PI.O\\lMAN

known unid t hr Sp.i mvh mt r o duc cd il [rom Pcru a lt cr

t hc Con qucst Thc na mc /JI/yIJ 1\ .•Idl U\cJ l ur Cnl"IllI'I:ln

coca by t rrbcs Irl t hr Slnra Nevada de San!;1 M,lfta

Scvcr al wrld spcnn 01' lrvt brovvt un, growlng alollg 1,he

nort h coa st nI' Sout h Arncr ua ale :ds\l ,alIcJ 1.".1''' (1),1;1\

by t hc 1001 i nha lnt a nt s.

Alllrouglt 110 ardl('ologl,':¡j rcrua ms "t C"lorlllllan

coca are PITS,'("\'cJ, t hcrc 1\ a l.u n d.i ru cvrdcncr í or lit"

a ncrcut uvr nI' ("ca In Iltl' I'.tll uf Suulh AIllCflCI In ti 1<'

MUI,ea .uid (!ulrlll,aya cult urvs ma ny golJ ar r rl a ct s nav«

hccu rn:ovl'I eJ wluch rqHC\CIll coca lhl'Wlllg 1'.11",1

phvr nalra IIldudlllg lunc pot s, lun« st ic k s and tlgurllln "t

l'lJl'a c hcwc rs A» c xccllcnt CUI!t-ctIIJII uf lhoc a r uta. LS 1\

houscd al Ihe Musco de Oro 1111I"got:í,

<:n,lllIl1 ,oca loaS! III¡: p.lll' h.ivc lxrn IOUlld 111

archc"logll':d '11 e \ 01 r h •. Tallolla cult urc wh ic l: HC

almo st Idl'lllll'al t o pall' u,,:d lllday 111llH' Sicrr a Nevada,It- Sa nt a Marta (l{l'Ichcl,l)ollllaluf! 1'.153) 1\1 Sal'

AgU\lín In \'-'U1 hcr u Culollll)/a, coca ChcWll1g 1\ s!fllllgly

\uggoll"J "y Iht 'l}'ll/nl ,h •.•.k l>ulgn dqllt"lClI 01".

sCVl"l:l1 larg' sloll< alllhrllpl>llIl1lJlh,,' flgur,'s (ll,,(;il,'glll

I Y54), S:II' Agu\lín h a s IOllg "''ell .in unport a nr C'_III' , u!"

coca pro duruou .iud "1~lrd)UII()II, a nd 1:". I/lJL',,}.!././J/.¡I"I"I'

UWI 11I\U,\ Y ll' \\ 1I1.\IIj,(I,III,I((-""

'1

hgurt" Il l.rvt broxvlu tn lIol'o}.!.r,III.llt'¡J>c, Co lumb i.m

(:oca, 1, br.uuh wit h ílo wer s ami fruii s: 2, vt ip ulr 3,

noss-,,'clioll lit" l r u it ; 4, ,hort-slylrd flowl'r; 5IUII¡,: "Ir!.:d n,,\\'l'f, pl'I.t1S ami port iun of Ldy" rcmovcd ,

6, shor t-st ylc d [lo wcr , I'':Lll\ rC'1I1ov.:d; 7, pc t al , a da xial

view showing apl'cllda¡:.:, Dr;l\VlIlg hy L.'!', 11,11':\,

COCA

I~ st ill couunouly culuvatcd t hcrc despue govcrnmeur

~uppn'SSI(lll.

Al prcsent, 1:". I/()VO}.!.TlIl/lllt'/ISt' is rnu ch resuicred In

11\ .Irea nI dist nbuuon. It 15 almost unkuown 1Il n10~( 01'

VCIIC/,lIt'L.. and ollly occax iuna 11y culr ivatcd as an

oruauunt al In pans ot Ccni r al Amcrica. 111 Colombia,pl.uu at ions uf L 1I0VII}.!.I"./I/¡lll'/lSC eXISl only 1Il t hc Sierra

Nevada de Sa nr a Marra In t hr nor th, a nd in rhe rugged

n1Olllll;,lm ,,1' t lu: Ikpannlt:IlIs 01' Cauca and Huila, In

t hcsc arcax. cuca dlcWllIg is srill pract iccd by a uunrher01 ludiau t ribcs which havc rnauagcd to resist

a..:. ult ur a t io n aud assrrnilau on by thc Colornbians. Thcselr¡[.lO gru\\ coca ruost ly 111suiall plors for thcir own use,

In co mra st lo t hc suuauon lJl Peru and Bolivia,

r hcrr 1, 1Ii! upcn c ommcrcc In (oca lcaves In Colombia,

ciJ!lC,' l'Olh t hc gnJ\VllIg ano chl'wllIg 01' coca IS prohibited

by t lu. gUVl'fIl1l1l'1l1, Sll1CC a bou t 1')70, an ilhcu cocainet.llISIIlC,'S has devdopcd In xou t hcr n Colombia bascd 011

l",'all}' grown C•• loml na n coca, A dct ailcd acrou nt 01'

onall} ,tsrll'dS ol ,oc'a cul t rvat ro n .ind use 111 t hrs arca,

p.u t u u la rlv alllollg t hc I'al'/ Illdlalls, has rcccu t ly been

plIloílshnl (l\lllullil 1')71)), Th is cxccllcut I11Icr-

Jl>dpllll:"f} sI u,l}' 1')l"lISO IHl lhl' currcm couthctlKlWtl'1l dI( tf~JllIolI,,¡J use ••1' <:o(a a lid conuncrcial

':X)llult.III<'1I ,,1 t hc pl.uu IUI CucallK,

Culorulua n '¡¡L~ ha, lKc)1 widcly cult rvaredIhlllLl~houl ti" OIJ W"rid [[OPiO ,IIICC t lrr ("lid ,)1' r he

1I111l'ltnHh ccu t ury lt wa s drst nbu ud t u bot a nical

gal dUIS .i nd aglluoll.Ufal ccru cr-, 111 rua Il}' pan s ,,1' [he

1<11111('1 Hr.lIsh hUJllrl' lor I"C 111 hort rculrur c ano 111

JC("\llIla1.II,aIIOI1 t r ra lx. Tltc flrs! planes, 01 u uccrt a in

~(Julh 1\l1Illl'::111 orl~ln, wvr c \enl out íroru t hc RoyalBOla11l1 (.aldens al Kcw un dcr t hc numr "E, cuca," This

cOlllnlJUlni ,lPPIC'U;lhl)' 10 lht contusion ovcr rhc

!dCllllly ot cu lt ivat cd cuca pia m s. Iksccndal1ls 01' rhese

ortglll:\l plu ut ... art' >1111in '\\'11 .is or n.uncntals 111such far

'anglllg pLlt.-, as IlhJ' , .r r la nk a , ln do ncsta , lIong

I\.on~~, ,lalP;IIl',1 .t n d Za ir«, as wcll as In Europcun andNort h AIllCl"IC.11l co nxcrv.u or us.

In Iava , a profl\ahk but r clarivcly short-livcdcOl,JIIII' lI1dll'IIY ucvvlo pc-d al ¡lle: t urn 01' t hc ce nrur ybasnl o n t. II"VII,~"'Ii"I/I:I/'e. 1':lllnlJ.-ising Du t ch tarmcrs

USlllg mo drrn agrtclIllural t crhui qucs we re able lo

produce ul' lO 1\\'0 pncclll t ot al alk a louls l1l t hc drrcdle aves. 'llus was t hc tirst au cmpt by Europcu ns t o

cult rvat c coca on a cornmcr cial scalc, bu! t hc indusrrycollapscd whcu t hc pncc lit coca lea ves rapidly JCCllI\uJ

ui t h •. 1')2()s (Puv c n-, )')51),

j':ryt!Jr,'x)'/IIJ1/ JIUUII,I!,I"o/IJ.U,'II:,1' IS siuul.rr in IHall)"

\Vays In 1-.", (<1/,/ IHII u>u:dly ra n 1Jl' 0IsIHlgui~hl'd I,y 11,

s ma llc r, 11arrv.wrr , t lunnc r , IJl"lgl'1 \"llluWI~llbfl'CIl l..JIC\

which are usually ruu ndcd ..tI t hc :qll'x, Thc gCI\('f;¡II,a[Jll

110 v.,r. I H1 2) J;IIl-JUIl, l~j <)

PLO\VMAN

(,,. 1he plant .lb" Jifln~ 1" 1-, ,'" LI t h« lc avcv are u~I.J.¡!i!

dc culuous a t ter 1h,' currc 111 "ea sun'~ glowl n . j'

1I0iJu).;r"'/tl/<'I/)': dIHdL!' nSlI':"I.\ lIulJ\ .[~ le aves 011 11••..

hranchcs. Thls ha bu glve~ C,.!ulllbIJn COL a .1 largtr

bush n-i , more ¡"hu~[ appearallCl' A~ wu h IllOSI ~pc,:I<"

01' l.rvt broxyiu m , t hcsc [WU ~!}('un can be p••SllIvel:

,delJ(lflt'd ••ni}' hy UJnsllit:rmg .1 numucr e,r 11'<:111\11d:churacrcrs \ Ugt'l hcr , SIIlLC IItl ~Ingil lllurph<Jloglt alchar a crcr I~ \uffluc/1d\ dl"gl1u~l.I, 1(, :,epJ.ralc rhcrn

An Illlpllnanl bUI ove r loo kcd Jitterencc lxt wc cn

t hrsc IWO Sl'<'l'j,; ltc~ 1/1 t hcrr "t'olo!.!ltal PICt't-rt'IIlTS In

cout rast 10 1: e Ue LI whuh t hrjvcv 111111(' lI11llS1, r,I.llI\TI\

coo l clunat c 01 t hc /I/UII/lIlI,/, I ,/cIvuXr,//J.lll'II"· lJ(nl!'nat urally III huI, of rcn se asouall , drv habu at s lhc «:

habu at s are t y pnallv t ound 111 t hr lI¡>pn C.lIH·,1 ;IIIJ

Ma~d;¡knj IIV,'I vallq S 01' ClIlolllbl;¡ ;111.1 .111 allln¡! dI,

nor t lui n d,J.Sl (I! SlIlIl:1 I\1I1I.'rl<'.1 <:,,1(\/11111.1/1 lUC.I "

very rr-si..t a ut lo P'OI'"lg,d jll'llIllb l,f dr ouglu , a l c at un

wluch 15 hlghl}' regarded by 10e;¡1 rarmc rs lÁ/1IUllal

19'18),

jUlIJ'lUIOI l"sydJ/'Jeln Vrllgs

COCA

Unlk « l (",,1., F. ''''Vl'gr,II/,I/<'IlSl' is not [uund in

v."Oli·wild tlr fcr;d popul.u io ns. Although scut tcre d plarus

are í ou n d í rc quc nt ly lhroughoul t he mount arns of

Coloruluu , t hcs« arr alwa ys ucar dwcllings or forrncrhabu a t ions. COCI IS conunonly grown 11IColombia as an

oruaruc utai uooryar d plant a n d t or us medicinal value In

ileallllg st oma ch a chcs , t oot ha ches and other ailrncnt s.

Hlh I have 1101 founJ any plaru s which migh: be,'lInsltlc:rcd pan o! nat ur al popu lat ion s in Ioresrcd areu,lhis ducs nOI prcclu dr thc possibilitj: thar E.

'luvvgr,II/,lll'/lSc mav once have formed pan of the

ua tu ra I vcgct a r u.n. bur t hcr c IS no prcscm evidence for;1

Bcsldes bCln¿.: lo lcr.u I1 01' droughl coridiuons, E.'IUvu}!.r:I.'I./!, ,/\/' a d.i pt s rc.rdrl v lo a divcrsu y of

nWar"llllll'll1al ('olllhllull\. TIJls " a ftirrncd by its

sue •.csstu l l'llh 1\',111011 In dlfft-rt'lll s.uls aud chrna uc arcas

in ma ny (r,'PICI! vouutrus 11 grows 111bot h lowlan d a nd

moum a mou-, \!I ua I IlIIIS J ud vvrn survives subtr oprcal

condu ro: ,,,1 Mr:1I1l1,I,jorada

In t c- rns ,_,1 a lk a lo id pr o du c uon . F, IIIJ'uogr.III,llo/>c'

l' comparal.lc t o l: dJÚI .n ,howlllg consrdcru blc

varranon (lIollllslcdr n .rl. 1977). 'lhcr c mar be

<:O!lSISlelll dll krl'l,n's lKl wccn i hcs« speell's 111rhc nunor

a lk alo ids I¡¡II. oulv vvr v prchnun.uy dat a are ava rlablc

(I'SPllle! lh;¡lk s LU/1l1:\1I I';¡rr;¡ 1')71; I kgnauLT &"Iktll~~h,:, 1')(,11' 1/('L'tI},rr,IIl"¡('II\/' does difte r

u.a rk rdl y 11"1\\ 1, '00,,/ 111 pr ••dul'IlIg hlgh a urou nt s "iIIIC"h\'j ';;1l.c vlatv In 1h, le ••ve () kgll.:uer 1')66, 1<)64,

Rcc ns l')ly'l llus od"r 1, rc.i dilv IIOII,'cd w lat'n lh,.

!e1VC' ()! C"I')l1ltllan U.I(';, .11< di ud l- «)C,/. 011 t h •.. ot ncr

hand has a i11114u,'lv .ht l cr c u: odor wh ich h.l' [,('('11

\-,1;-ouslv "Ie,,''''!>'''' ,I~ t:rassv,' or hk« IUy, Chilla Il',; or

C""I\ varul+a (,\101l1IllCI 19(1( í Wllllngret'll ual 1II,lV alsu

o, •• lI¡\nl" ("IIlP"[¡(:1l1 '11 dI( "dul lIt 1:. (0''' kave, hutot ,s "Ol ,lr:lt'l'!,¡[,l, hv \lll~11 !\ mo dc rn vu rvrv 01 t hc'¡(JIM lIt ",1, "t ,di lile cult . . .1 CUl'¡S IS muvh n ce dr d l()

.:¡arai~ lÍlc d"ln[,ull()(1 .Il1d I.lXOIIOlIllC sl~nlfIClf)n: of

lhes<' ~Ul>SI.uKC:'

111.llJtLLO COCA,

,./í l' rn u o » ,'I.I./¡\! ,''0 VI)(;U,\N.-\ t'1:N!>I:

V A H . ., J< U.\ 11,1./: N SI'

( rnc ..11\1 ¡"n varan}' IS rn:ognl/./:d wn lun Frvt nro xv-l u n, l;tll'tlt!.',/I/o1/r'/I\/' v ar Irll,\'IIII'/I\I' (Rushy) MachaJo,2

lhi-. plaru i-, k no wn In t hc t ra dc a, "Trujillo " coca, fort he: ~It\ .>1 TruJallu 111norr hcrn I'cr u fr o m wluch II IS

,'xj1onr'¡ In r lrr t or nu-r phurmaccut ical u ade , rhis

v.uur v \\'.1\ ;ds •• rcfcr ud lo as "Pcruvran " cuca, 0Ir;

Ul>\'ll.usl)' e ,"duslIIg t cr m wlurh s h ou ld (¡t' aVUlJeJ,

lrup l!« C()C~ V,:l~ "'lgllI,dl}' Jonll>t:d by Rus">" 111

1<)lJÜ .lS .1 JI~lII1Cl 'l'l'Cln, L 1I1I.\'''il'l/\<', whr n t hr

111 Vol. 11(1-2) J.d.oJun, 1979

PLOWMAN

pn"Cn a 1111,':;¡¡,' ;11 Asra , a tGWII 125 k m ~"ulh 01 1,111;.;,

Tl«: ,ite h;ls !leen ra diocarbon datnl ;11 131,1, )\(

IUO), Hnlh <"DCI ano gourd lime P')I, wcr« Iound hne I,V

1',IIgd (I'}(d), LIIlllIllg (],)67) ~u¡:g,'\lt'd t h.u coe.! 1'0'11

As ra wa s ir.ukd tr orn t hc //lUIIIOÚd, cvcn lhullgil ".,

ot lur n',dellu' of ua ns-Andca n ,'ulltan wa x IUlIIld

(I(ost\\'urow,\.;¡ ]')73), J\llhollgh k;¡\'cs ul J, .,,,,/

1IlII)(Ht<'O Irom the 1l101I/.lIj,( 1Il;IY r urn IIp 11\ ,'O;¡q;t! 'Itt"

íl js IIHHe Ilkdy t h.u t hcvc k;I\'es 1'l"ILliIlIO TrllJtill' (1,"

pr o duccd 011 t hc coust . 1\galll, I1 will l«: llen'Ss,lr}' 1,

st u dy t hc orlglllal ma t cria l..'11<111)'lat cr ,¡In 011 ihc 1','[\1\ lall coaSI havr Yldd",:

coca k-aves a ud truu s. as wcLl ,tS cora dll'\Vlllg

pa ra phcrna ha . Ccra n uc r cprcscnr a t u ms •• 1' coca ch cwcr-.

are c~peuall)' a bu nd.uu 111 t hc l\\oel""'1 cu lt urr wlu.hwa s ,'cl1llTe'¡ II(';¡r t 11<'mo drr n l'lty uf 'lruj rl lo .

lt IS Slglltl 1,',1111 t ha t 11\ l'Il:.!ll t unc s , t wo k m.I-, col

,'0(;1 WlT,' d,,>t IllgIllshed 111 I'nll 1{llsl woro ws k ¡ (1 (Ií',~)

¡'Iu\'idc,> us 11'1111IllIs 1I1I1'0rl<lI11 n"kl\ce lr run \WII ,',11"

,'hrollllkr ••, l\larú;1 .u«] (;,)ll/"íIL¡ ll"l¡;uili, l-. ,V"I 11"'1\'

t h« :\I\(k, (/1/011/./11") was k no wn .tS 11/./1111),\ coca la""

COCA

\\'(1\1,'1\ "h,"/,,,h. /I/""M' 01' 1I1/l1I1II~) .md wa s ('('<'<'1:;111/,,'0

l.)' 1\\ l:tr¡;<, le.t""S, J\ \lTulld k ind 01 coca was ca llcd IlIlhl

('(lca (.liso w. Itl,'\I [//1/'., 01' //111/1"), Thls coca CIIlIl' 1'/011I

"los :1:111<>,>,".1'> lhe I'cruvia n cua .•t wu s t hcu k 110\\'11, a nd

d¡tkll'J 111Il' SIII:ti! Ic.ivrs .i nd l.cu cr [luvor , Ir was much,'sl'Tnll'd ;t"d IH"Slllll;¡bly u sed by t hc luca royalty: t hc

w ord "t upa " mc.i u-, "nohle" in (lllce'llua, t hc Incan

ia\lt(ll.lj,.:l'. Tia'!'" can bc 110 dOlllJ\ lhal '1IIp:/ IS Trujillo

IlIl':) 1',\clI l,,,by tll" n.t mc pn,lsls t or i hc pla nt in the

.u ca .11\",111<1TOllJdlo \I'crrc)'Lt t 976),

Trujrll« ,'\lC;1 IS morphologua lly surular (O (he

C"io \11!J ,,1 II \;11 oel)' of V l//JvIJKr,l"d/.'/IS': (val'. /lIJVO'

~/","/I(''',\,') l t dlffns sllghrly 111 bot h floral ano

lit.'gl'f.:llI\'" dl;II:ll'ILTS, ,111.1 sho\\', consulcr ablc morpho-

k,g¡Gli \anal>lll\ 111 .h l t crcur pa rt s 01' irs range, Trujillo

ÚIC~ l1I,tY 1\\ '¡I\II\lgu"ltl'd f ro m Co lo mbian coca 111

Ílallllo!:! s/ll;¡II,., OI.llI()\\l'O hUI sllgbtl>' t h ick cr lcaves ,

wn u l. :01 ma t uru v ,11' ;¡ 1'1.-11('0gOI'C/I 111color 111 ha bu , Ir

os ,t t r~, .!IU,1l hl;¡IIc'l, •.d vluu l. \111111.11't o ots Co lo mbia n

.ou nt . fJt.tl"I

L'h' t~"'lJllbl.lIl c"e. J\ld ,'\'('n lo .t grcatn CXIl'III,

Fir,ur.: l.é - 1'1.11It.ltilJll ,,1 Irujillu Coca, /:ry/lu(},\yl/llll 1/1/1''').: •.• III,'/''II.\(' v.u. t ru xtllrnvc, SIItJWlli~ the use ,,1 .1

kpllUillOllS sh.ulc 1r<:C, /I/(!./ [cuillci, Simbal, Dcp.uuucnt Lt Libcrt ad, I'cru (J'/OU'IJI,III soon». I'hu(()gral'h hy

!'¡!J \V 11Ian.

113 Vol. II(I-.l) janj uu , l~jY

PLOWMft,N

'1lllJlllo l'lILI silo\\", 10kIJIIl'l' lO JI"OUghl, \VIII,'" """I.IIIl'

liS ,un"C~sful cult rva uuu undcr dl'~l"fl ("\)"dlll(ll1> It

alwa ys 1"("I"II"C5 S(IIIll" Il"l"Ig<lllOIl írom 11r, ("l', '.

onglll.llllIg 1I1111('AIIJ('" IHII 11 lO, rcput cd 1" ,\q¡',l.Il\d

prulOl\gLlJ droughrs bci t cr t h.in Jn}' ot hrr l'flll' ."' r h«

coa st ,

Tha t Trujillo coca IS phY\lOlogll'ally acl;q,(('J 1(\

dcscr i co udu io ns IS supporlccl by ('vldnl(' h ('Il'

tra nspla nr cx pcr uncnt s. A J> •. ru via n :lgrOI\IJIIII,I, ll\g

Ro dolfo Co lla nt cs (1976), lIuJ(' largc 1'1<1111111[:"<)f

Tr uj rHo n)l'a nca r TlIlgll "'brí.1 111t hc I'nuvlall 11I/Jl/f,II/,.

Wit h in a lcw yc ars, t hcx« pla ni s ha d all IJt'l"JlII" wcaka nd Jlsl'as"d a ud 1ll0S1 01 ihcm drcd . S11111larlv, pl.uu. .)1F. <"(lC,' 1'1.11Il('J ncar ·llu)liI •• .urd III 1.1111,1dld !lO,

survrvc, cvrn wlu-u wdl wa ur cd .md pIOl('(:11'l1 1'''1111i l«:

uu c uxc SUII

"lrll)III" ,'0,';; IS 11<"-,"" t"ulld gro\\'lllg (lIIISI<I(' ot

rult iv.u rou , ,IIHl' u ""''':11<'' UP"I\ :11Ica st \ollle ,rrlg;¡llI)n

101 t'011l11\1Il"l1 vurviva l 1\1 t lu: dcscrt Tire """',h JIT

pa rt u ul.ulv ',lIt')('('1 lo JC:llh I,y (kSIl"CllIOll SllI.'l'lai ,a,,·mu st 1.>(' ia krn 10 krrp t lum 1I)()I<;l a ncl slLldnj 11)

seedlJccb 1,,1 gerllllnallOIl ()f all r hc dtlll\·:tlnl úH';¡\

Trujrl!« ("()! ,1 1, IlIIJ~r dej>t'nd( JlI. un huma n 1111,"\'el1ll'''1

t or 11, (UlIlIlllilllg ('XISlCIIl'(' ..111(.1ma v 1)(' Jl'Slgll,II"J as "

uur clIlllgl'll

1·.Cl' A 110 IL

A M1SS1Nt; UN"

l: (Ut',/ alld bUI h 1.'.1("1('11(" •..• ;~t l JJ{Ii·IJ,~rdJ/,l/( 11.\(' ,tiC

I'rl'>l'lJlly :tll"I'.1I1I(' ill t lurr .11'lrdJUlIClII', 111:[1" "Olh:

ovvur l¡¡h,'III"1 In r lu ,,:\111<',11"a." lIurc IS, Ihc:rd()I"(:, no

OppOl'lllllllY 101 n.u uru l hl'l,rldll.<IIItJlI IU la~t pían'

allho~:gi; il,,\ 1l1:t1 IIO\. h.rvr Ul'l'1I uuc 111t hc p:lst. ..\1

pn'sclJl, TrllJlilll ,,,,',1 1111he "\;¡J.Ji')<l1l Va llcv glows 11\

rcl:lll\'t'ly (I!!,,,' pr"XIIl1'I\ 1" pla nt.u io ns o í l: ¡"(J<',II'1

lile 111I;¡1i,lg;1\'tll"I' ,.Ii, I .1•.•· IS'll:llnl by die ,lrl'IlV

(·col"hll.'! ddll'Il'l)rn 1)('\\\1','1\ I,h,'\(' ,IIT;.~ ;ll1d !tI IIlgli

IlhJUl1lJlI1\ "'''\I'\¡ fUIlClI(l1l ,,\;¡ j¡,lI'fler ltl gell!' ,xdl:lllge

Howc, vr , 1hne Illay 1" ;11',,1'> 111 Ihe ,1 di largt'lv

unvx p lor cd 1('gloll01 1\(>[1",,'111I'nlJ whrr« 11I1l'rIIll'lJI.'l',

habu.u-, ar« t o u u i] and ",1t!T' Ih("',( 1\\'0 1'1:11)1';I11lgh'

CU'(,XI\:. "Y[,!"I(!> bt'l\\'l'l'1I 111("\1.woutd be CXI.l·deJ '1'

t lus a r cal.cu.uku . Iymg 111 Ih, k cv post! 1('11 l'l'!wn'¡;

C(lI"I\lIIl,1 ,lIld I't'I'lI, repITS('Ill\ " COI1SplCUOllSg:tp 111t h«

dlslr!lllllll>1I "t cult rv.u cc! ,'lIl'" \V,. k no w 111.11t<Jl".j

cuh iva uun a nd ,"It'a dH \VllIg .i rc \'('1') ;II1CII'III 1111·'U:'.!lIl

whrr « as 111,''''IOI)t'J 1':1rI It'l , t lu "ld,'\1 l'l'Idl"lll', ,-,f ':IIt;¡

di!' ,lIg !t,lo, heeu to u nd NUIIlr'I"'" ;\III!;I,I\ d."·I.cIIl"III

1Il1' \.'d\::t l'lll'\'dllg h.ivc Lrcu dl\l'Ü\'t'H:d 111 'C\Cl.tI

1-:(,\lad(III,11I :trrhl'ldogl";¡l I'h.I\n r"pil's<:llllIlg a ll lhlcl'

majlll' ,kll'I"I"lIl'IJl:d pnl..,,¡" (La t lu ap J '.I'f(" l Jro lct

C0CA

/

",!

"~

.'."r

f,r1

,to,

\\

\\

.'

\II,l•• ,

.&. 1 ~'Me"tt ••••

'-¡¡(Ufl 1.< Ervt broxvl u nt /W¡'ll).,rr,lI1t1tl'I/.\C var , t ru xil-tense _ I rll) illo Coca. Flowcrin¡,: hranch 01' plan!

cult IV,1( l,(1 at Colluruhay , Depart uu-nt La Libert ad, Peru

(Pl o unno n 560{¡), Photo graph by 'l. Plowrnan.

1 '1'14 Naru njo 1974: Meggn\

Tbc t!IS¡¡ppcarallc(' ni ! he

,¡d: ,)tI{ i,u:n fuliy t:XpIJIIII,'d

U'II'; '11, 'Ol(lllláí ,:r:' .;.,<1.•·.,ultccl t ro m ¡KrSe, ••t411d ,..:,'k,ia\la:al ',H'll'Iab

l'Jú61.

u-«: o! coca \Il Et'uadur hast ./J\.'J Ll1t"WllIg Pl·I."Sl('d up

Il~ cra dicatro n a ppar cnt lyU1c ha bu by gll\'l'fIlIllCnlal

\\'ho [ouud no cconormc

"<1V,I\lI~g( '1' t ne plan: as .h d t hc ir l'UUl1tnpJrt~ In Pcru,¡ .,'011 ''iS 1.1

Ir , i:kdv rhJ.r a .uvrrsu v 01' coca var rct rcs wa s once

r.r"wn '11 'hls CI'ologICJ.lty va ricd country, bur mosi of

III,'s" h,IV.' 1'10La blv bcrome e X t mct . Spccuuc 11' of E.

_" •.• 1 h:l"l hccn l'<.i1t'l'1C(.f al Sanagüín 011 t hc rnoist,wrxt cr n sl(!p('s ot r lu- An dc •. 11I Callar Provuicc. Coca

n'¡I'v~IIClJ) a pparcnt l y h.r-, a IOl\g lusror y al tlllS r cmo t e

1",';"" v (Cm dcro 191 1) Nn SpCClIIIl'IIS 01 t.. LlJc",I have

'"'l''' •.•dkncd in t h« (':I"ell) rnu nt atla 01" Ecuador. AnHIIUC\III)g lorm of 1: lJ()vo,~",III,II"/I,t! has rcccm Iv bcen,j,,,'o\·,'rcd In nort h wcstcrmuo s¡ Feuadt!r ¡¡iol\g l he

{,oi"mlnall bor dcr , whcrc rlaudcst inc ('''l'a clln"lng

CClIIIII,lIt'S alllong SUl\Ie l mh an glt!lIp', Tu Ill}' hno\\k,lgc,

114 Vol. 11(1-2) j uu-j un, 19iY

PLOWIJIJ\N

no coca h;t~ IJCcn OISCOV!:rCO or CoIlCC!ClJ in .llly 01 lit"!

pa rrs of lhe cou nt ry.Prc su ma bly , bot h spccics uf culnvate d coca wili he

f ound in ot hcr pans 01" Ecuador UJllll1 Iurr hcr scur chuip .lt 1'> possiblc t hat arcas cxist whcr« bot h '>pt:l:in II/'W

gruw IOgc¡hn ano whcrc t hcy possibl y hy br uhz c d In t h.

past . luuusrvc fre ld work is ncrdcd on bot h sl<in oí t h«

Ecu adorran Allde,> an d In the arid regiolls along t hr «()~!S¡

in or drr t o dOCUJl1Cnl what re mna 11I pupula uons 1111ghlSI ill ex 1St. Sud. col lcct Ion,> cou Id 1" oVhk t h(: lit ces~.!(~dar a for unruvchnj; t he carf y lIlSIOI)' ,,¡- cuca In dll~

IIllIH)("l:llll an d ccm rully loc arcd couru ry.

'ru i: OI<JGIN 01· ('OCA

Alt hough W(' ~,Irl l ha ve ver y hrnitcd dat a 011 ma nyaspc'Cl'> of dlCI .m d lis use, 1 would like lO off cr s ornc

t h o ught s on t hc pULa 1\ v r. ungllls aud carly !!VUIUllOII 01

t hc plant . AII t hc CUIIIV,ucd t orms of coca are IlIU,"

closc ly rc lat cd LOe ach ot he r t ha n lo any orher speClo :."Frvt bro xvlu m Thl\ suggnts llo.tl rhey arose fr om ;,co mmon gellell( st ock , Thcn prcseru diffcrcnces ha~crcsult e d from evoluuonary divergcncc 110m thc origiuaipr¡>¡-ursol, influelltt: d U~ artifiCial sclccuon anJ gra'dualad.rpt at ion hy hurnans 1,) ne w cnvironrne nts and¡(nI!!"!phu.al .nCI>

/I.I\t"d on rllorphology ,da! ionsuips to wild speClohreedlll¡! syslcrm .in d c':OiOglC.ll pararne rcrs. J:: ro ca maybe ,'lIfl'>ldClcJ t hc 1ll0S1 prllnlllve ot t he cultrvat cd cocas.'·rl.llll t lus spene" which ~1I11 bchaves hkc J wrld pldlll...111 •. ur ly [ or m 01" J:. llut'uxndWIi~I/_\i' could have IICen

dcr rvr d hy hu man SCIcUlOfl for chcmical t raits a nd fordroughl P:~"I~!ncc 111 1\l0H' .~t ru. cnvrronmcnrs. F.

n o rovrn nat rns« Lu er divcrgcd mt o lWU disunct vancr rcs

\\1111('J¡ .In: I!cClgr.q,hll:all v a nd 10 souu: cxt enr gcncr icall v

ISolaleo tro m c.ic h ot ncr roda v . l'rchrrunary studicsIlldlcatc t h at Ilü lh,lnges In chro mosome nurnber havcorcur rc d dUflllg llll~ process , all ,'OUI115 report e d so t aiglvc ¡¡ lhplo,Ú .iumbcr 211 ~. 24 (Plowman er al. 1Y78).

Tht foll,)wlllí( scenarro ou t hncs a hypothcr u.alve qucucc ot" CVCllI ~ íor 1he disco ver y .11)(1 uomcst rcar IOn

oi ""ea. L (lll.<' wa s ¡lrsl drsvovrrvd as a wild pl ant '"r.he 11/01/1"'1.' ,.1' !he cast crn Audc s possibly III eaSlCIJI

I'cru, whcre I1 orrgiualty c x rst cd as small scat tcrcdpopul.u rons. sumlar LO t he disuibu uon of rnany wilc..lspecics luday.

Afler lh/' Illvlgurallng cflcct, of lhe leal werc'dis(lJvnnl Ily ("<lrl)' hunle!"' dlld g;iI hu n~, peuplc ¡"T:.tllto consume lhe kavc~ In , ,r' 111< n:a,lng :lnIOUIII.,

I'lnulll,lul oníy wdJ pbnl~ WCll' h.lr\<:\led ;11 11"~I. :",:

~upphl"s 1:1 the \Vdd u':Lalllc lIl~lIí·jln •..nl to fllCl'l growllI¡:

Ilt'C.h. ;¡S knowkd¡;t' 01 c\lca's llH"dll:ll1:d and sllmulallHg(·nCCl~ \'¡cCal1K lIlore gcnerally k,wwII. In carl~

COCA

agricullur;d uuics. plaut s wcrc probahly transplarued[r om lhe wild nc arc r lo habu at ions su rhat a constant~upply o •. kaves would be available. Thus cornmenccd<:1'.;<1\ 1t1ng hisi ory as a cult ivat cd pl ant.

Simu h ancousl y , t he inlr cqucnt wild populatiousdwrn dlvd u nt il t hcy wc rc vin u a lly exterrninated byovcr-c x plou at ron. SubSnjUC1l1 pl;tllllllg of [he seedinsurc d conrinuat ion 01' t hc spccrcs In associatron wiihhumans Lxpausion of coca use and culuvation lJl ncwarcas III t hc mo ut aúa could have t ak e n place al t lus time.Sorne gCIK cx change was ma rru amc d bct wccn escapcdand mírc qucru wild plants throughout t he arca ofculrivat ion in rhe mlll/taña, thus prcvent ing complete:dornesuc at ion

Wllh rhr dcveloprnenr of agnndlun: and br oadcrculr u: al co nrac.t ~ among differcnt grou ps 01 Audeanpc"plt~, rOL a was carried to I1("W a ud varicd cnvirun-

rucnt s. I'his resultcd in the isol ariou and gradualdifkn nt rat ron o¡f disrinct [orms , uuludmg an ancestral1:' ""V0Y,TtllltlU"ISe In dricr h a l.u at x. This possibly,.l·_:;.ur~·t'Jrn nort hern Peru 9r sou rluru El'ua,dor, t hr ou ghan uu ermc drat e sunilar to prcseru Ja) Trujilro coca.Coiombian coca as wc know Ir toda y mav llavedevcíopcd sorucwhat lata in parual isolanun in thenorthcr u Andes In Colombia.

There I~ hrt lc evidcuce frorn arche ology tu sUPI'0rt¡hl:, ~ct"llai'rl' a n d Il would be pr csurupt uous cvcn to

,uggnt a 1une scale. Ot hcr in t crprct al ions are bothp'l:;o¡iblr .!fld u n drr consrdcrat rou , «spccially as IlCW

inforruatror- I;e::lumes a vailablc. Co mpr chensive inr e r-discrpl-nary siudies are now verv II1lJch III ordn rocorrelare data and expcrusc trom Illall)' :;cicnllflc uckls ,incíudiug borany , phy~lJ,,;hnllislry, ar chculogy. ClJ¡-

Ilology. ct h nolust ory , Ph.lll1ld':Ujog}·, human ph j's!uío~!'

and orhcrs. Only i.hrough such ;¡ cotlabora uve dlol 1willihe ~n;~ hisrorv ,)[ coca be rrvcalcd.

ACKNOWLEUGM¡'.NTS

Mosl. '.>1 thc research rcpor red In tlus plpcr wusI.'ol"dlld cd ;¡~ the Botarucal Museurn 01 Harv.u dUruvcr suv undu';t conu aci with tl«: U.S. Dcpar uuc nr 01AglICltilurl (No. 12-14' 1001 -.no, ICE. Schult cs ,princ ipal mvesrrgaror l. I arn g-r.lldul lO Dr. j arncs A.Du k,· ,l' rhe:: Agflcultural I{eseal ch ~trvlce .who rnaJelhl~ t'os~ibk. Post-dodoral fcllowshlp support was .lIso

r"\.lI\'t'J Irom ¡he Katharinc W. !\lkins ¡'unJ and theM.dt"" FunJ al Ibrvard Univcr~ily, WlllCh cn ••.bkJ me to

("t)1l1111111' :11:0 expand lhe proJl:Cl bl:gun undcr U.S.D.A.au-..pll.:c..:.,.

Mali" pcr~ons proviJeJ aSSiSlJnCC antl hO~P!LtllIy

dUllólg long pcriods 01' fidd wurk in Soulh AIllCflC;¡. Iwl.lldd lik,· LOthank espc'Cially lhe 101l0\\"IlIg; i\kpndrll

115 Vol. 11 ()·2) Jan·] u!l, )9 ¡g

PLOWMAN

ClSll',-,eda ¡'¡¡stor, Ernma Cer rut c dr Fcrr c yr a . I{od,dlo

Colla III n, Alcja ndro Cosla Spugaus. I{¡\ln':'" "Lllcyra

a nd Cerardo Lamas (Pcru ), Enr iquc Forvr «. j c su:

Idrobo , Robcr to Jaramillo a nd Cvrar do Rcrclul

Dolmatoft (Colombia), Thc followll1g st u dc ur-, allJ

hot a rust s hclpcd me wirh pla m collc<'llng, .i rid I .un

indcbtcd for t hcir u nt ir ing d'fon~ Wa dc I)a\''', Clcg

Edblom, Lec jacobs. Ikkll Kcruudy. Pa u l J.M. Ma.h,

José Schunk c Vigo an d Du ma n Vaugha"

Si ncr t hc h('gllllllllg 01' 1h I~ ~rudy , 1 havc I ccvrvcdinformarion. assista ncc a nd collaborauon , as well asspccuncns, from a largc nurnbcr ••1' mu-rcstcd collcagucs.

Amollg t hcsc, [he Iollo wrug havc rna de irnportant«ont nbut ions of [h<:1I time a nd cf í ort : Coburn Bcnnctt ,Ro dvr ick Burchard. Pcggy Le- ludler. Wendy Fishcr.

Fred Gandl'rs, Craig Grccnc , 130 Holrnstedt , Amhony

Hrnma n, Richard Martin, l a ur cnt Rrvier , Philhp Rur v,

Charles Sheviak. An drcw Wt'l1 and Pamela WrlL:lI11S 1

would also hk e 10 thank rhe rna ny colleagucs who ,,'¡¡d

COCA

!ht' manu scrrpt anJ olfcr cd hclpful suggestions andlrrlinSIllS, as wcll as rhe art ist 'l'eza Bates whocunurbut cd rhc Imc hnc drawrngs. Lasrly, l would like:,CI ('''pr<'" 111}' sinc cr c t ha nks 10 Professor Richard EvansSchulus of l larvar d UIlIVc.:rSIt y, wuhout whose en-

I ouragl'lllenl and gu,dancc this projcct would never havem. .•tcr.ahz ed.

NOTES

l. There has been much disagreement among

botarusts concuntng spelhng of [he generic narnc. SeePlowman (1976) for a discussion of the orthography ofbrytbroxylum.

2. Both varieties of E. nouogranateuse have equaltaxouornic status, •...or consisrcncy, the Colombian

vanc ty may be writtcn J:. nouograuat ense var.novogr.ntatcnse W distinguish u frorn var , tr uxilleuse, Ifr he varrerv narne is not wr ut en, thc torrner is

'Ir·íÍnstood

/{EFfRI:.NCESAnd,ew~, e & Solurnoll. [) (Ed~,\. 1975. tbe (.0'" I.Y~J ,m.i

( o catn¡ 1'",,,,.·, "'Ic.'W York. tbrcour! Urace lovanovich.'\Ilunymous, 197H, I'uú produce rrlóÍ, coca de la qu •.•se "c.:,,~ita

Ncwspapc:r ;ulld •., (.''''''''1, I\U¡:U.l 3. Lima. Per u.A "(01111, 1Y¡l!, ,\1.1"'" I.lIt'a. Loudou, Englanu; 1I¡¡.sk /.re e I're~,.Avulian (;,Il lIukc', .LA , Gcntnq. W A, & 1'~rns"ur¡h, 1\;,1l

1')74. CUOIO' .. ~'I\lent 01 t.rvt br.sx vl un: ~¡i"('I"s, [o ur na] ,,¡'l'I'"rll/"<I'/lII<'<II.'I"II'>lU·I· Vil;' (di 12), lY31l-IY39.

1I(:IIIil'~, K & Tr imcn. 1. tllKIl, t\-1"d,cl/I,,1 Ptam» Vol ¡ 40

r.oudon.Hu,d,,,,,), K,I:., ¡Y75, Co"" ,'he"",ng i\ new pC:ISp"UIV". in.

t<ul'III, V ([',01.) / ••"""b" lJ::<I (dI"'''. The Hague. MOUlO",lIU1á W III'J} . 'I'he- ,"h'~ plaal., in c'Jh'y-.¡¡ion, Pbarma.v nu-.»

IlIurll,,1 V(JI 22 !ll' I:<le!

lI\1rá \\" J ¡¡YO (lplHt'lkingcn over ,1<" onder den Num v••nt-rvtbrosyto» "ti •.,. rn nederlansch lndie gecutuvcerde

gc wa sse n I.'Y"'"'''''''' Vol. I H!~,;YII & 4.49-464.'. ,•• 1''''1\, \>I.~. 1')7 H, A,dl¡¡c.)lo¡;"al plant rernains lrom t he

''('lIlral cna"- 01 Pe'" \¡OWplJ f',,, 1M Vol. 10: ~6·31,

Collillllcs,l( )'.176. Per sona]co rrnnunuar ron.~,old(·n._J, I }&')11 "nulllcrUL'UJII HfI,J"u:41 de 1" rr.n ciputr.

1'/tUlf,Po tHI t)II/('~ <"JI'IIJ N(H·IVI.I~, I"dtxetla~ () 'Ac¡',nat.lJLls'-lul" ,\.' d~'JJ c« ;as ''''OV'"(:'U) del Azltoy y de l.anar. LUtIH:4

ll'A,<·y. W.( •. /'Ío Sc ha ncu , N. 1975. Er yt hrox ylaccac In:

W""d~", 1<.1', j r , Ii< Scher v. ¡(W. (E<l~.). Flo~a 01' Panamá

'\'l/llI/s "! lb" .~hs"'"r1I1",.II/1t·,,1 ,;",_ft'/1 Vol. 62; 21-33,\l/ukl, 1< )974, C04U<:'H" alld sh.\lllanism:· An analy~" ,,1' IÍ,,'

e'puli pIla"" ccra nuc lIl11dckJ f'gurin". trom rhe Ecuador ranno rt hcrll IllghlanJ" )lIlIr ••,,1 "1 tb« :-'tL'ward ·\l/tbropIJIIJ~/{.,1

'\"0'1"1)' vot S(2), 9') 121I>uk<', J.A .. Aulik , D. & PIIlWIlI.". 1'.175 Nurr n roual va luc 01

("tU:,.. 1'0/11111<"111 AIIISI'UJII I.nlJlt!'\ o/ t luruar J (.,-IlIVt"YHf)/ Vol.

.> '1. (,¡ ) I 3·\\ 9.

I n¡.::t'I. F. lYl)3. A prc.:l'l'ralllll" ~C:llknlt.:F11 ()n (he: ("C:llu;,d t.:oas( ot

1't:fU. A:\ia. unil 1. I ,.H/}••.lt IItJIt!) tI! flJ(· A IIJC:"""¡U l~b,I{}.\(Jpb·

1<'I,I.\II<I,'ly Vol. ~ 3(3 l: 77E.pine! Ov,dl<:. (;, & (;lIllllá" I'~rr~, 1 1')} l. Chrul/l:llu¡:.apli,c

lié:pi1al iO/l and dererrruuauo u 01 a lka lo ids 01 Frvt bro xylu m~>Otd var flUlI'}J(f'a"a1c-1J\1'" !\.CJ¡"',, C()ItJlJlÚIJII~ J~ {.,eIU"I,n

Q"'~"",,,)/ t-armacekuca» Vo! ¡(4), 95-/ IH"'pillOs.., N, 197'5, PlIndi: 'l csoros illl.l1gcna~ y .rh<llrlO' de coca.

!'o:(w,,,apc' aructc. V~A, No z i z. Novemuer II·U. lJ"g()t~,CoI()mo¡.:

F..:rn.:.\-",! ~, ! 9--;6. P("150na: {\."'lr!1\JUIt:d.tlon.

Gen! roer. W.A, 197 2. I'he g,'"'' Ervrbro xylurn in Columbía,(rt_I"'dp"" Vol. 1(-1-)' 481554

(;nnsl")\I!·. " & liakal¡r. J.15. ]')'10. v.acutur .4 IJru¡( wnd ,IS

."UJ ••.•w¡ !-."t!!i/WIJVII. Ncw York "...•••". Uv(lks, lncl."¡(t~nr:L ''';OClCga. e lI< '011 Ib¡:<Il. II.W, 1951 Cuc·. rne

11l;unst1lY o\" an l!t.hJúus Ilallv<: liff.: In the Andes 1:( lJI101l1lt.'

HuI.,,, Veo, 5i21. 145152\';utié •.r~~-"'(,)llellt •. ., /l< von Ha~<:n, V,W, ¡'s,SO The <uunge case

01111é' ':()~a leaL 'toe :'(10'/111/" .~IO/ltbly Vol. /O(.!) Hl·HY.¡'¡.el?lIau~t, I{, 1961>. t,bemoWAollomu der i't tanz rn. Vol. .;

)+\15 & 454-455 Hasr;: ll"l<hluscr Verlag,i'Cgll;¡IIC1, R, 1964 i,/km",,,,.HI1ICJlme de, "'JIlJTl~<''' V,,!. j: 37

HOlScI-¡lirk hauscr Verlag.l'egllllU('(, R. ¡¡, hl(l,n~ch"r" L.K 1960 Unt cr su chu ngen mi!

""y,lJw.\'ylum ,'(I,'a Larn. Pbarmaceutrce Ana l l cl uct uir Vol.,;s, ,">3-6'"

Hiero nymus. G, 11195. Planr ae Lehrnanmanac In CuaLr:ma!a,

Costa",'a. Colombia "1 Ecuador' collect ae HOI"'lISche

jab,büeht'r 20, lIeiblau 49 3SHohue s. )·"M. 1910. No!,' (1ft ,,·O-.Ol leaves. Pbarmare uuca! [ournat

Vol. 115 736-737Holrnes. E,M, 1901 The hOl<l nica I sourccs 01' coca leal/es,

Pborntaccut tcal [ournu! \'01 66: j-4 & 111·11211011 ncs, F.M. 1892. Th« commci cial var iet ic-, of cuca leavcs.

J'/.o,lrllh" eut icat .IoJurllai Vol 2.~. 1174·1175.Ho lmsr cdr . ti.; JUllllaa. E" Lcande r , K. & Plowma n, T 1')77,

Dct cr rruuat ion 01 cocainc rn vorne Sout h Amcr ican 'pCI:ln of

I:rylbm.\yl/lw u.m); m;¡" fragmenlO¡(I';¿phy. l'hyIU'-/"'/I/1.\lry

Vul. lb 1753-1755.

Ilollllslnh. B,¡ Lindgr •.n, J,·E,; Klvier, L. & Plowmall, T. IY79,

116 Vol. Il( 1·2) Jan·] un, 1979

'LOWMAI>I

Cocaine il\ b loo d oí coca chewcrs. JOI//'II.1I ,,/ 1,lln"'/,/ .',,,, l.1

co/"XY Vol. 1: 6\'.-711.Larna rck , J.II. de. 17116. Flnydo p,fJí,' MI'I/)oJ'qlll' IIUI.IIII,/"

Vol. 2: 392-39-4. Par is. Pauckouck e.Lanuing, E.I'. 1967. f'''YII Bef ore tb« I ,,,.¡;¡; , Englewoo.I Ui!',

New Jersey: Prenrice-Hall,Lathrap, O. W~ 1976. Ancicnt Ecu ador Cult urc, /.I"Y .' ".1

Crcatiuu y, 30UO' 3UU U.c.:. Chicago , l llinoi«. hdd I\\U,"':II

of Nat ural-Hisi ory.Le611, LA. 1952. l list or ra y ext inción dd co c••.fsmo ':11 e '

Ecuador, sus resultados. -""Hlnw 11I.J':~t'Il.J Vol. 12(1): 7-.>1MaclJride, ).F. 194-9. Lr yt hrox ylace ar. l-lor a of Peru. J-¡,id

Mu~cl/'" o] Natural tIJnory H.,¡"·,, .. II -,,,nes Vol 15, Par

3(2): 332-347.Machado, CE. 1\172. El grnl"ro E'yth,oxylnll en el Ped'

H"-ylll()IlJ/UIlO Vol. 5.5-101.Martin, K.T. 1\170. Thc role oi ello IIJ \ '\(' luslUry Id;gIC\f1

medicine 01' South American ln.:hatls .. ,., cno m:r /j •• !.JII. \"

24(4): 422-4Jd.Mrgger., n.J 1966 1,(I/uJoI "le 1'. O'Í< 1', ·'~r'Morros, D. 1119u. 011 t he (h",a,·tu',';··'·; 01 p" "tri.:luúcd t.,'.;':.

t.rys bro xylum C()ul Lam j..lld.:; "i){' ¡.!/"'(·~" \()C;t'!'\' \'.,

2S 381·3114. t'

MMris, D 1889. Coca. \,·u, U'!I!, 'l', II¿,: i!5, ,,13MO'¡¡nlcr, W.G.l\lOl.III,wry'oj (d' t~"'\i York J.I1. V'I

':P.N.'.oJo, P. 1')7.\. El ¡·"c·Ai,m,· e.u r: ": .• u.,rig~fll." .ie :;'jj

Ami: r ica Su dlfll,ión y ,.',C.JlC:¡Of' <", d Ecuador. i\ wh!I/J/~." ••, V,.!. 34(3) t,,05·é-!!-I.·nu. t./ M. 19{1"l. j;¡¡IlI::l~ •..·I:;trt·/ld •.n"\i \!,j,nd;4's J)i:"'¡·."I.~/i'·

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