Ls Micro Course Slides
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LASER-PROFESSIONALS Inc.Experience Makes the Difference
LASER SAFETYLASER SAFETY
MICROMICRO--COURSECOURSE
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� Basics of Lasers and Laser Light
� Laser Beam Injuries
� Laser Hazard Classes
� Laser Safety Standards� Laser Control Measures
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COURSE CONTENTS
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L L ight
A A mplification by
S S timulated
E E mission of
R R adiation
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BASICS OF
LASERS AND LASER LIGHT
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WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT
Light is an electromagnetic wave.
Different wavelengths in thevisible spectrum are seen by the
eye as different colors.
P
Wavelength
Red: P= 700 nm
Blue: P= 400 nm
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Radio
LongWavelengthShortWavelength
Gamma Ray X-ray Ultraviolet Infrared Microwaves
Visible
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Lasers operate in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared.
Radio
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RedBlue YellowGreen
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STIMULATED EMISSION
Incident Photon
Excited Atom
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Stimulated Photon
same wavelength
same direction
in phase
Incident Photon
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER LIGHT
MONOCHROMATIC
DIRECTIONAL
COHERENT
The combination of these three properties makes
laser light focus 100 times better than ordinary light
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LASER COMPONENTS
High ReflectanceMirror (HR)
Output Coupler Mirror (OC)
ActiveMedium
Output
Beam
ExcitationMechanism
Optical Resonator
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HELIUM-NEON GAS LASER
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Courtesy of Metrologic, Inc.
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Rear Mirror
Adjustment Knobs
Safety Shutter Polarizer Assembly (optional)
CoolantBeamTube
AdjustmentKnob
OutputMirror
Beam
Beam Tube
HarmonicGenerator (optional)
Laser Cavity
PumpCavity
Flashlamps
Nd:YAGLaser Rod
Q-switch(optional)
Courtesy of Los Alamos National LaboratoryCourtesy of Los Alamos National Laboratory
NEODYMIUM YAG LASER
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LASER SPECTRUM
10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1 10 102
LASERS
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 10600
Ultraviolet Visible Near Infrared Far Infrared
Gamma Rays X-Rays Ultra- Visible Infrared Micro- Radar TV Radio
violet waves waves waves waves
Wavelength (m)
Wavelength (nm)
Nd:YAG
1064
GaAs
905
HeNe
633
Ar
488/515
CO2
10600
XeCl
308
KrF
248
2[
Nd:YAG
532
Retinal Hazard Region
ArF
193Communication
Diode
1550
Ruby
694
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Alexandrite
755
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LASER BEAM INJURIES
High power lasers can cause skin
burns.
Lasers can cause severe eye injuriesresulting in permanent vision loss.
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SKIN BURN FROM CO2 LASER EXPOSURE
Accidental exposure to partial reflection of 2000W CO2 laser beam
from metal surface during cutting
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TYPES OF LASER EYE EXPOSURE
EYE
INTRABEAM
VIEWING
LASER
DIFFUSEREFLECTION
LASER
SCATTERED
LIGHT
MIRROR
SPECULARREFLECTION
LASER
REFLECTEDBEAM
ROUGH
SURFACE
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HUMAN EYE
Choroid
Aqueous
Cornea
Macula
Optic Nerve
Sclera
Vitreous
RetinaLens
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25 Q
Photo courtesy of U S Air Force
THERMAL BURNS
ON
PRIMATE RETINA
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MULTIPLE PULSE RETINAL INJURY
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Photo courtesy of U S Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine
EYE INJURY BY Q-SWITCHED LASERRetinal Injury produced by four pulses from a Nd:YAG laser range finder.
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CAUSES OF LASER ACCIDENTS
Studies of laser accidents have shown that there are usually
several contributing factors. The following are common
causes of laser injuries:
� Inadequate training of laser personnel
� Alignment performed without adequate procedures
� Failure to block beams or stray reflections
� Failure to wear eye protection in hazardous situations
� Failure to follow approved standard operating
procedures or safe work practices
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NON-BEAM HAZARDS
Electrical Hazards
Smoke & Fumes
Mechanical Hazards
Process Radiation
Flashlamp Light
Chemical Hazards
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LASER HAZARD CLASSES
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Lasers are classified according to the level of laser
radiation that is accessible during normal operation.
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CLASS 1CLASS 1 � Safe during normal use
� Incapable of causing injury
� Low power or enclosed beam
CLASS I Laser Product
Label not required
May be higher class during
maintenance or service
Nd:YAG Laser Marker Laser-Professionals.com
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CLASS 2CLASS 2
CLASS II LASER PRODUCT
Laser RadiationDo Not Stare Into Beam
Helium Neon Laser 1 milliwatt max/cw
� Staring into beam is eye hazard
� Eye protected by aversion response
� Visible lasers only
� CW maximum power 1 mW
Laser Scanners
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CLASS 3RCLASS 3R (Formerly 3a)
Small Beam
(Class 3R)
Expanded Beam
(Class 2M)
CLASS IIIa Laser Product
LASER RADIATION-
AVOID DIRECT EYE EXPOSURE
ND:YAG 532nm5 milliwatts max/CW
� Aversion response may not provideadequate eye protection
� CDRH includes visible lasers only
� ANSI includes invisible lasers
� CW maximum power (visible) 5 mW
Laser Pointers
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CLASS IIIa LASER PRODUCT
Laser Radiation-Do Not Stare Into Beam or ViewDirectlyWith Optical Instruments
Helium Neon Laser 5 milliwatt max/cw
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CLASS 3BCLASS 3B
� Direct exposure to beam is eye hazard
� Visible or invisible
� CW maximum power 500 mW
CLASS IIIb Laser Product
LASER RADIATION-AVOID DIRECT EXPOSURE TO BEAM
2[ ND:YAG Wavelength: 532 nm
Output Power 80 mW
Courtesy of Sam¶s Laser FAQ, www.repairfaq.org/sam/lasersam.htm, © 1994-2004
DPSS Laser with cover removed
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CLASS 4CLASS 4
CLASS IV Laser Product
VISIBLE LASER RADIATION-
AVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TO
DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION
2[ Nd:YAG
Wavelength: 532 nm
Output Power 20W
� Exposure to direct beam and scattered
light is eye and skin hazard
� Visible or invisible
� CW power >0.5 W
� Fire hazard
Photo: Keith Hunt - www.keithhunt.co.ukCopyright: University of Sussex, Brighton (UK)Laser-Professionals.com
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M is for magnification.
A class 1M laser is class 1 unless magnifying optics are used.
A class 2M laser is class 2 unless magnifying optics are used.
M classes usually apply to expanded or diverging beams.
CLASS 1M & 2M
Condition 2
Diverging Beam
Condition 1
Expanded Beam
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Class 1 Incapable of causing injury during normal operation
Class 1M Incapable of causing injury during normal operation
unless collecting optics are used
Class 2 Visible lasers incapable of causing injury in 0.25 s.
Class 2M Visible lasers incapable of causing injury in 0.25 s
unless collecting optics are used
Class 3R Marginally unsafe for intrabeam viewing; up to 5 times theclass 2 limit for visible lasers or 5 times the class 1 limitfor invisible lasers
Class 3B Eye hazard for intrabeam viewing, usually not an eye
hazard for diffuse viewing
Class 4 Eye and skin hazard for both direct and scattered exposure
LASER CLASSIFICATION SUMMARY
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The Federal Laser Product Performance Standard (FLPPS)
of the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH)
This is federal law and applies to the manufacture of lasers.
The American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1)
This is a VOLUNTARY Standard that applies to the use of lasers.
It is ³recognized by´ :
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
IEC 60825 International Standard
LASER SAFETY STANDARDS
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FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS FOR CLASS 1 LASER
SYSTEMSWITH ENCLOSED CLASS 3b AND 4 LASERS
P rotective Housing prevents access to laser radiation above safe level.
Safety Interlocksterminate laser beam if protective housing in opened.
Only authorized personnel may operate laser with interlocks defeated.
Warning Labelsalert personnel if opening the housing might expose a laser hazard.
Viewing Windows and Opticslimit laser and collateral radiation to safe levels.
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CDRH CLASS WARNING LABELS
CLASS II LASER PRODUCT
Laser RadiationDo Not Stare Into Beam
Helium Neon Laser
1 milliwatt max/cw
CLASS IV Laser Product
VISIBLE LASER RADIATION-
AVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE TO
DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATION
Argon Ion
Wavelength: 488/514 nm
Output Power 5W
Class II
Class IIIa with expanded beam
Class IIIa with small beam
Class IIIb
Class IV
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INTERNATIONAL LASER
WARNING LABELS
Symbol and Border: Black
Background: Yellow
Legend and Border: Black
Background: Yellow
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INVISIBLE LASER RADIATION
AVOID EYE OR SKIN EXPOSURE
TO DIRECT OR SCATTERED RADIATIONCLASS 4 LASER PRODUCT
WAVELENGTH 10,600 nm
MAX LASER POWER 200W
EN60825-1 1998
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OVERVIEW OF ANSI Z136.1
1. MANAGEMENT APPOINTS LASER SAFETY OFFICER2. LSO VERIFIES LASER CLASSIFICATION
3. LSO EVALUATES HAZARDS BY DETERMINING
MPE -- OD -- NHZ
4. LSO SPECIFIES CONTROL MEASURES
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
ENCLOSURES
INTERLOCKS
WARNING SYSTEMS
ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROCEDURAL CONTROLS
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL
SOP (INCLUDING ALIGNMENT)
TRAINING
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
EYEWEAR
BARRIERS
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Laser Controlled Area
Eye Protection
Beam Control
Administrative and Procedural Controls
Education and Training
OPEN BEAM CONTROL MEASURES
ANSI Section 4.3.1.1
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CLASS 4 LASER
ND:YAG 1064 nm100 Watts Max. Average Power
Eyewear Required: OD > 5 @ 1064 nm
VISIBLE and/ or INVISIBLE LASER
R ADIATION-AVOID EYE OR SKINEXPOSURE TO DIRECT OR
SCATTERED R ADIATION.
Laser-Professionals.com Controlled Area Warning Sign
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LASER SAFETY EYEWEAR
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EYEWEAR LABELS
All eyewear must be labeled with wavelength and optical density.
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LASER PROTECTIVE BARRIER
Photo courtesy of
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The person operating the laser
always has the primary
responsibility for all hazardsassociated with laser use.
WHO HAS PRIMARY RESPONSIBLITYFOR LASER SAFETY ANY TIME A
CLASS 3B OR CLASS 4 LASER
IS OPERATED?
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� Most beam injuries occur during alignment.
� Only trained personnel may align class 3B or
class 4 lasers ( NO EXCE P TIONS!)
� Laser safety eyewear is required for class 3B and
class 4 beam alignment.
� ANSI REQUIRES approved, written alignment
procedures for ALL class 4 laser alignment
activities and recommends them for class 3B.
SAFE BEAM ALIGNMENT
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Thank you for promoting laser safety in your workplace.
We hope you will consider us for your
laser safety training needs.
Check out our F REE laser hazard analysis software at
www.Laser-Professionals.com
Laser Professionals com
Johnny Jones, President
Laser-Professionals Inc.