LIST OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Year/Author Title Material Methodology Findings

2010

A.Lundahl,R.

Fangueiro’

F.Sountinho,F

.Duarte

Waste

Fibre

Reinforced

Ecocompos

ites

-textile waste

fibrous material

(nonwoven

fabrics) contain

85% cellulosic

fibre

-polypropylene

film (as matrix)

Procedure

-nonwoven and PP film has been prepared in sandwich styles

-the structure is place in compression frame

- a film of non-sticky Teflon sheet,PTFE,used for covering top

and bottom of sandwich structure(to prevent pp thermoplastic to

stick to the frame when melted)

-composite sample produced are of the same width and

length,200x200mm

-panel are compress at 175oC under total load 20 tonnes

Experimental plan:

1) Ratio of reinforcement ant thermoplastic material

-by varying the no. of layer of nonwoven according to the no.

of polypropylene film

2) no of nonwoven layers used for composite production (1,2,3

and 4 layer)

3)nonwoven fabrics used for the composite panel

-different thickness are use which is 3,4 and 5 mm

-tensile strength is

decreasing with the

thickness decreasing

Th5>th4>th3

-the higher thickness will

increase nonwoven

density

-combination of PP with

nonwoven improves

mechanical

behavior(stress

extension)

-the increases amount of

PP will increase

mechanical behavior

(stress extension)

Year/Author Title Material Methodology Findings

2011

H.M. Akil,

M.F. Omar,

A.A.M

Marzuki, S.

Safiee,

Z.A.M

Ishak, A.

Abu Bakar

Kenaf Fiber

reinforced

composites

-Kenaf fiber

-Maleic

Anhyride (MA)

grafted

Polypropylene

(MAPP)

To determine :

I. Ultimate tensile

strength

(the maximum

engineering stress in

tension that may be

sustained without

fracture, often

known as tensile

strength)

II. fracture strain (stress

at fracture from a

bend or flexure test)

III. flexural modulus (an

indication of a

material’s stiffness

when flexed, which

is the ratio, within

the elastic limit, of

the applied stress on

a test specimen in

A) compare tensile and flexurel properties depending on the

type of fiber

Kenaf fiber exhibits higher strength values in terms of

tensile and flexural properties, as compared to other

natural fibers, when reinforcing PLA.

Optimum tensile properties and Young’s modulus are

dictated by the volume of reinforcing fiber used for the

composites. both properties increased with the increase

of fiber content and showed the maximum values

(Young’s modulus; 6.4 GPa, and the tensile strength; 60

MPa) around a fiber content of 70 vol. %.

The decrease in the mechanical properties of the

composite with the fiber content above 70 vol. % could

be due to insufficient filling of the matrix resin.

B) Type of content and form (Kenaf reinforced PLA

composites,resin as matrix)

Young’s modulus and tensile strength were higher for

the composite compared with those of the matrix resin

(These reveal that the incorporation of kenaf fibers into

the matrix

flexure, to the

corresponding strain

in the outermost

fibers of the

specimen)

IV. impact strength (the

degree of resistance

of any material to

impact loading, with

or without a notch in

it)

-The test at different

condition

is quite effective for reinforcement)

The sheet was stretched using the tensile tester, the

angular change of the kenaf fiber to the stretching

direction was considered to be the main deformation

mechanism for the sheet.

This type of deformation will be restricted for the

composite, because the matrix resin was impregnated

into the interfibrillar regions.

This is considered to be one reason for the

reinforcement.

Another reason is due to a good stress transfer from the

matrix to the incorporated kenaf fibers.

C) Fiber orientation

As cast PLLA film was isotropic, the kenaf sheet

showed large mechanical anisotropies. This anisotropy

reflected on the mechanical properties of the composite,

where the composite showed large anisotropies in the

Young’s modulus and tensile strength.

On the other hand, incorporating specific additives into

the polymer matrix could also improve the mechanical

properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composite.

When incorporating it with MAPP as a coupling agent.

They found that coupled composites, showing a superior

tensile strength of up to 74 MPa, were achieved with the

higher fiber loading of 60% by weight or approximately

49% by volume, compared to uncoupled composites and

unfilled PP.

D) Mechanical properties

30% and the 40% kenaf polypropylene samples

demonstrated equivalent tensile strength

When compared to the other natural fiber reinforced

polypropylene systems, both the 30% and the 40%

kenaf polypropylene systems provided a tensile strength

that was very similar to the flax and hemp

polypropylene systems, while providing tensile

strengths that are greater than either coir or sisal

polypropylene systems.

When comparing flexural strengths of the materials, the

40% kenaf polypropylene samples performed

significantly better than the 30% kenaf/PP samples.

The 40% kenaf/PP was equivalent to the flax/PP, higher

than the hemp/PP, and almost double that of the coir/PP

and sisal/PP systems. The 30% kenaf/PP showed results

that were equivalent to the 40% hemp/PP system, while

also outperforming the coir/PP and sisal/PP systems.

These results demonstrate that the 40% and 30% by

weight kenaf polypropylene composites, that were

compression molded, were comparatively in favor with

the more commonly used hemp and flax fiber

polypropylene composites that had 40% fiber by weight.

This reinforces the idea that compression molded kenaf

polypropylene thermoplastics can provide an alternative

that has less fiber, but similar performance at a lower

weight and potentially, an even lower cost

*Polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA, Poly) is a biodegradable thermoplastic aliphatic polyester derived from renewable resources,

such as corn starch (in the United States and Canada), tapioca roots, chips or starch (mostly in Asia), or sugarcane (in the rest of the

world). In 2010, PLA had the second highest consumption volume of any bio plastic of the world.

Year/Author Title Material Methodology Findings

2014

Oromiehie A.,

Ebadi-

Dhaghani H,

and

Mirbagheri S.

Chemical

Modification of

Polypropylene by

Maleic Anhydride:

Melt Grafting,

Characterization

and

Mechanism

-Isotactic PP (commercial code

V30S) with MFI=7.9 g/10 min

(ASTM D1238) from Arak

Petrochemical Co. Iran

-maleic anhydride (MA), DCP

from Merck

- Irganox B225 from Ciba Co.

A) Grafted PP with overall contents

of 0,1,2,3 and 4 phr of maleic

anhydride and 0.1 phr of DCP

and 0.01phr Irganox B225 were

performed by melt mixing in an

optimum condition (at 180ºC, 60

rpm and 10 min)

B) Experiments A undergo

titration process of anhydride

content

I. The anhydride concentrations of

all samples were determined by

titration of 0.5 gram of PP-g-MA

in 50 milliliters xylene at boiling

temperature that repeated 3 times

for each sample.

II. Some drop of distilled water

was added in order to hydrolysis

anhydride into carboxylic acid.

Increase in the monomer

content from 1 to 3 phr

lead to increase in graft

percentage but it decreased

by more adding of MA

(>3phr). This is due to the

MA homopolymerization.

III. The carboxylic acid

concentration was determined

directly by alcoholic potassium

hydroxide 0.1N.

IV. The indicator used was bromo

thymol blue 1% in DMF solvent.

V. The PP-g-MA was completely

soluble at the boiling

temperature and did not

precipitate during titration.

VI. The grafting percent calculated.

*PP (polypropylene)

*DCP (dicumyl peroxide)

.

Year/Author Title Material Methodology Findings

2009

I.S. Aji, S.M.

Sapuan, E.S.

Zainuddin and

K. abdan

Kenaf fibres as

reinforment for

polymeric

composites

Kenaf fibre

Resin

polypropylene

a)Kenaf fibre brought

in sheet were dried,

and soak in the dioxane

solution under vacuum

at 70%.

b) polypropylene with

high melt index flow

was used to aid fiber

matrix adhension and

to ensure proper

wetting of fiber

-sample 40% of

kenaf ,coir,sisal and

hemp

-compare with glass

a) In fabrication molding

compression process

- A fiber content both 30% and 40%

by weight proved to provide

adequate reinforment to increase

the strength of the polypropylene

powder

- Tensile and flexure strength of the

composites can be weakened

above certain increase a fibre

content (critical limit)

b) kenaf fibre have high ultimate

strength ,tensile modulus, and

impact strength compare glass.

However composite test showed

low impact strength compared to

glass

-loading up to 40% and used high

flow melt PP to be able achieve

result recorded.

*grafting improved wetting of the fibre matrix by hydrophobizing the fibre surface and promote interfacial bonding by diffusion of the

chain segments of the grafted molecule into the matrix

* coupling agents and radical induces adhesion enhance interfacial bonding through producing covalent bond between the fibre and

matrix

Coupling agent Binder

Maleated polypylene (MAPP)

- Shown significant enhancement in tensile and flexure

strength ranging from 40% to 80% as point out when they

are blended with matrix

Resin

Silane

- enhanced the tensile strength of the composites, minimized the

effect of moisture on the composites properties, increases

adhesion and thereby composites strength

-economically it is commercial available

- bear an alkoxysilane group that is capable of reacting with the

OH rich surface of natural fibers

-have a large no. of functional group which can be tailored as a

function of the matrix can be used.

- A good compability between the reinforcing element and the

polymeric matrix or even covalent bond between them.

Alkaline treatment (sodium hydroxide) (6% optimum of conc.

alkaline used)

-it increases surface roughness, resulting in better mechanical

interlocking

-it increases amount of cellulose expose on the fiber surface , thus

increasing the no. of possible reaction sites

-removes certain hemicellulose,lignin wax and oil covering the

external of the fiber cell wall