LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$ … · Warwick University ELITH – Energy and Low Income...

Warwick University ELITH – Energy and Low Income Tropical Housing

Chris Butters Kampala, 27-28 April 2016

The$University$$of$Warwick

LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$REDUCING$ENERGY$USE$AND$CLIMATE$EMISSIONS$$

STATE$OF$THE$ART$AND$NEW$DIRECTIONS$$Chris$Bu7ers,$Warwick$University,$UK$Kampala,$27?28.2016$$1.   THREE$UNDERLYING$QUESTIONS$2.   SUSTAINABLE$DESIGN$:$STATE$OF$THE$ART$3.   FIVE$EMERGING$AREAS$4.   DYNAMICS$OF$CHANGE$5.   CONCLUDING$REMARKS$

1. THREE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS UNDERLYING THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM: - 1a. DEFINING LOW INCOME / POVERTY - 1b. ABSOLUTE REDUCTIONS OR AVOIDED IMPACTS - 1c. DEFINING COMFORT / STANDARDS




LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$REDUCING$ENERGY$USE$AND$CLIMATE$EMISSIONS$$

STATE$OF$THE$ART$AND$NEW$DIRECTIONS$$Chris$Bu7ers,$Warwick$University,$UK$




LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$$ENERGY$USE$AND$CLIMATE$EMISSIONS$$

1a.$DEFINING$POVERTY$:$?$GNP$or$GNH$?$

1b.$ABSOLUTE$REDUCTIONS$VERSUS$AVOIDED$IMPACTS$!

In$order$to$improve$life$quality,$the$poorest$must$have$access$to$and$consume$MORE$energy$and$resources.$But$by$using$the$best,$lowest$impact$soluYons,$their$development$impact$could$be$limited$to$1:2$kW/cap$(low$/$eco)$instead$of$growing$(b.a.u.)$towards$present$western$levels$of$4:7$kW/cap.1b.$

Consumerism$and$”overdevelopment”$

2000$ 2050$ 2100$

The!rich!!4)7!kW/cap!

AVOIDED!IMPACTS!

The!poor!!100)300!W/cap!

4$

3$

2$

1$

5$radical!downscaling!

reduced!growth!6$

low!/!eco!

b.a.u.!



Improved$low$cost,$low$environmental$impact$housing$soluYons$:$$:will$increase$land$use$(more$space$per$person)$(but$e.g.$double$storey$may$help)$$

:can$possibly$enhance$biodiversity$(given$green$site$planning)$$

:will$increase$energy$and$climate$impacts$(more$ameniYes)$(unless$all$renewable)$$

:will$generally!increase$costs$at$the$lowest$levels$(more$space$and$ameniYes)$$

:will$improve$health$and$wellbeing$at$all$levels$$

$:at$slightly$higher$income$levels,$they$may$reduce$energy$use$and$climate$impacts$

whilst$not$increasing$costs$

$

The$key$for$our$program$is$therefore$avoided!impacts!compared$to$a$”normal”$development$and$growth$trends.$The$poorest$need$more$resources;$absolute$reducYons$are$relevant$mainly$in$developed$economies.$$$

1b.$ABSOLUTE$REDUCTIONS$OR$AVOIDED$IMPACTS$?$



Sustainability$Value$Map$–$Chris$Buders$

Our$main$focus$is$indoor$environment,$but$outdoor$urban$environment$is$also$a$major$factor$in$health$and$comfort.$$

It$is$recognised$that$there$are$no$absolute$or$universal$norms$for$comfort.$Adap%ve(comfort(is$important.$Non?automated,$user$controlled$systems$can$lead$to$saMsfacMon$with$lower$energy$use.$$$

High$requirements$such$as$WHO$norms$are$expensive$and$unlikely$to$be$provided$for$the$lowest$income$groups.$To$have$a$realisMc$chance$of$being$applied,$what$very(low(cost$soluMons$are$available?$SoluMons$for$the$poor$could$be$seen$in$rela%ve$terms$of$“major$improvements”$to$current$living$condiMons,$rather$than$aiming$for$absolute$levels.$‘$$Are$slightly$lower$IAQ$and$comfort$standards$acceptable$for$the$poorest$sectors,$and$if$so,$how$to$define$this?$

$$

1c.$DEFINING$COMFORT$:$STANDARDS$FOR$LOW$INCOME?$





2. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN: STATE OF THE ART

From the 1970s until today

The!first!zero!energy!house,!Denmark,!1974!

The!first!passivhaus!level!houses,!Canada,!1979!

Plus!energy!houses,!Freiburg!Germany!2004!www.rolfdisch.de!!

Gaia+4$Norsk$

Source: http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-CR-1044-98/pvres4.htm

Isocyanurate$…NOT$low$energy$or$healthy$materials!$



ZEB$(zero$energy)$house,$Florida,$USA.$$$

Energy$reducMons$$over$70%$+$20%$supplied$from$PV$Typical$technological$focus,$high?tech$materials$Wasteful$space$use.$ReflecMve$roof,$big$roof$overhangs.$Embodied$energy/carbon$is$NOT$addressed$at$all$

EXAMPLES$OF$SUSTAINABLE$DESIGN$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$$1.$FLORIDA$$Main$focus:$building$envelope$and$services$technology$$Adding$photovoltaics$to$reduce$the$energy/carbon$impact.$$Only$a$few$«passive»$features$No$a7enMon$is$paid$to$embodied$energy/carbon.$

Sustainability$Value$Map$–$Chris$Buders$ Warwick University ELITH – Energy and Low Income Tropical Housing


EXAMPLES$OF$SUSTAINABLE$DESIGN$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$$2.$SRI$LANKA$$Main$focus:$building$envelope$and$services$technology$$Adding$photovoltaics$to$reduce$the$energy/carbon$impact.$$Only$a$few$«passive»$features$No$a7enMon$is$paid$to$embodied$energy/carbon.$

Nikini building, Sri Lanka Annual$energy$use:$89$kWh/m2,$of$$which$60$PV$Embodied$energy/carbon$is$NOT$addressed$Roof$mounted$PVs$are$added$on,$NOT$integrated$A$range$of$technological$features$(see$below)$Rainwater$harvesMng$and$daylighMng$also http://www.mrt.ac.lk/archi/staff_upra.html

Shading(to(minimise(incidence(of(solar(radia%on(Can%levered(floor(plates(for(shading(on(windows(Automated(solar(sensi%ve(double(skin(envelope((Envelope(dependant(day(ligh%ng(poten%al(High(thermal(mass(for(walls(and(ceilings(Mo%on(sensi%ve(ac%ve(and(task(ligh%ng(system(VAV(air(condi%oning(systems(Building(energy(management(system(



3.$FIVE$CUTTING$EDGE$AREAS$$$

3a.Natural$climaYsaYon$$

In$our$cold$climates,$natural$venYlaYon$was$widely$seen$as$“idealisMc$dreaming”$20$years$ago.$Natural$/$hybrid$venMlaMon$soluMons$are$now$seen$to$be$much$more$widely$applicable$than$was$thought.$.$$$

The$use$of$passive$climaMsaMon$is$generally$somewhat$easier$in$hot?dry$than$in$hot?humid$climates.$$

Vanse!School,!Norway:!natural!venUlaUon,!GAIA!architects!

Enhanced!stack!effect!venUlaUon,!Global!Ecology!Center,!Washington!

Advanced!natural!!venUlaUon!–!African!termite!mounds!

The!Malay!House,!ill.!Lim!Jee!Yuan!



3a.$Natural$climaYsaYon$(continued)

The!wind)induced!venUlaUon!tower’s!extracUon!flow!rate!is!10,000!m3/h!at!external!wind!velocity!of!0.1!m/s.!With!the!same!external!wind!velocity,!it!produces!average!of!57!ACH!(air!changes!/!hour).!(!source:!Empirical!study!of!a!wind)induced!natural!venUlaUon!tower!under!hot!and!humid!climaUc!condiUons!(Haw(et(al,(Malaysia,(Energy(and(Buildings(52((2012)(

With$advanced$natural$venMlaMon$design,$high$air$change$rates$can$be$achieved,$even$with$low$incident$wind$speeds.$Case$study$with$CFD$modelling$from$Malaysia.$



3a.Natural$climaYsaYon$(conMnued)$More!opUons!in!hot)dry!climaUc!zones!than!in!the!hot)humid!tropics!(ill.:(BuKers)(



3b.$Embodied$Energy$/$Carbon$

Post)use!impacts!of!recycling!composite!materials!(RC)!

OperaUonal!versus!embodied!energy:!!The!part!of!embodied!energy!is!growing!and!can!be!over!50%!of!total!lifeUme!energy!on!advanced!sustainable!buildings((((source.(Sartori/Hestnes,(Energy(and(Buildings(39).(




No.$ Building$type$ Main$materials$ EC$$

kgCO2e/m2$%$of$which$

concrete+steel$$$

$$ $$ $$ $$ $$A$ Large$buildings,$UK$ concrete,$steel,$glass$ 700?1200$ 60?80$B$ Large$buildings,$China$ concrete,$steel,$masonry$ ca.$600$ ca.$70$C$ Typical$low$rise$housing$UK$ concrete$base,$masonry$ 450?550$ ca.$75$D$ 4$storey$block,$low$energy,$

Sweden$$concrete,$blocks,$Mmber$ 274$ 58$

E$ House,$passivhaus,$UK$2003$ mix,$low$carbon$ 230$ ca.$60$F$ nZEB?eco$house,$Norway$2013$ Mmber$products,$RC$slab$ 140$ 40$G$ TradiMonal$houses,$Thailand$ lightweight$on$slab$ 70?100$ ca$60$$$Sources:$A,$C,$E,$(RICS$QS$&$ConstrucYon$Standards,$2012);$B,$(Xiaocun$Zhang$and$Fenglai$Wang,$2015);$D,$(Dodoo,$Gustavsson$and$Sathre,$2009);$F,$(xx4$authors,$2016);$G,$(Chiarakorn$et$al.,$2015).$

TYPICAL$FIGURES$::$EMBODIED$CARBON$Examples!of!embodied!carbon!(EC)!in!some!building!LCA!studies.!!from:!Bueers/Cheshmehzangi,!Applied!Energy!2016!

$kilde:$GAIA$Lista$

Emissions$of$CO2e$for$two$standard$soluYons$for$the$same$building$funcYon$and$at$similar$cost:$$internal$wall$framing$using$steel$or$Ymber.$$$

Source:$GAIA$architects,$Norway$




Steel:$six$Ymes$more$embodied$carbon$than$Ymber$

BURDEN ON CLIMATE PER SQ.M of DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS



Art$gallery,$Singapore$Botanical$Gardens$$

Zero$$net$energy$(mostly$PVs),$and$with$Hempcrete$insulaYon$for$hot$humid$climates$:natural,$healthy,$low$embodied$energy$


New$materials:$an$example$from$Asia:$

The$cellulose$based$/$vegetal$materials$(A:E)$have$far$lower$climate$impact$



Lilac$Cohousing,$England$–?clay,$straw$Earth$house,$Chiang$Mai,$Thailand$$

Modern$earth$house,$CLC$Thailand$Modern$earth$house,$Austria$




Modern$earth$and$thatch,$West$Africa$Modern$earth$house,$USA$India,$naturally$cooled$microclimate$$

Modern$earth$and$reed$house,$Africa$

3b.$Housing$and$Embodied$$Energy$/$Carbon$



3b.$Embodied$Energy$/$Carbon$Urban!residenUal!block,!Ningbo,!China:!!extremely!high!embodied!carbon!NB!)!including!for!the!urban!site!works!almost!no!energy!efficiency!measures!Poor!social!qualiUes,!gated!«islands»!!Source:!Bueers/Cheshmehzangi,!ELITH!



3c.$District$/$Urban$Scale$

Urban!Heat!Island!and!Green!Spaces:!!

Cooling!effect!of!parks:!a(comparison(of(sec%on(views(of(scenarios(with(woods((top),(without(woods((middle),(and(with(buildings(replacing(woods((boKom).((Source:(Chen(Yu,(Wong(Nyuk(Hien,(Thermal(benefits(of(city(parks,(Energy(and(Buildings(38(

Urban!Heat!Island!Effect!)!UHIE!!

Green!Infrastructures!for!an!improved!urban!microclimate!



3c.$DISTRICT$ENERGY$SOLUTIONS$$

Urban$district$cooling$(and$heaYng)$soluYons$

Singapore Marina Bay DCS$

Also in hot-humid climates Primary energy can be reduced by 50-80%

Palm Jumeirah DCS$





Spree River District, central Berlin Seasonal Energy Supply System$

Aquifer storage

District heating and cooling with seasonal storage of cold and heat

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

16.000

18.000

20.000

power heat cooling

MWh/akindergartenunderground develop. systemaquifer storeMarie-E. Lüders buildingPaul Löbe buildingJakob Kaiser buildingReichstag building

Annual net energy demand(prediction)

Maximum energy demand(prediction)

0

2.000

4.000

6.000

8.000

10.000

12.000

14.000

power heat cooling

kW

Sustainability$Value$Map$–$Chris$Buders$

DISTRICT$COOLING$for$hot$climate$ciYes:$

Compare$recent$major$ship$to$DHS$(district$heaYng)$in$cold$climates$$Economies$of$scale$Avoids$retrofirng$Avoids$(counteracts)$the$urban$heat$island$effect$Standard,$simple$technology:$pumps,$heat$exchangers$Up$to$85:90%$reduced$elecricity$Can$provide$heat$source$as$well$where$cold$winters$Very$economical$where$feasible$Greatly$reduces$climate$emissions$$Requirements:$Deep$water$source$(oceans,$deep$lakes)$OR$underground$$Large$scale$infrastructure$planning$






3d.Biomaterials$$

SyntheMc$materials$are$open$carbon$intensive$as$well$as$polluMng,$and$some$present$health$hazards.$Most$polymers$(plasMcs)$are$based$on$fossil$fuels.$$$

Very$early$plasMcs,$such$as$Bakelite,$were$made$from$maize.$Plant$materials$can$be$refined$into$insulaMon,$building$panels$and$more.$The$EU$is$devoMng$considerable$a7enMon$to$this$field.$Cellulose?based$industries$and$biomaterials$are$a$fast$growing$new$industrial$sector.$$$

Tropical$countries$have$a$wide$range$of$natural$fibres$and$plant$materials$that$can$be$processed$into$eco$building$materials.$Many$have$been$researched,$but$for$other$purposes,$such$as$texMles.$Sisal,$kenaf,$hemp,$co7on,$straw$and$other$cellulose$derivaMves$are$amongst$these.$Developing$countries$should$focus$major$efforts$to$this.$$

Ecology!of!Building!Materials!)!Bjorn!Berge!!transl.(Chris(BuKers(GAIA(Norway.(2nd(ed.,(Elsevier(/(Architectural((Press(,(UK(2009(

Cellulose,!paper,!recycled!texUles,!(wool!+!coeon,!no!glues)!



3d.Biomaterials$$

Replacing$syntheYc$polymers$with$bioplasYcs$

ProducUon!and!life!cycle!of!PVC!–!very!energy!intensive!and!hazardous!components!and!by)products,!including!dioxins!

«Natural»,!low!carbon!building!products!are!becoming!available!(examples:!Germany,!UK)!



3e.Sustainable$consumpYon$–$the$human$factor$$

More$and$more$post?occupancy$(POE)$surveys$and$analyses$are$showing$that$low$energy$buildings$are$open$failing$by$a$long$way$to$achieve$the$expected$results.$There$is$now$more$focus$in$design$as$well$as$in$policy,$on$the$behavioural$aspects$of$energy$use$and$climate$emissions.$

Electricity!use:!huge!variaUons!in!idenUcal!houses,!Albertslund,!Denmark,!show!the!importance!of!behavioural!issues!

Sustainable!living:!ecocommuniUes!have!1/3!of!the!resource!footprint!

Minna$Sunikka?Blank$&$Ray$Galvin$:$Introducing(the(prebound(effect:(the(gap(between(performance(and(actual(energy(consump%on$BRI$40:3((2012):((Post!occupancy!experience!from!thousands!of!buildings!in!European!countries!shows!that!the!result!of!a!narrow!technical!focus!may!be!far!less!energy!savings!than!expected,!and!a!far!longer!payback!Umes!for!consumers!than!promised!

Low$Impact,$Low$Cost$Sustainable$Housing:$$Hypotheses$for$most$appropriate$soluYon$paths$(nb:$for$new$build)$

1950$

$low$cost$by$self$build$$

RURAL$$$$>$$>$$$$ URBAN$SUB:URBAN$$$$>$$>$

supply$side$focus$(RES)$$

indigenous$soluYons$$

demand$side$focus$$

high$tech$soluYons$$

collecYve$scale$systems$$

local$materials$$





Urban$residenYal$choices$:$?$European$Eco$Housing$districts:$low?dense,$with$integrated$energy,$water,$waste,$transport$soluMons $ $ $$



4.$Processes$of$change$

Looking$at$the$dynamics$and$processes$of$change,$sustainable$building$and$urban$development$almost$everywhere$has$idenMfied$and$pursued$four$difficult$but$essenMal$processes$?$summed$up$as$follows:$$>>$$from$segregated$spaYal$zoning$of$ciYes$to$mixed$use$districts$$

>>$$from$specialisaYon$to$integrated$design$and$planning$:$also$a$key$to$lower$costs$$

>>$$from$uncontrolled$construcYon$to$voluntary$energy$efficiency$guidelines$to$mandatory$standards$and$codes$for$environmental$quality$$

>>$$from$private:public$contradicYons$to$a$win:win$modus$with$beder$cooperaYon.$$All$of$the$above$have$been$the$subject$of$very$major$efforts$and$important$ships$in$policy,$planning$and$pracMce$in$industrialised$countries.$


Chris Butters Kampala, 27-28th April 2016


LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$REDUCING$ENERGY$USE$$AND$CLIMATE$EMISSIONS:$STATE$OF$THE$ART$AND$NEW$DIRECTIONS$Chris$Buders,$Warwick$University,$UK$:$Bangkok,$24.03.2016$

$SUSTAINABLE$HOUSING:$$FIVE$IMPORTANT$FOCUS$AREAS$FOR$PLANNING$AND$POLICY:$$:::NATURAL$CLIMATISATION$:::EMBODIED$ENERGY$/$CARBON$:::DISTRICT$and$URBAN$SCALE$ENERGY$SOLUTIONS$:::BIOMATERIALS$:::BEHAVIOURAL$ASPECTS$$$Thank$you$

LOW$INCOME$HOUSING$IN$HOT$CLIMATES:$ … · Warwick University ELITH – Energy and Low Income...

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