LOWER COLORADO AGRICULTURE...Mexico 1.5 MAF: 16% Nevada Agriculture 0.75 MAF: 8% Nevada Cities 0.31...
Transcript of LOWER COLORADO AGRICULTURE...Mexico 1.5 MAF: 16% Nevada Agriculture 0.75 MAF: 8% Nevada Cities 0.31...
REIMAGINING LOWER COLORADO AGRICULTUREContext & Solutions for the Restoration of Colorado River EcosystemsJames Powell LA602 Landscape Design : Natural Processes Winter 2012 Prof. Jessica Hall
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT OVERVIEW
GOALImprove ecological and human health through revised agricultural practices in the Lower Colorado River watershed.
OBJECTIVESRestore water to the Colorado River Delta.
Reduce toxicity in the Salton Sea.
Identify alternatives to current crops and agricultural land use.
Encourage a market for healthier and more geographically-appropriate California foods.
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
STUDY AREASDavis Dam
Laguna Dam
Parker Dam
Hoover Dam
Morelos Dam
Imperial Dam
Whitewater River
San Gorgonio River
Coachella Canal
Utah
Arizona
California
Nevada
BajaCalifornia Sonora
Colorado River Delta
Salton Sea
Alamo R
iver
New River
Havasu / Mohave Lakes
Low
er C
olor
ado
Lower Gila
Colorado River
Lake Mohave
Lake Mead
Lake Havasu
MexicaliValley
Imperial Valley
Yuma and Gila
Palo Verde Valley
Coachella Valley
All American Canal
Colorado River Aqueduct
0 50 10025 Miles
i
N
Legend Farmland
Remediation Sites
Dams
Streams
Aqueducts
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
PROJECT OVERVIEW!
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California
Arizona
Sonora
Baja California
Parker Dam
Laguna Dam
Imperial Dam
Colorado River Delta
Salton Sea
Colorado River
Danby Lake
Lake Havasu
Imperial ReservoirFerguson Lake
Alamo R
iver
New R
iver Im
peria
l Res
ervo
ir
Lower
Colo
rado
Yuma
Indio
Niland
Blythe
Calexico
San Luis
El Centro
Palm Springs
Lake Havasu City
Mexican Agriculture
Imperial Valley
Yuma and Gila
Palo Verde ValleyCoachella Valley
All American Canal
Colorado River Aqueduct
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LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
REGIONAL FLOWS
0 50 10025 Miles
Davis Dam
Laguna Dam
Parker Dam
Hoover Dam
Morelos Dam
Imperial Dam
Whitewater River
San Gorgonio River
Coachella Canal
Utah
Arizona
California
Nevada
BajaCalifornia
SonoraColorado River Delta
Salton Sea
Alamo R
iver
New River
Havasu / Mohave Lakes
Low
er C
olor
ado
Lower Gila
Colorado River
Lake Mohave
Lake Mead
Lake Havasu
MexicaliValley
Imperial Valley
Yuma and Gila
Palo Verde ValleyCoachella Valley
All American Canal
Colorado River Aqueduct
i
1.1 MAF
Intermittent InflowWaste & Runoff
3.8 MAF
1.5 MAF
0 AF
N
Legend Farmland
Remediation Sites
Dams
Streams
Aqueducts
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
WATER USAGE
Arizona Agriculture
1.075 MAF: 12%
Arizona Cities 1.606 MAF: 18%
California Agriculture 3 MAF: 33%
California Cities 0.907 MAF: 10%
Mexico 1.5 MAF: 16%
NevadaAgriculture
0.75 MAF: 8%
Nevada Cities 0.31 MAF: 3%
Lower Colorado Water Use by State
Agriculture 4.825 MAF
63%
Municipal/Industrial2.823 MAF
37%
Lower Colorado Water Use by Type
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
300,000
Imperia
l & C
oachella
Valley
308,000
Southern
Neva
da Wat
er Auth
ority
504,032
Colorado R
iver I
ndian R
eserv
ation
508,400
Yum
a County
Water U
sers
’ Ass
ociatio
n
556,000
Wellton-M
ohawk Ir
rigat
ion and D
rainag
e
Fort Yu
ma I
ndian R
eserv
ation
716,161
Colorado R
iver I
ndian R
eserv
ation
716,800
MWD and/o
r Los A
ngeles Are
a
1,100,000
Central A
Z Wat
er Conse
rvat
ion Dist
rict
2,980,000 3,850,000
Palo Ve
rde/Im
perial V
alley/Y
uma
Top 10 Lower Colorado Diversions (Total 11.54 Million Acre-Feet/Year)
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
DIVERSIONS
Arizona Agriculture
1.075 MAF: 12%
Arizona Cities 1.606 MAF: 18%
California Agriculture 3 MAF: 33%
California Cities 0.907 MAF: 10%
Mexico 1.5 MAF: 16%
NevadaAgriculture
0.75 MAF: 8%
Nevada Cities 0.31 MAF: 3%
Lower Colorado Water Use by State
Agriculture 4.825 MAF
63%
Municipal/Industrial2.823 MAF
37%
Lower Colorado Water Use by Type
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
300,000
Imperia
l & C
oachella
Valley
308,000
Southern
Neva
da Wat
er Auth
ority
504,032
Colorado R
iver I
ndian R
eserv
ation
508,400
Yum
a County
Water U
sers
’ Ass
ociatio
n
556,000
Wellton-M
ohawk Ir
rigat
ion and D
rainag
e
Fort Yu
ma I
ndian R
eserv
ation
716,161
Colorado R
iver I
ndian R
eserv
ation
716,800
MWD and/o
r Los A
ngeles Are
a
1,100,000
Central A
Z Wat
er Conse
rvat
ion Dist
rict
2,980,000 3,850,000
Palo Ve
rde/Im
perial V
alley/Y
uma
Top 10 Lower Colorado Diversions (Total 11.54 Million Acre-Feet/Year)
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
IMPERIAL COUNTY
Davis Dam
Laguna Dam
Parker Dam
Hoover Dam
Morelos Dam
Imperial Dam
Whitewater River
San Gorgonio River
Coachella Canal
Utah
Arizona
California
Nevada
BajaCalifornia Sonora
Imperial County
Colorado River Delta
Salton Sea
Alamo R
iverNew R
iver
Havasu / Mohave Lakes
Low
er C
olor
ado
Lower Gila
Colorado River
Lake Mohave
Lake Mead
Lake Havasu
MexicaliValley
Imperial Valley
Yuma and Gila
Palo Verde Valley
Coachella Valley
All American Canal
Colorado River Aqueduct
0 50 Miles 25
i
N93%
3% 4%
value
Imperial Valley
Palo Verde Valley
Yuma and Gila
93%
3% 4%
value
Imperial Valley
Palo Verde Valley
Yuma and Gila
93%
3% 4%
value
Imperial Valley
Palo Verde Valley
Yuma and Gila
Land Area
93%
3% 4%
value
Imperial Valley
Palo Verde Valley
Yuma and Gila
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
IMPERIAL COUNTY
$0
$1,000,000
$2,000,000
$3,000,000
$4,000,000
$5,000,000
$6,000,000
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
1910 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Land and Value of Farms
All-American Canal (1942)
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
SUBSIDIES
$20,000,000,000Domestic Subsidies
$1,000,000,000Export Subsidies
$240,242,000To California Farms
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
SUBSIDY DISTRIBUTION
Feed grains,mostly corn
35%
Cotton 18%
Wheat 15%
Rice 14%
Soy 8%
EverythingElse 10%
Farm Subsidy Distribution
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
CALIFORNIA SUBSIDIES
Total subsidies$19,990,000
$21,064Avg/Farm
Farms withsales of
$100K-250K
Total subsidies$98,646,000
$59,821Avg/Farm
Farms withsales of
$1-5 million
Average net income of CA farms: $98,518
Total subsidies$36,607,000
$84,542Avg/Farm
Farms withsales of more
than $5 million
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
IMPERIAL COUNTY
Total subsidies$4,885,000
$37,006Avg/Farm
457 Farms in Imperial County, 45% have
over $500K in salesAverage net
income of Imperial Countyfarms: $431,044
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
VIRTUAL WATER EXPORTS
RICE
1.1 MAF/YR
#2 PRODUCER OF HAY IN CA
HAY
0.5 MAF/YR
STATEWIDE
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
IMPERIAL WATER EXPORTS
California1,723,147
Imperial County 229,569
Acres of Forage Crops
California 600,000
Imperial County 89,547
Exported Tons of Forage
California 452,219
Imperial County 60,248
Exported AF as Forage
California1,723,147
Imperial County 229,569
Acres of Forage Crops
California 600,000
Imperial County 89,547
Exported Tons of Forage
California 452,219
Imperial County 60,248
Exported AF as Forage
California1,723,147
Imperial County 229,569
Acres of Forage Crops
California 600,000
Imperial County 89,547
Exported Tons of Forage
California 452,219
Imperial County 60,248
Exported AF as Forage
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
SPECIALTY CROPSCALIFORNIA SPECIALTY CROP BLOCK GRANTS
$50,000 - $400,000 PER PROJECT
Andy Ciordia 2006 Victor Radziun 2006 flickr user graibeard 2010
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
IMPERIAL COUNTY
HARVESTED ACRES PER CROP
Hay 229,569
Vegetables (Excl. Lettuce) 54,735
Field and Grass Seed Crops 54,293
Wheat for Grain 41,085 Lettuce 28,751
FARM STATISTICS452 FARMSAVG. SIZE 945 ACRESAVG. VALUE $5 MILLION427,349 ACRES FARMLAND 376,535 ACRES IRRIGATED
WATER PRICESCA AVERAGE: $1303/AFIMPERIAL VALLEY: $20/AF
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
ESTIMATING IRRIGATION NEEDS PER CROP TYPE
IRRIGATION DEMANDESTIMATED IRRIGATION USAGE BY CROP (AF/YR)
Hay1,082,827Vegetables
124,442
Field & grassseed crops
219,788
Wheat forgrain
104,082
Lettuce68,194
Estimated Irrigation per Crop, AF/yr
4.65
Hay
2.30
Vegetable
s
4.07
Field &
grass
seed crops
2.53
Wheat f
or
grain
2.40
Lettuce
Crop Evapotranspiration Ft/yr
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
PROPOSED PRODUCTIONCROPS GROWN IN IMPERIAL COUNTY, 2007
427,349 ACRES
427,349 ACRES
$607 MILLION 1.5 MAF TOTAL
$1.23 BILLION 1.04 MAF TOTAL
PROPOSED CROP ALLOTMENT
Hay 57%
Vegetables 20%
Other 23%
Vegetables 57%
Hay 20%
Other 23%
$33
8
$26
9
Vegetables
Hay
$1,
149
$79
Vegetables Hay
191,
726
1,32
1,37
8
652,
114
388,
171
191,
726
1,32
1,37
8
652,
114
388,
171
$33
8
$26
9
Vegetables
Hay
$1,
149
$79
Vegetables Hay
475,000 AF SAVINGS
$620 MILLIONADDITIONAL SALES
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
WATER NEEDS OF FOODS
35
12 13
60
31 48
96 79
57
269
7 18 25 28
43
66 67
114 134
346
Vegetable
s
Starc
hy Roots
Cereals
Eggs
Legumes
Milk
Nuts
Chicken
PorkBeef
AVERAGE WATER PER PERSON FOR ONE DAY’S MEALS: 800-1200 GALLONS
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
DIET ADJUSTMENT
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
CROP COMMUNITIES
AMARANTH(Amarantus cruentus)
SUNFLOWER(Helianthus annuus)
TOMATOES(Solanum lycopersicum)
IRRIGATED AREAS AND NEAR STREAMS
DRY AREAS DISTANT
FROM WATER
SALTY SOILS, REMEDIATION
AREAS
MAIZE(Zea mays)
SQUASH(Cucurbita spp.)
BEANS(Phaseolus spp.)
HONEY MESQUITE(Prosopis glandulosa)
PRICKLY PEAR(Opuntia spp.)
JOJOBA(Simmondsia chinensis)
PRICKLY PEAR(Opuntia spp.)
PICKLEWEED(Salicornia subterminalis)
SEA PURSLANE(Sesuvium verricosum)
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
FARM WITH THE RIVER
Mesquite Amaranth/Corn OpuntiaFallow Lettuce Alfalfa
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
FARM WITH THE RIVER
Mesquite Amaranth/Corn OpuntiaFallow Lettuce Alfalfa
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
ANNUAL FLOOD
LEACH SALTS, REPLENISH GROUNDWATER, FEED SALTON SEA AND DELTA
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
ALFALFA ALTERNATIVESAS FEED & FOOD IN CROP ROTATION
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center 2007 flickr user Net_efekt 2010
Paul Asaman 2008 Heather Dunhill 2011
LOWER COLORADOAGRICULTURE
INTRO CONTEXT POLICY PRODUCTION LONG-TERM STRATEGIES CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONSReprioritize subsidies to promote human health and water conservation over quantity and market domination.
Emphasize high-nutrition, low-water specialty crops.
Adapt heirloom crops and traditional growing methods to larger scales.
Direct conserved water to delta and Salton Sea for ecological remediation.
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