrpus calocarpusS.T.Blake,S hookerianus(Boeck.) S.T. Blake Priority3 (Jessop & Weber 1986:Figure 934E;Sharp 1989:Figure4l E;Wilson 1994:Figure64a,b)

*Isolepis hystrix (Thunb.) Nees - naturalized in the South West Botanical Province, recorded fromwinter-wet flats in the Waroona area and near Green Range (north-east ofAlbany). Also naturalized inSouth Australia. New South Wales and Victoria. Nativeto South Africa. Flowers and fruits: November.Plants c. 25 mm high;stems 0.3-0.4 mm diam. Scipus hystrixThunb. (Jessop & Weber 1986: Figure 934F)

*Isolepis rnarginata (Thunb.)A. Dietr. - commonly occurs in shallow soil over granite, limestone orothertypes or rocks, also in winter-wet depressions and other damp habitats. Widespread in the South WestBotanical Province, extending around the coast from Abrolhos Islands to Recherche Archipelago andinlandintothe South-westem IntezonenearMtHampton(south ofSouthemCross) andMtWillgonarinya(south ofBalladonia), with an isolated record frorn Belele Station in the Eremaean Botanical Province.Probably naturalized in Australia. Also occurs in South Australia,New South Wales, Victoria, TasmaniaandNew Zealand. Native to South Africa. Flowers and fruits: mainly August-December, alsoJanuary-February. Plants 15-220 mm high; stems 0.2-0.5 mm dlam. Isolepis cartilaginea R. Br., SclrpasmarginatusTh\nb.(Jessup & Weber 1986: Figure 934H,935,{;Wilson 1994:Figure 65j-l)

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4t4 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (19q7)

Isolepisoldfieldiana (S.T. Blake)K.L. Wilson - endemic to the South West Botanical Province, occurringin clayor sandy clay in winter-wet depressions, extending liom near Dandaragan south to Perup River(nearManjimup). Flowers and fruits: August-October, alsorecordedFebruary. Plaats (when apparentlyannual)20-70mmhigh;stems0.3-1.1mmdiam. Peremialplantsmorecommon,upto350mmhigh. Scrpzsbr izoides Benth.,S. oldfieldianus S.T. Blake (Figure 20C-E)

Isol€pis setiformis (S.T. Blake) K.L. Wilson - endemic to Westem Australia, occurring mainly in theSouth West Botanical Province in winter-wet depressions and other damp habitats, commonly in clayor sandy clay. Extends axound the coast from Dirk Hartog Island in the Eremaean Botanical Provincesouth to Albany and inland to Highbury (south ofNarogin). Flowers and fiuits: mainly September-February. Plants 20-350mm high, the smallerones sometimes apparently annual;stems 0.2-0.5 mm diam.Closely related to L cernua;the differences between the two taxa are not clear and possibly no greaterthan diffelences between some ofthe variants presently included within 1. cernr.a (see note underthatspecies). Scirpus arenqrius var. setiformisBenth., S. setiformls S.T. Blake (Figure 20F-H)

Isolepis stellata(C.B. Clarke) K.L. Wilson - occurs in the South WestBotanical Province, in clayorsandyclay in winter-wet depressions and other damp habitats. Extends around the coast from Lake lndoonsouth to Capel and from Albanyeastto CapeAridNational Park and inlandto StirlingRange. Also occursin South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. Flowers and fruits: mainly October-January. Plants 20-90 mm high;stems 0.2-0.4 mm diam. Sci/'p us stellatus C.B. Clarke (Jessop & Weber1986: Figure934L, 935C; Wilson I 994: Figure 66d,e)

LipocarphaR. Br.

Lipocarpha microcephala (R. Br.) Kunth - commonly occurs along watercourses, also recorded fromdrainage lines, rockholes andclaypans. Extends from the far north ofthe Kimberley Region south-westto Byro Station in the Eremaean Botanical Province and south to Rawlinson Range in the Eremaean Alsooccurs in Northem Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and north toJapan. Flowers andfruits:March-August. Plants 0.05-0.4m high; stems 0.3-0 9 mm diam. Hypaelptummicrocephalum R. Br., Rikliella australiensis J. Raynal, Scirpus dietrichiae Boeck., S squarrosusvar. dietrichiae (Boeck.) Benth. (Jessop & Weber 1986: Figureg37;Latz &Wilson 1981: Figure 641 ;Rye 1992:Figure 3l lG; Sharp 1989:Figure4l O,42D;Wilson 1994:Figure 62a-c)

Schoenoplectus Palla

l. Nut smooth,2-faced (biconvex or almost plano-convex), without perianth bristles ......... S. laevis

l. Nut hansversely ridged, 2- or 3-faced, sometimes surround€d by minute toprominent perianth bristles

2. Spikelets with dark reddish brown portions. Glumes minutely ciliolate orminutely denticulate towards apex; mucro distinctly thickened, usually darkred-brown. Perianth absent. Anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long ........................................ S. lateriflorus

2. Spikelets lacking reddish colouring. Glumes glabrous and entire; mucroslender or sometimes scarcely developed, green or yellowish. Perianth of3-7 (usually 6) long to very reduced bdstles. Anthers c. 0 7 mm long ............ S. dissachanthus

Schoenoplectus dissachanthus (S.T. Blake) J. Raynal - occus along watercourses, aroundrockpoolsand in claypans, extending from Weaber Plain in the Kimberley Region south-west to near MountMagnet. Also occurs in Northem Territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and

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a

Nuyts ia Vol . l l . No. 3 (1997)

4. Aquatic or semi-aquatic plant 35- I l0 mm high, with very slenderlax leaves. Spikelets at 2-6 nodes per stem; lowest bract 3-6 mm long................... S, tene[us

4. Tiny terrestrial plant l5-55 mm high, with finn leaves. Spikelets atI -4 nodes per stem; lowest bract l0-25 mm long ............................................ S, sp. Waroona

2, Spikelets several to many in a terminal cluster on each stem or in severalpairs or clusters, sometimes also with solitary spikelets at some nodes.Nut with few to many rows of almost isodiametfic ortansverselyelongate cells on each surface.

5. Nut 3-homed, with each ofthe 3 ddges shortly produced at the summitinto a small rounded projection

6. Spikelets 4-6-flowered, with I emptybasal glume. Nut l.l-1.5 mm long,with c. l0 rows ofcells on each surface and a prominent apical beak.Occurs in central Australia ............,.,,.. .. S. centralis

6. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, with 2(3) empty basal glumes. Nut0.6-1.0 mm long,with 3-7 rows ofcells on each surface and a small apical point. Occurs insouth-westem Australia

7. Floral glumes (2.5)3-4 mm long. Anthers 1.2-2.4mm long. Nutwith3-5 rows ofcells on each surface, the central row(s) usually with very1argece11s............... S. variicellae

7. Floralglumes 1.5-2.5mmlong. Anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Nutwith5-7 rows ofcells ofrelatively uniform size on each surface S,odontocarpus

5. Nut not homed, with each ofthe 3 ridges smoothly rounded at the summit8. Nut with a prominent beak a quarter to a third as long as body of nut,

with 3 or 4(5) rows ofcells on each surface, the central rows with largealmostisodiametriccells ....................... .. S. sculptus

8. Nut with beak or apical point less than a quarter as long as the body ofnut, with 4-16 rows ofcells on each surface, the central rows with cellseither small or transversely narrowly oblong

9. Anthers 0.5- 1.5 mmlong

10. Mature upperglumes 5-6 mm long. Anthers over I mm long. Nutwithl2-16 rows ofcells on each surface ............................. S. sp. Jindong

10. Mature upper glumes 3.5-4.5 mm long. Anthers less than I mm long.Nut with 5-7 rows ofcells on each surface ........................... S. sD. Harrismith

9. Anthers 2.5-3.5 mmlong11. Glumes with apex similar in colourto remainder ofglume. Nutwith

6-8 rows ofcells on each surface, all rows with square to hansverselyoblong cel ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. sp. Kalbarr i

ll. Glumes deeply coloured at apex but not elsewhere. Nut with 4-6 rowsofcells on each surface, all or at least the central rows withfansversely narrowly oblong cells ...,. S. elegans

l. Perianth segments well developed, about half as long as to exceeding nur,hair-liketoplumose

12. Spikelets solitary (sometimes basal and largely hidden by the leaves) orrarely 2 superposedper stem, l- or2-flowered

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Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

@,Figur€ 21. A - Typical variant of Schoenus capilrrltrr, whole plant (x1); B-E Inland variant of Schoenus capillifoliurB - whole plant (xl), c - basal spikelet (x7), D - aerial spikelet (x5), E - nut with perianth segm€nts, from aerial spik€let(x8.5);F-H Schoenus e/eganr F - inflorescence (xl), c - nut without perianth (xl3); H nut and perianth s€gments (xl3);l-L schoenus humilis | - stem from large variant (xl), J - whole plant of small variant (xl), K - nut with perianthsegments (xl0), L - nut (xlo). Drawn from ,4. Ke r & A. Spooher 90t63 (A\, G.J. Keighery 6291A (B-E\, J. Seabrook437 (F,G), G.J. Keighery 1905 (1), G.J. Keighery 330? (I) and LS. ceorse ll6t0 (!-L\.

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420 Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

\

,W@c A

Figure 22. -C Schoenus natans A - whole plant (xl), B - spikelet (x8), C - nut with perianth segments (xlo):D-F Schoenus pennisetis D - wholc plant (xl), E - spikelet (x8), F - nut wilh perianth segDlents (x10); G-J Scroerrrtenellus G - l{hole plant (xl), H - fruiting spikelet (x8), I - fruiting axis (x8), J -nut(xl4). Dft\Nn ftom B.J. Keighery& N. Gibson 015 (A,B), B.J. Keighery & N. Gib:on 019 (C), G.J. Keighety 9183 (D,E), A. Ke t & ,4. Spoonet 90/116(F), G.J. Keishery 3594 (G) and H Butler Oct. 1948 (IlJ).

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Nuytsia Vol. 11, No. 3 (1997)

Schoenus sp. Kalbarri (K.R. Newbey 9352) - recorded irom sandy soil along drainage lines orwatercourses. Endemic to WestemAustralia, known from a singl€ collection from Kalbani National Parkin the north ofthe South West Botanical Province. Another specimen possibly belonging to the samespecies is from Mt Augustus in the Eremaean Botanical Province. The Mt Augustus specimen(K.R. Newbey I 1692) shows a number ofdifferences in overall appearance, glumes and patteming onthe nut surface but appears to occur in the same habitat. Flowers and fiuits: August-October. Plantsc. 90 mm high; stems c. I mm diam. Apparently relatedto Schoenus elegans. Priority 2

Schoenus sp. Wa ro ona(G.J. Keighery | 223 5) - endemic to the South West Botanical Province, extendingfrom eastem suburbs ofPerth south to near Harvey. Occurs in clay or sandy clay on winter-wet flatson the eastem side ofthe coastal plain. Flowers and fruits: October-November. Plants l5-30 mm high;stems 0.35-0.6 mm wide. Closely related to S. discifer and S. tene llus but asmaller pl ant than both thesespecies and with shorter anthers. Priority 3

Discussion

Of all the genera included here, only Bulbostylis and Lipocarpha are fully covered for WestemAustralia. The other genera have perennial members and some also have annual members from theKimberley Region that do not extend into the study area. Some small perennial species, such asEleocharis pusillaR.Br. andSchoenus latilars S.T. Blake, could easily be mistaken for annual species,but true annuals can generally be distinguished readily by their shallow multi-rooted base with norhizome orbulbs. Mostperennial species have a short to long rhizome connectingthe densely clusteredto scattered bases of the stems.

There is some overlapbetween the annuals and perennials as a few species appearto vary in lifeformaccording to the environmental conditions or accordingto their variant. For example, Cyperus rigidellus,Eleocharis geniculala and four ofthe 1solepis species (1. cernua, I. cyperoides, I. oldJieldiana andI. setiformis) appear to be perennial more often than anrnal. Cyperus polystaclryos Rottb. is oftendescribed as being either annual or perennial, but is usually a robust perennial. This species is nativein the Kimberley Region and other tropical or subtropical areas andhas become naturalized in the SouthWestBotanical Province, recorded fiom lawns, drains, swamps andotherdamphabitats in the Perth andBunbury areas. Itwas notincludedherebecause all the naturalizedspecimens examinedwere perennial.

It is unlikely that all annual taxa occurring in the study area have been covered here. Some WestemAustralian speciespresentlyknown only in the Kimberley Region might eventually be collected furthersout[ and sorne new taxa may still be awaiting discovery. A possible new species in Frmbrrsrylr is thesouthemmost specimen ( E.M. Maniske & D. True 12/105) of those included under F. depauperata,which is quite atypical. This taxon is known from incomplete material and couldpossibly be perennial.

Five named Western Australian endemics (Bulbostylis burbidgeqe, Schoenus badius, S. capillifolitts ,S. natans and S. pemiselrlr) and all of the taxa known by phrase nirmes are cu[ently included on theDeclared Rare and Pdo ty Flora List. In view ofthe usually wide distributions ofother members ofthefamily, it is likely that additional populations ofat least some ofthese taxawill be discovered over fairlywide distributions. The small inconspicuous nature ofthese plants would certainly have contributedto the paucity of collections, although there is no doubt that they are much rarer than their frequentlycollectedrelatives. It is intendedthat, asthenewtaxabecomeknown frommultiple collections, they willbe described and illustrated.

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