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Durham E-Theses

Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins

in Northwest Scotland

Laidler, Philip Damien

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Laidler, Philip Damien (2002) Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins in Northwest Scotland,Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4143/

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Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary

Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland

Volume Two:

Figures, Plates, and Appendices

The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately.

Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Philip Damien Laidler

Department of Geography,

University of Durham

January 2002

1 4 JUN 2002

V O L U M E TWO

List of Contents

L I S T O F C O N T E N T S i

L I S T O F F I G U R E S i i i

L I S T O F P L A T E S XV

L I S T O F T A B L E S xvi

F I G U R E S A N D P L A T E S :

CHAPTER TWO 1

CHAPTER T H R E E 7

CHAPTER FOUR 21

CHAPTER F I V E 52

CHAPTER SIX 74

CHAPTER S E V E N 85

CHAPTER E I G H T 94

APPENDIX T H R E E 95

APPENDIX FOUR 144

APPENDIX O N E M E T H O D S 146

A1.1 INTRODUCTION 146

A 1 . 2 LABORATORY METHODS 146

Al.2.1 Salinity 146

Al.2.1.1 Calibration 146

Al.2.1.2 Measurement 147

Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration 147

A1 .3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS 148

A 1 . 4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 148

Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler

A 1 . 5 FORAMINIFERA 150

A 1 . 6 L E V E L L I N G S I L L ALTITUDES 150

APPENDIX T W O F O R A M I N I F E R A L S P E C I E S L I S T 151

APPENDIX T H R E E S I T E R E S U L T S 152

A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL

VARIABLES 152

A 3 . 2 REGIONAL COMPARISON OF T H E COMBINED

DATA-SET 153

APPENDIX F O U R STANDARDISED W A T E R L E V E L INDEX 156

A4 .1 METHOD O N E 156

A 4 . 2 METHOD TWO 156

A 4 . 3 METHOD T H R E E 157

A 4 . 4 SUMMARY 157

APPENDIX F I V E W A - P L S C A L I B R A T I O N AND M O D E R N

A N A L O G U E T E C H N I Q U E R E S U L T S FOR

F O S S I L DATA 162

-ii-

V O L U M E T W O

List of Figures and Plates

C H A P T E R T W O

Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall

in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). 1

Figure 2.2 Conceptual model of the isolation process. 2

Figure 2.3 Conceptual models of the perceived changes in

environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through

time, during the transition from marine to freshwater

conditions. 3

Figure 2.4 Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. 4

Figure 2.5 Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B)

diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater /

sediment interface. 5

Figure 2.6 Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change

(m OD) for northwest Scotland. 6

C H A P T E R T H R E E

Figure 3.1.1 Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field

areas. 7

Figure 3.1.2 Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in

this area. 8

Figure 3.1.3 Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in

this area. 9

Figure 3.1.4 Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing

the nine field sites in this area. 10

-iii-


Figure 3.2 The proposed relationship between foraminifera and

environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk,

1995; Horton, 1997).

Figure 3.3 Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal

assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver

(H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity.

Figure 3.4.1 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life +

death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at

Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.


death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken

from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer

Hebrides.



from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.



from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.



from a basin on the Isle of North Uist.



from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist,

Outer Hebrides.

Figure 3.5 Percentage abundance versus total number of species,

plotted logarithmically.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

-iv-


Figure 3.6 Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction

showing Xo, the unknown environmental variable to be

reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa

in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set'

consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites

and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source:

Birks, 1995). 20

C H A P T E R F O U R 21

Figure 4.1 Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the

IsleofSkye. 21

Figure 4.2 Summary geological map of the Assynt area. 22

Figure 4.3 Summary geological map of Argyll. 23

Figure 4.4.1 Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. 24

Figure 4.4.2 Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. 25

Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. 26

Figure 4.4.4 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 27

Figure 4.4.5 Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist. 29

Figure 4.4.6 Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist. 31

Figure 4.4.7 Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay. 33

Figure 4.4.8 Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 34

Figure 4.4.9 Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye. 35

Figure 4.4.10 Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 37

Figure 4.4.11 Lochan Sal, Assynt. 38

Figure 4.4.12 Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt. 40

Figure 4.4.13 Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 41

Figure 4.4.14 Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 42

Figure 4.4.15 Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 44

Figure 4.4.16 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 45

Figure 4.4.17 Duartmore, Assynt. 47

Figure 4.4.18 Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll. 49

Figure 4.4.19 Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll. 50

Figure 4.4.20 Dubh Loch, Argyll. 51


C H A P T E R F I V E 52

Figure 5.1.1

Figure 5.1.2

Figure 5.1.3

Figure 5.1.4

Figure 5.1.5

Figure 5.1.6

Figure 5.1.7

Figure 5.2.1

Figure 5.2.2

Figure 5.2.3

Figure 5.2.4

Figure 5.2.5

Figure 5.2.6

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan

Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999.

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan

Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999.

Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B

& C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May

and September, 1999.

pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C

at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and

September, 1999.

Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along

Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North

Uist, during September, 1999.

Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for

Transects A, B & C, Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.

Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,

environment - environment, and foraminifera -

foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of

North Uist.

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore

Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000.

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore

Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000.

Salinity conditions during four sample periods for

Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.

pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore

Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.

Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.

Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for

Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

61

62

62

-vi-


Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera -foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.

Figure 5.3.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim

Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000.

Figure 5.3.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim

Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000.

Figure 5.3.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim

Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.

Figure 5.3.4 pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim

Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.

Figure 5.3.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods

for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August

2000.

Figure 5.3.6 Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for

Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.

Figure 5.3.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,


foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.

Figure 5.4.1 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the

data for statistical significance.

Figure 5.4.2 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the

data for statistical significance.

Figure 5.5 Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide

levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using

Equation 3

Figure 5.6 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus

flooding frequency for all sites.

Figure 5.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment,


foraminifera relationships based on the total modern

dataset.

63

64

65

66

66

67

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

-vii-


C H A P T E R S I X 74

76

77

78

79

Figure 6.1 Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total

foraminiferal dataset. 74

Figure 6.2 CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species -

environment. 75

Figure 6.3 The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the

tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for

the 15 sites included in the modern training set.

Figure 6.4 Taxon-environment response models.

Figure 6.5 WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the

screened data-set.

Figure 6.6 Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted

average salinity for the screened modern training set.

Figure 6.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the

eleven species in the screened modern training set, using

inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 80

Figure 6.8 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach

V I basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted

average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares

(PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique

(MAT). 81

Figure 6.9 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh

Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Shennan et al,

2000), together with predicted average salinity values

calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and

Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). 82

Figure 6.10 High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian

record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). 83

Figure 6.11 Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for

the screened modern training set. 84

-viii-


C H A P T E R S E V E N 85

Figure 7.1 Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern

isolation basins sampled. 85

Figure 7.2 MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and

foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan

Corr, Kintail. 86

Figure 7.3 Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill

elevation. 87

Figure 7.4 Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume

ratio during the isolation process. 88

Figure 7.5 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil

isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail. 89

Figure 7.6 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil

isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach. 90

Figure 7.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each

of the eleven species in the screened modern training set,

using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 91

Figure 7.8 Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for

each of the eleven species in the screened modern training

set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 92

Figure 7.9 Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level

Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the

screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted

Averaging (WA). 93

C H A P T E R E I G H T 94

Figure 8.1 The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in

western Scotland. 94

APPENDIX T H R E E 95

Figure A3.1.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban

Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 95

-ix-


Figure A3.1.2

Figure A3.1.3

Figure A3.2.1

Figure A3.2.2

Figure A3.2.3

Figure A3.3.1

Figure A3.3.2

Figure A3.3.3

Figure A3.4.1

Figure A3.4.2

Figure A3.4.3

Figure A3.5.1

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban

Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 96



foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of

North Uist. 97

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon,

Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 98

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon,

Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 99



foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North

Uist. 100

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc

Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 101

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc

Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 102



foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of

North Uist. 103

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1,






foraminifera relationships in Locheport 1, Isle of North

Uist. 106



-x-


Figure A3.5.2

Figure A3.5.3

Figure A3.6.1

Figure A3.6.2

Figure A3.6.3

Figure A3.7.1

Figure A3.7.2

Figure A3.7.3

Figure A3.8.1

Figure A3.8.2

Figure A3.8.3

Figure A3.9.1

Figure A3.9.2





foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North

Uist. 109

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle

of North Uist, during May 1999. 110

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle

of North Uist, during September 1999. I l l



foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist. 112

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle

of Skye, during April 2000. 113

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle

of Skye, during August 2000. 114



foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 115

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na

h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. 116

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na

h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. 117



foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of

Skye. 118

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff,

Assynt, during April 2000. 119

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff,

Assynt, during August 2000. 120

- x i -


Figure A3.9.3

Figure A3.10.1

Figure A3.10.2

Figure A3.10.3

Figure A3.11.1

Figure A3.11.2

Figure A3.11.3

Figure A3.12.1

Figure A3.12.2

Figure A3.12.3

Figure A3.13.1

Figure A3.14.1

Figure A3.14.2



foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 121

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal,

Assynt, during April 2000. 122

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal,

Assynt, during August 2000. 123



foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt. 124

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-

brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. 125

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-

brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000. 126



foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh,

Assynt. 127

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe

Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 128

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe

Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 129



foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 130



foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 131

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd

Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 132

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd

Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 133

- X l l -


Figure A3.14 .3

Figure A3.15.1

Figure A3.15 .2

Figure A3.16.1

Figure A3 .16 .2

Figure A3.16 .3

Figure A3.17.1

Figure A3.17 .2

Figure A3.18.1

Figure A3.18 .2



foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 134

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na

Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during August 2000. 135



foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir,

Assynt. 136

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin

Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. 137

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin

Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. 138



foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll.

Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch,

Argyll, during April 2000.



foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll. 141



foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for

mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll). 142



foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for

the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye). 143

139

140

APPENDIX F O U R 144

Figure A4.1 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty

sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method One. 144

- X l l l -


Figure A 4 . 2 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty

sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method Two. 144

Figure A 4 . 3 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Method One and

b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. 145

-xiv-

V O L U M E T W O

List of Plates

C H A P T E R F O U R

Plate 4.1 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 28

Plate 4.2 Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin

and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and

both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide. 30

Plate 4.3 Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2,

during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide. 32

Plate 4.4 Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. 36

Plate 4.5 Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing

out of the basin through a shallow notch. 39

Plate 4.6 One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock

sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the

open sea. 43

Plate 4.7 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 46

Plate 4.8 Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. 48

-XV-

V O L U M E T W O

List of Tables

APPENDIX T H R E E

Table A3 .1 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the

relationship between environmental variables in the

modern data-set for mainland Scotland (Argyll and

Assynt). 154

Table A 3 . 2 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the

relationship between environmental variables in the

modern data-set for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist

and Skye. 155

APPENDIX F O U R

Table A4 .1 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method One. 158

Table A 4 . 2 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Two. 159

Table A 4 . 3 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Three. 160

Table A 4 . 4 Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI Method

Three. 161

APPENDIX F I V E

Table A5 .1 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a

fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach. 162

Table A 5 . 2 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a

fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail. 163

Table A 5 . 3 MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for

samples from Loch nan Corr fossil isolation basin, Kintail. 165

-xvi-

Figures and Plates Chapter Two

Stage 1

l-ullv marine Rock Sil l

Stage Fullv marine / reduced salinily

Vanab e sa inilv

i Stage 3

Stage 4

Freshwater lake

Stage 5

Mean llmh Walcr Spnnii I kil'S

Menu Low* W ilier Sprmn Tides

Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). Stages 1 - 5 correspond with the sequence outlined in Figure 2.2.


Biological Assemblage

Ornanic Civll|;i

Transitiona Un t e.

organic silt)

C astic

411 (>() IK IK' I ) 40 N I

Figure 2.2: Conceptual model of the isolation process. The biological assemblage diagram in the centre shows the up-core transition from marine (nearshore shelf), through brackish (Variable salinity), to freshwater species. The column on the left indicates the typical sediment types associated with water environment The column on the right indicates the stage of the basin from Figure 2.1.

-2-


a Hid!

\

hvnici viannc Variable Saltnth (Brackish)

T i m e

b Ha i \

•

}-

CP

Marine Variable Salinity (Brackish) Freshwater

lime •

Figure 2.3: Conceptual models of the perceived changes in environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through time, during the transition from marine to freshwater conditions, assuming a) a linear change in environment and b) a curvi-linear change in environment. Both scenarios are based upon the assumption of no climate change during the process.


I 'reshvvater C-orer Threshold

Isolation Contact

Sea Level Brackish or Variable Salinity Conditions

Marine or Nearshore Shell Conditions

Sea Level

t lsostatic Uplift

Sea Leve

t

Figure 2.4: Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. A) represents the fully marine stage, B) the brackish or variable salinity stage, and C) the freshwater stage. After Hafsten (1983).


WWW I M L V Photic Zoin

Si l l

Sedimcntolomeal Isolation Contact

S

Diatomolomcal Isolation Contact

S

Hvdrolomcal Iso ation Contact

Freshwater / Sediment Contact

D

Water Quality

• • Fresh Brackish Marine

Sediments

C l a y / S i l t , Sand

• Clay Oyttja Gyttja with

iron

Gyttja

Figure 2.5: Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B) diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater / sediment interface. The last occurs rarely, other than in deep, well-mixed basins. MHWL is Mean High Water Level, M L W L is Mean Low Water Level (after Kjemperud, 1986).

-5-


20 * Empirical

18

16

14

12

in 9> 10

0)

8

s

N

Rebound o

4 000 6 000 2 000 0 8 000 14 000 12 000 10 000

Radiocarbon years BP

Figure 2.6: Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change (m OD) for northwest Scotland. The curves illustrate the significant differences between the general trends but are not intended to define precise age and altitude limits (after Sherman et a!., 1995).

Figures and Plates Chapter Three

North he ssynt

<0 v. o

6 <3

Argyll

r

a

Q

Figure 3.1.1: Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field areas.

-7-


A \ \

0 10 km

N Caithlim Lagoon 1 Craiglin Lagoon Dubh Loch

o y

V \ Y Isle o Mull

Seil

1 n 0

0 ° 0

/ /

/ ^

Lochgilphead

£2

Figure 3.1.2: Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in this area.

-8-


N •

C A P E WRATH

10 km

/ r \

f

/

/ / V

I

V

•

1

E D DBA CHILLIS < BAY \_.

Point ot Stoer Oldany Island 8

^3 Enard Bay

°0 0

bummer isles

1 0 v o

r 8 J 2£>

Loch of Reiff Lochan Sal Loch an Eisg-brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon Oldany Loch Nedd Lagoon Lochan na Dubh Leitir Duartmore

Figure 3.1.3: Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in this area.


1 Oban Trumisgarry ? Oban nan Struthan 3 Alioter Lagoon •I Bac-a-Stoc

Locheport 1 e Locheport 2

Grimsay 8 Loch na h'airde 9 Pool Roag

CO

Taransay,—v \ 0 \

Monacti Islands

Beineray /—^ ^

Q'North Uist^«l/

Rom HQWflnflra

Benbecula

Portree

Isle of

Enskay carau Barra

Skival

Q Minqulay

Mu I

Figure 3.1.4: Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing the nine field sites in this

area.

-10-


Climate: precipitation, evaporation, etc. Terrestrial input: overland flow,

groundwater seepage etc.

I Freshwater

Marsh elevation & topography

I Flooding frequency

Seawater

Porewater chemistry: salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH,

temperature

Nutrition • Foraminifera

Substrate: particle size & organic content

Vegetation

Figure 3.2: The proposed relationship between foraminifera and environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk, 1995; Horton, 1997). As there is no published work for shallow sub-tidal foraminiferal ecology, saltmarsh is used as an example, on the assumption that it is the most similar habitat with available published data.


Fisher Index (species diversity)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Brackish marshes

Normal marine marshes

1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes

Normal marine marshes

Hypersaline marshes

Brackish lagoons

Hypersaline marshes

Brackish lagoons

Normal marine lagoons

Hypersaline lagoons Hypersaline lagoons

Normal marine shelf

Hypersaline shelf

Slope (bathyal)

Normal marine shelf

Hypersaline shelf

Slope (bathyal)

Normal marine shelf

Hypersaline shelf

Slope (bathyal)

Normal marine shelf

Hypersaline shelf

Slope (bathyal)

0 1 1

H (S) (Shannon-Weaver species diversity) 2 3 4

1 1 1 5

1

Brackish marshes

Brackish lagoons

Normal marine shelf

1 1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes

Brackish lagoons

Normal marine shelf

Brackish marshes

Brackish lagoons

Normal marine shelf

Slope (bathyal)

Abyssal plain

Figure 3.3: Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver (H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity. The main area of interest is that of the brackish, marine and hypersaline lagoons (Source: Murray, 1991).

-12-


Z O U

_ 41 1-

" es - - i 3 - ST _ <* <«-o

- s S s

0i o

•»> "0' - j '

I I

• a L L L L L L

o I — 3

00

u o

3 1/5

o t : 3

3|dlUBS

Figure 3.4.1: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.

-13-


4»

1/3

I L

5 i L CO a

I

4> in

on 3|dllIBS

Figure 3.4.2: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.

-14-


— Z o u

a

v-e S

v Z

B "« C/D

.s >

X

X

v

i i i

-J D f-u 1) u u

rfa rfa

3 3 3 (A

I

joqiunsj 3|duiBS

o H

r

Figure 3.4.3: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.

-15-


VI

« 5 30 <0 (73

•T [ft

t/3

3>

V3 01

F

F A I

L h ^ A en

L

t/3 1/3

jaquinM a|duies

Figure 3.4.4: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.

-16-


4>

in

in

J! r i

'->. W f s

L 5>J ^ L

L L L

I

I

I

r-J

ea

c/5 c/5 aiduiee

Figure 3.4.5: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist.

-17-


a "3

3

3|dlUBS

Figure 3.4.6: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist, Outer Hebrides.

-18-


V3

a. 32% 00

1 6 %

as 8% I

0 s -T

%

1 %

0.5%

0.25% L i l J Ll ' l l i

000 100 10 0

Total Number o f Specimens

Figure 3.5: Percentage abundance versus total number of species, plotted logarithmically. The contours are errors at + 'x ' % at 95% confidence level (Source: Patterson and Fishbein, 1989). Dashed lines indicate the values for total number of specimens required together with the associated error for given % abundance of species, as detailed in table 3.1.

-19-


B I O L O G I C A L DATA (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera)

ENVIRONMENTAL V A R I A B L E (e.g. pH, Salinity)

Modern data 'training set' 1, , m taxa 1,

1 Y | X

n Samples

n Samples

Fossil data i ., m taxa 1,

! x o I Unknown 1 To be 1 reconstructed

t Samples

t Samples

Figure 3.6: Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction showing X0, the unknown environmental variable to be reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set' consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source: Birks, 1995).

-20-

Figures and Plates Chapter Four

ra ran say —

PaUbay

liernerav

I A 5

Monach I _ J \ Islands < « ;

H a l e s h a r e «

Benbecula

Isle o f s< NJ§UVN

Skye V s \ \ V »

Barra

Skival

20 km

Ciuaru-FBlfl Rhyolite, Trachyte & Felsite

Torridonian Sandstone spar-Granulite

J Metasediments I Mica S c h Agglomerate in neck

Pipe Rock & B a s a l Quart / i te •ome

Kimmendge Clay J Basa l l J Gabbro Serpulite Grit & Fucouid B e d s

Ultrabas Rhyolite & Trachyte

D u r n e s s L imestone

Granite. Syeni te & Granophyre

Upper Chalk

Major Thrust

Major Fault

Intermediate S B a s i c Rock

j I Permian & Basal t & Po leme T iass ic S a n d s t o n e s

Figure 4.1: Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the Isle of Skye.'^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r d Edition (Solid).

-21-


N A

CAPE WRATH

10 km

Point of Stoer

r ilLLIS

BAY

• n a m island

• Ultrabasic Rock

• H Intermediate & Bas ic Rock

"I Quartz-feldspar -granulite

J Mica-schist

Epidiorite & hornblende-schist

Diorite & allied intermediate types

Porphyrite & lamprphyre

Rhyolite, Trachyte & Felsite

Torridonian Sandstone

Pipe Rock & Basa l Quartzite

Serpulite Grit & Fucouid Beds

Durness Limestone

•Permian & Triasstc Sandstones

j Lower lias

Major Thrust

Figure 4.2: Summary geological map of the Assynt area!^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r Edition (Solid).

-22-


10 km

4 A

: IBAN

iverar.y

S c . l l i ) , !

Dionte & allied intermediate types

Andesitic & basaltic avas & tuffs

Granite, Syenite & Granophyre

Rhyolite & trachyte

Tuft (including ignimbrite) Basalt & Dolerile

Lower old rec sandstone

Quartz-feldspar -granulite

Epidiorite-chlorite -schist

Boulder bed & conglomerate

] Quartzite. Grit

] Quar tzose-mica-sch is t

slate & phyllite

Slate, phyllite & mic-schist

Graphitic schist & slate

Limestone

Epidiorite & hornblende-schist

Porphyrite & lamprphyre

Rhyolite. Trachyte 8 Felsite

Major Thrust

Major Fault

Figure 4.3: Summary geological map of A r g y l l . ' ^ ' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3 r d Edition (Solid).

-23-


CD fl>'.

in

CD / to

/ 0) I

/ CD E 5 CO CD 03 5 <B 2 / /

/ j

/

s

J

©

©

CD

Ic V

V

j r

Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. Figure 4.4.1

24


CD

03

CO

CO

a> 3J CD CO OS

CO 0) x 03 E 5 cO a> CO 5 co 2

CO 00 © CO

© CO

© O £

© CD CD CO

CD

e

©

0

CO

CO

CD

CO

CM CO CD

© 0 CO c n

CD CD 0 CO

CO

© ©

CD CO

CD CO

CO 3

Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. Figure 4.4.2:

25


CO CD

CD

O) CO

eg T3 CO co CD

CD

CD CD CO

Co 0 x

CD E 5 CD CD 03

£ CO ^ Q

CD

©

© (7 © Q ©

©

OS

c / l

OS

Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.

26


5 Water Body C

0 Sample number and location

MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide

nr

0 \ \ <9

K

""est*

0 L_

200 m i

Figure 4.4.4: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist.

-27-


—. - - — • . . _

Plate 4.1: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. The basin is in the foreground, second from the front, with the sill running out into Loch Blashaval. The basin in the immediate foreground is freshwater, and supplies a small input via a channel into Bac-a-Stoc.


V CP cu T3

CO 03 03 C/J Z

03 CO Q) CD CD 03 CO

03

0 x -> 0} 03 E * CO 0) CD CO 5 co ^

/ CM

i f

C/)

8*1

Figure 4.4.5: Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist.

29


B)

Plate 4.2: Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide.

-30-


Water Body

V O Sample number and location


wLt«s Mean Low Water of Spring Tide

0 75 m S i l l 1 1

0

\

\ M L W S

\ \

S i l l 2

M H W S

Q

5> \

\ \ \

Figure 4.4.6: Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist.

-31-


Plate 4.3: Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2, during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide.

-32-


0 40 m Water Body

O Sample number and location


S i l l MHWS

i n Bay t v e

Figure 4.4.7: Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay.

-33-


Water Body


Mean High Water of Spring Tide MHWS

Contours in metres (10 m interval) o n 9 /

CD

o

\ Channel

r

( J )

du ring \o

s

0 200 m

L

Figure 4.4.8: Pool Roag, Isle of Skye.

-34-


Water Body


Mean High Water of Spring Tide MHWS

\ Contours in metres (10 m interval)

\

0

(

Stream

\

/

Q /

\

<_>

4 MHWS

4

0 75 m

Figure 4.4.9: Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye.

-35-


Plate 4.4: Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. The basin sill lies in the channel, in the foreground of the photograph, with the basin to the rear.

-36-


Water Body

e / O Sample number and location


Contours in metres (10 m interval)

/

v.

\

J St C«am

Sill \ (Channel)

Reiff Bay

MHWS

0 50 m

Figure 4.4.10: Loch of Reiff, Assynt.

37


<s>

(0 0 0) 0> 10

CO

( f )

to CO 0 to

CD 0) I E 5 as 0) CD

> UD S o

Figure 4.4.11: Lochan Sal, Assynt.

38


m

v.

Plate 4.5: Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing out of the basin through a shallow notch.

-39-


Water Body


VHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide

tr Contours in metres (10 m interval)

0 50 m \

Sill (boulders)

) \

\

Sill (culvert)

to

MHWS

Figure 4.4.12: Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt.

-40-


Loch Fasg an t-Seana Chlaidh \ (Freshwater)

Weirs

/

o

r

y Sill

Loc/i floe

Water Body


MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide r 0 100 m y Contours in metres (10 m interval)

Figure 4.4.13: Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt.

-41-


Water Body


M H W S Mean High Water of Spring Tide

25 m 0

V v

© o

0

Figure 4.4.14: Oldany Lagoons, Assynt.

-42-


Plate 4.6: One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the open sea. This lagoon is the smallest in this study, at only ca. 30 m in length.

-43-


r

in /

/

\

\ 1

/ CD

Sunn

\

CO r s CO

/ \ / /

) ©

CO CD 5> £

/

CO

CO CO

6 o K CO 0) 0) CD

CD V CD CO

5 E c o s CO CD a) X

0) E co co CO CD 0) o CO _ > vu — W ( J

5 crt 5 5 O

Figure 4.4.15: Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt.

-44-


0 100 m

r o hi

\ c 0 J

© © © o

j Q

r

Water Body




Figure 4.4.16: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt.

45


Plate 4.7: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. This is a freshwater basin, held behind a thick shingle ridge (middle-right of the photograph), with relatively steep relief to the rear of the basin (middle-left of the photograph).

-46-


CO 0)

a> to

CO 10

CO 0) \ (1) a> CO

J 3

a) Q) X Q. a> E 3 CO CO

> CO 5 o

CO

Figure 4.4.17: Duartmore, Assynt.

47


Plate 4.8: Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. The sill is under-water, to the right of the photograph , with the basin to the left, separated and protected by the small rock peninsula. The steep topography surrounding the basin provides a source of freshwater input.

-48-


/ Water Body




V \ 300 m 0

\ r X

Culver f Sill

\

/

s

(Of

©

/

7 11 \ v

? \ v

/ /

/ /

Figure 4.4.18: Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll.

-49-


\ \

o \

r

\

J CD

C/J O

v.

co 0) CO

(0

C\J CO CO CD

a> \ CD CD CO

en en CO \ 0) X Q. 01 E « CO CD CO > c/5 2* q

Figure 4.4.19: Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll

50


Water Body




150 m 0 / /

I (

/ ,1

7

f

/

r /

/ /

/

\

I

SILL

/1

/ /

V

i

Figure 4.4.20: Dubh Loch, Argyll.

- 5 1 -

Figures and Plates Chapter Five

V

S

t/j

.S

X

s cr

o

Y 7

i n

\ • i tr,-i^i r i f i - r - c o r - — — " t m a e O ' Q Q i - * m ^ a e » r s i / i ae r - r~r*> — ^ g e m o r i f m m M c ^ n ; , . n - r

S ^ S<<<<<<<S<<<<S<<<55<3<<S<<<<S<<<<<5s

jaquinj^ 3|duies

Figure 5.1.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-52-


CM

</3

in

5P 9- ^

I t I C/3

I I I I .

3^

.11 o — r i r - s e f f i > r > o O " O r ~ o O M t s e * « o e ' / i f - s o _ n ^ - 0 '

cj , >, S S S cj i S cj cj cj cj c? cj cj cj y 5 CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ cj cj cj cj c} cj CJ CJ! CJ C!! cj j n CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ r-l r i r t r i r i r i m n r i r-4

O U o O o jaqiunfsj 3|duic§

Figure 5.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-53-


40

M M

Sample Number

"May Neap

"May Spring

"May mid-cycle

"May Neap

"Sept Spring

" Sept Neap

B

73

CO

4 5 6

Sample Number

May Neap

May Spring

May mid-cycle

May Neap

Sept Spring

Sept Neap

35

30

25

§> 3> 20 .§>

1 1 5

10

5

0

x x x x x x x x * * * * * *

A A A A A ~ ^ A A A A A A

* * * ft

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Sample Number

"May Neap

"May Spring

" May mid-cycle

" May Neap

"Sept Spring

" Sept Neap

Figure 5.1.3: Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999.

-54-


9.0

8.5 May Neap

May Spring 8.0

May mid-cycle

May Neap 7.5 X X X Sept Spring

7.0 Sept Neap

6.0 ON CM

Sample Number

B 9.0

% 8.0

7.5

7.0

1 2 3 4 5

Sample Number

May Neap

May Spring

May mid-cycle

May Neap

Sept Spring

Sept Neap

9.5

9.0

8.5 1

& 8.0

-•- • • • •

7.5

7.0

A A A A A * • • • *

\ * — X — X — X — X O A A A A X — X — X — X — X O K — A — A — A — A ^ S c X X — X

6.5 -I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Sample Number

"May Neap

"May Spring

"May mid-cycle

"May Neap

"Sept Spring

"Sept Neap

Figure 5.1.4: pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999.

-55-


15

4

S 13

00 Sept Spnng * 12

Sept Neap > Q I I

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Sample Number

14 B

3

g 12 00 Sept Spnng

Sept Neap 5 11

X X X X X o

8 i Sample Number

14

£ 1 3

* Sept Spring 60

* 12 Sept Neap

5 i i

10

10 12 13 14 8 11 1

Sample Number

Figure 5.1.5: Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September, 1999.

56


A 100

90

80

70 Clay

60 BO

Si t 50 4> Sand & 40

30 % Organic Content 20

10

0 —« — — — CN (N

Sample Number

B 100 00

90

80

70 Clay

So 60 3 Silt

50 ID

Sand & 40

% Organic Content 30

20

10

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample Number

c 100

90

80

70 Clay

So 60 3 Si t

50 4) Sand 40

% Organic Content 30

20

10

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Sample Number

Figure 5.1.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Transects A, B & C, Oban

nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.

-57-


/ CO

<0

# 4 4-T.4

8.

i

Q O 4 4m.

1-4-

+ JSk. jiJt "Ife. "^jjlaHE

$ . S i . nr" 111II nil ~rrn A i l

4wWHff WWIWlP' "inwwiplfH -9mmp r i r n n H F ~Mwpv* 4 4 4 4 4 + 4

++ ++ Si

+ 4 4 4 4 + 4+ - H - 4

+

i s 4- 4 » 4 * 4W-

I [M 1

| r 4 +#•

4 . » 4+ + ++ + + H « - 44 44 + + *

ft* ft U tt + i t V* 4 4+ 4+ 4 + 4 * 4 i f c fc

UJ (A

tit- 4 4 4 4 4 +.4 4 4 4 + 44 +4 S 4 V * + * "*+ +4W-4 4 4-

S2 t- 4 4 4 4- 4H- 44 +* 4 4 4 * 4 (-4+4 OS

3 S 5>3 E 8 5

^ <N O tO UJ V

Figure 5.1.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.

-58-


Y3

C/3

1 V L a

« 5

L

E s

o H

^- (N rn ^ in ;©

tt e t c e e Ctj Cd Cfl rrt

"O "O TD "O *T3

jaquin\[ 3|diues

Figure 5.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-59-


C/5 V)

V)

v. L L

I

i n 00 ft CN

CO

Figure 5.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-60-


36 -

34 -

32

30 April Spring tide

April Neap tide £> 28

August Spring tide

••a X August Neap Ude 26 t / i

24

22

20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample Number

Figure 5.2.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.

9 T

8.5

April Spring tide

August Spnng tide

August Neap tide

8

8 3 1

Sample Number

Figure 5.2.4 pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. April Neap tide data is not available, owing to meter malfunction.

-61-


18 ,

16

14

April Spring tide 2 WO April Neap tide

August Spring tide •8 1 0

> — X — August Neap tide

8

4 -I , , , , , , ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample Number

Figure 5.2.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000.

00

90

80

70

Clay M 60 3 Silt

50 Sand

40 % Organic Content

30

20

0

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Sample Number

Figure 5.2.6 Particle size and organic content percentage data for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.

-62-


h 2.2

£.5 o= m

31

++

T +•+

+ +

+-*+

++ -WH-+

5

ll

* 44-44-

•4- ^

fSp*sg i t a + # + 4 4 # + + =M-+ #+ #- #*. +

I -

i 4 t

+ +

gggss

+ _ 4 _ _ ++.

+ + 4 4

.A-.-H a see •

+ + +

.+ . +

+ + + 4 + 4ft-

Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.

-63-


in

in \

•1 I F

C/J

i5>

•5 i3

J3quin^ 3|diuBs

Figure 5.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-64-


Vt

L

c/5

*5

v. 3>

5 !Q ig 2 f l

jaqiutifj a|duiBS

Figure 5.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-65-


40 1

35

April Spnng fr 30 April Neap

August Spring 73 25 August Neap C/3

20

15 -) , , , , , , , , , , ,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sample Number

Figure 5.3.3: Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.

8.6

8.4

8.2 April Spring

April Neap 8

August Spnng

August Neap 7.8

10 12 8 11 1

Sample Number

pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during Figure 5.3.4: April and August 2000.

66


12

i 10 AprilSpnng

04) Apnl Neap 8

August Spnng "8 August Neap

4 -7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sample Number

Figure 5.3.5: Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000.

00

90

80

70 Clay

9P 60 3 Silt 5 50 Sand

£ 40 % Organic Content

30

20

10

0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Sample Number

Figure 5.3.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.

-67-


A f HI 1 i ml 111 iff-' I T*

r 111 I I IHf M 11T I f i_ mi i I ill, 11111. i .

r in i ' 1111 t t+

I I OO L

t+

-•H-++H-ti

in II Yrn— ] II i u II II i 1 i r i i i mi ~

J1®

uj'5

'= 1

H I

8 88 8

8 2 9 o>

++-

+• i i n i l i

<0 ? 8

Figure 5.3.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll.

-68-


I/!

to UJ 2 LU

UJ

O

L i

M i \

Figure 5.4.1: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using no data transformation through the unweighted Euclidean distance method, on an unconstrained dataset.

-69-


in

E

(J

rz m CM u. en \ '<S 5 u j

LJJ

i

L Mi X \

1

1

Figure 5.4.2: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using the unweighted Chord distance method, on an unconstrained dataset, in order to give greater significance to the minor taxa.

-70-


h S 5 j J S - «

H H t t t •

>

S Sj >

4-s> o

s

II

S,

o

s

• I \ >

Sr.

> <r

XCipUI |0A3q JDJB,W pOSipjtipilEJS

Figure 5.5: Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI method three (equation 3).

-71-


o o <N

C 4> > V -J

w I -M

•O B 2 (A

o o

(sajnuiui) uoi ie jnQ Suipooy

Figure 5.6: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R 2 is 0.92.

-72-


^ f y t f H t ^ J tfffi^j -1—tii t-

4fi4 * tB"t*9I IB* '

j*£ *Jtok rftift flfcjjfc.

s s ° aasa° s s s ° sags0 sss

• 1 * 1

f f tar rr:

T r

Figure 5.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the total modern dataset.

-73-

Figures and Plates Chapter Six

r "°

++ + +

+

•r,

O "J

r l

:: r I

I r I

Axis T w o Score

Figure 6.1: Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total foraminiferal dataset. The data is split into the seven zones identified by unconstrained Euclidean distance and Chord distance cluster analysis. A l l samples from the MF 1 cluster are plotted in the same position because the zone is 100 % Miliammina fusca; all samples in this zone therefore have identical Eigenvalues.

-74-


(a)

(b)

o

5: <

L i a s m

v ohimc

mneiai

"Average

Salinity

-I () I

Axis One

Uasin

v o l u m

\veraue

Salinity

Axis One

Figure 6.2: CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species - environment. M f = Miliammina fusca, Hd = Haynesina depressula, T i = Trochammina inflata, Es = Eggerelloides scabrus, Emar = Elphidium margaritaceum, Emac = Elphidium macellum, Jm = Jadammina macrescens, Hg = Haynesina germanica, Ew = Elphidium williamsoni, CI = Cibicides lobatulus, and Ab = Ammonia beccarii var. batavus. The six labelled environmental gradients are plotted as vectors, with the length of the arrow proportional to the degree of influence over the biological assemblage and the direction of the arrow being the direction of maximum change of that environmental variable within the samples / species.

-75-


\

( / J C/3

n,\\s

Figure 6.3: The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for the 15 sites included in the modern training set. Although the lowest salinity is found in the basin with its sill at the highest position in the tidal cycle, and vice versa, the overall pattern is not clear-cut, suggesting that the relationship between the two factors is not straightforward; other variables must interact to complicate the connection between salinity and the position of the sill in the tidal cycle.

-76-


(a)

1 !/2(x-uWt Ey = c exp 01

t

u Environmental variable (.v)

(b)

Ey = b 0 + b,x

0

Environmental variable (.v)

Figure 6.4: Taxon-environment response models, a) Gaussian unimodal relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The three important ecological parameters of the model are shown; u = optimum, t = tolerance, c = maximum. The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance y is given for the Gaussian response model (modified from terBraak, 1988). b) Linear relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance v in relation to x is given for the linear response model (bo = intercept, b| = slope or regression coefficient (modified from ter Braak, 1988; after Birks, 1995).

-77-


s "5k>

•— a.

-1 a.

I

<

WA-PLS prediction (screened)

Figure 6.5: WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the screened data-set. The X-axis shows the value of average salinity (%o) predicted when the original modern training set (266 samples) is used to develop the transfer function, plotted against the revised prediction produced by the transfer function when using the screened data-set of 194 samples.

-78-


» •

•»

o

OS

o S t

X) > • I . 4>

o

1/1 o

Predicted Average Salinity

Figure 6.6: Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted average salinity for the screened modern training set.

-79-


a. <«

a u o

Average Salinity (ppt)

Figure 6.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.

-80-


<u /

it

L L

r

I I I

1/5

I •

i

( m a ) i | j d a o

Figure 6.8: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach VI basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): L L L = silt and clay; X X X = bedrock.

-81-


ec

\ A"

. J

Ai

I I I , i

A

li.

I ,

i

OJ I I

A jJ \ •( A X x 1 ^ X

\

A /< A X AA^Av'h v

(ma)

Figure 6.9: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000), together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smjth (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; "' = sand.

-82-


* - <„ ^ I*, '

l.-ul

•! X; X« X X ">• ""xT X. X i< • X . X . ><LX. X -X. - --^ - X#k,V "--x ^ X -^ X > . X r , .

• l • . •

(ui.i) i)|da(]

Figure 6.10: High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; ' = sand; 111 = turfa peat; — = well-humified organic material; , = shells.

-83-


v - :

• i » . . . .

r-o

o © <N

OX'

< •o

Weighted Mean (DC) Predicted Average Salinity

Figure 6.11: training set.

Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for the screened modern

-84-

Figures and Plates Chapter Seven

r l C I

X \ s

\ X Jo.

X X X K \ X X X X ?

X °>

K X a

* X. X X

r X •a

X 9o

xX >> yo

X X °>

X

Figure 7.1: Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern isolation basins sampled. The majority are considerably shallower than the fossil basins during the fully marine or nearshore shelf stage.

-85-


( i i i ) q i d a a J 3 | B , \ \

O d d ) A | K i ! | K S S S B J O A V p o p n . i j s u o j o y / s o p o i l ^ j o . u q u i n \ [

Figure 7.2: MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan Corr, Kintail. The graph of species diversity shows a general trend of increasing species diversity with increasing water depth (the species diversity between 5 and 100 cm depth is for thecamoebians). Maximum species diversity occurs in the nearshore shelf (fully marine) stage (600 - 726 cm).

-86-


\

00

\ \

Vj

00

v©

rs

(CIO S34J3UI) U 0 p e A 3 | 3

Figure 7.3: Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill elevation. The marine input over the sill indicated by the dashed line will be considerably greater than that over the sill indicated by the solid line, yet both have the same minimum sill elevation. For this reason, an approximate measure of marine input is suggested.

-87-


>

• (dO s a j i D | \ ) uu;ie v3| j ( d ( ) S D . i p i V ) IIOIICADI J

(dO sai>3|\') UOIIB

SIJ

03

(S:

(dO s a J | * | M ) UOUBA.«'J M I S (CIO s».i)Di\;) U»>I|BA.>| | i n s <ao 1 I.U\I )«»!•<'«rj ins

Figure 7.4: Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume ratio during the isolation process, a) indicates fully marine conditions with marine sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area a and basin water volume a at MHWST. b) indicates brackish or variable salinity conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area b and basin water volume b at MHWST. c) indicates freshwater conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area c and basin water volume c at MHWST. This ratio will control the salinity of the basin, with the basin water volume controlling the inertia within the system to changes such as isolation and freshwater input.


•VtA

1 5

1 1 1 1 1 1

•J

' V S I

i t l f l ttt.

•i

• , '1

•'V.

I I

j I

J ! I

i I

t • . 1

. J

Figure 7.5: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail.

-89-


O S

8 S

3 t

s t

4 t.

f 1 t

8

£•3

a*™

8

oJ3

•V

Figure 7.6: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach.

-90-


y y

y. <y. y y

y y j

y y

y y

yy yj y

y

-J

y y.

ry> y.

y y.

y

y. •y y-. y

y>

y-

( j d d ) X H U I I K S

Figure 7.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.

-91-


% Sand Content

Figure 7.8: Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.

-92-


V

a.

E a u c

© o o o o

o

SWLI <5?

Figure 7.9: Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars.

-93-

Figures and Plates Chapter Eight

5 COIGACH KIN TAIL M 17 Achnahaird • Bay Dornie

15 COIGACH 0 km I km 0

Ullapool APPLECROSS

Badentarbat Bay

0 Loch Torndon s A P P L E C R O S S Inverness

ARISAIG ion VP KINTAIL it

km 0 rX I

AR S A G

Ansaig Fort K E N T R A Loch nan William f Ceall

12 1-1 11 13

Mull

Oban

N O

4 ARGYLL

Tarbert Glasgow

KENTRA 6 i

Q Ardnamurchan km

km 2 o

Figure 8.1: The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in western Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000a). The red-coloured numbers correspond to those sites listed in Table 8.1.

-94-

Figures and Plates Appendix Three

V)

Vi

C

F L L l l I

I

F

F_

I s

i/1

D

o 00

< < < < < < < < < < < — — •— -- -- "-— —

— . C/5 t/3 m C/3 c/3 c/5

cs

cs

cs

u U U U U U u U u

jaqiunnj 3|duiB<«;

Figure A3 .1 .1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-95-


00 00 1*1

(/I

t/3

3>

L

L

I St.

s

S i

I

I s

<?4 3>

s

O — OO FN R«-> <j < < ^ < <

—-< <; < < <

RN (N <N R-1 (N (N RN TN 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 U

00 U

OO U U U U U U U U U U

Figure A3.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-96-


MS

4 X

+ +

+

t

t t

4 4

4 +

4-

4 +

0*

++++

I f

+44.

+++

5 4jHt+

#4+

, r+-F ' + 44

-t) 44 + 4

44

44

+ 4

4 44 4 + 4 ^

T 44 ^ 44

4 44

4-lt-44

44

44 * 44

4 4

^ | [ |11 [~

+ ^

44 4+~ 44

4 4

# 44

#4

+

+ 44 4 4 4 4

++ *

J=fc-

T 4

4

±

T 4

+ *

33 OS 4 4*

44 +1+

4 (-

8 8 § S

4 +

S 8S

Figure A3.1.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist

-97-


\

at

a

—

ON ON ON ON ON ON ON • . ON

jaquinu aiduies

Figure A3.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-98-


<

oo

<

<:

< <

ON <;

CN <?;

o < < < < - J - J - J

<: <: < CN CN CN <?; 5v < < <

jaqu in \ j 3]duiB§

Figure A3.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-99-


It

eS

"1 -H-H-

I

i jfct'ii jfe 1 *

.8? QO

l l

+++

-ti-

+

4+

+

T

" 5

+1- +

I ' l l

Figure A3.2.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.

-100-


VI

C/5

\ 01

I I I I I C/5

< —

< < —.

OI

V/I

,

1 IV

/l,

< •—.

'1/A

12

< < Ov

<: 00

< \

OI

V/I

,

1 IV

/l,

— '1/A

12

•—

C/5 03 CD

C/5 02 cTi

02 C/5 m

C/5 oa C/5

03 C/l C/5

03 CQ CQ

Figure A3.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.


VI

Vi

•r.

\

I I I <4

I I B I I •4-

>1 L

00

Si on 1/1 00 00 on 00 00 00 0Q 03 CO m 09 03 CD CD 03

.oquinfyi 3|duiBg

Figure A3.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-102-


j>1

1 * *

++ 4 +

Is S2 3 £ .

11 n £

S3

/ - +++ m ;

i f

I T

4 $ H I I

+ + 4 J

%

•4+ +•

+ t * 4-t

t

f t

8 8 S

Figure A3.3.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.

-103-


o u

03

s

<*-O

E 3

O

H

— <N ^ — — <N - — — n M ^ N n n n n ^ r N o - ^ - <N — rj — — <N <N

< < s < < < : ; < < < ^ < < < < < :<<<<<<<< — — UJ — — — m — UJUJ — QJ — — — LU — — — — — ^ J — QJ rtj — — — — — — ~ - — LijUjUttJiij jUjji i i jauiajjaBjauujUjjujUiUBjaJuuui J J J J J *J J -J J J J J J J J j J J J J J J J J

jaqiun|vj a|duies

Figure A3.4.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-104-


\ ^ l i I I I I I I B I D I D I . o . DIB 0 D11D11 e i DI

5 59 95 2 2 25 22 25 9 2 29 59 5 9 95 99 2 5 55 5 59 59 — — — U J U J U J —QJUJUJ — — [ j j f i i — — ~ — — — — . - n — — . —

jaquin\i 0|dums

Figure A3.4.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-105-


10

7 3?

CD

*4 T ^ ^ - f f

mt +

oo

f t * - * • » * - # * - * •

+ + + ++ + + + ( - + t - f + 4

I MM- +#- + 4- ++• *H- 4ft 8

s 8

f &

! ft

8 9

GJS -t* 4-tt-+ s

f r mm IS + s

s i 5 +4-

3l Si us

4f ++ 8

I 8 I s

I s 5 ? S

Figure A3.4.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport l , Isle of North Uist.

-106-


C/3

(A

3>

so

z \

7Z

•A L

I I oo —.

<N <N (N (N <N CN (N <N (N P J U J W U J W u L l l l J U J L L )

Figure A3.5.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-107-


VI

VI

V)

t/3

^ ^

IP

,5^

^ I I I I D

jaquinkj siduiBC

Figure A3.5.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-108-


8 2

4 4

+ +

s + +

I f

1 8f bo

i f f i i P t *»- 4J* 4 + + 4 + + 4-+ + + 4

4 3

23

8

Eg

4 4 + 44 s

85 8

I 8

9 0 s 9 5 2 44

8

Figure A3.5.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist.

-109-


C/5 C/5

C/5

\ 5f> I / )

W5

C/5 4>

00

ON ON ON ON ON ON ON

04 04 04 a a

Figure A3.6.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-110-


t f i

VI

V)

41

I I L L

L J

s

rs 00 —

cs $ (N $ ON o ON ON ON ON OS ON ON ON

ai Oi a a a a a

jaquinfsj sjduiBS

sc; ON ON ON ON ON ON p> a : o£ o O a

Figure A3.6.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

- I l l -


f

% f 4!

-i

+

+4, .4 ,4 J 4 +V 4? S 4-

I .85? Q O

4

4 4

^ 4 frftn ^ K ^ - - « t § - 4 4% 8 i i J n i r m - i i • m- r—-ITT —3 1 111 3 m

s 3 S

S 5 4-44+ + H- 4f £ 2

3

OS U1J

i + + 4- 44- 4f 44+

4+ + 44H- 44-4H- * 444+ + 4+4H- + UJ

si a s 8

i <9 1 y a z

| 8 s

O o o

Figure A3.6.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist.

-112-


" SB - «

3 in

in

I [" if*

3>

S i J"5

HI

F

s

5£

00

8P oo SP 00 60 00 to oo

jaqiun[yj ajduiBS

Figure A3.7.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-113-


t/2

s

8 3> 8

L

56

«3

% r L

— ^ £N 00 (N £N £N fN SO 00 00 00 03 cd cd cd O O O O

jaquinf«j 3|duies

Figure A3.7.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-114-


I I

If is

I I

E I 13 4: + 4 ^

BE m

+ +

i*

+ +

T I f 4#-

+

+

+ r +

+ +

ji*j=t-i.

" # 5

+ +

1 +

++- +

+ + +

+ +

*1 If OS

e - !

< 8 !

+ ++ + t +

+

,+

+ t +

8 a

Figure A3.7.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye.

-115-


9

C/)

R

v© —

cd cd cd cd cd cd eg cd

jaquinM 3|duiB«;

Figure A3.8.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-116-


3>

C0 4)

\

g

»3

J^1

— 5 r - -

'8 J3

o ^ 9° C fN ?5 o 5 .is '« '3 4=

Joqiun[\] 3|duiBS

Figure A3.8.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-117-


E Is is

To

f t

i f

•a

i f Is

+

+

+ +

^ 4

+ +

+ +

+

+ + I t

+ 3 +

*

+ +

+

8 S 8 ! 3 S

Figure A3.8.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye.

-118-


V)

t/5

C/5 1/5

3

\ 1 L

L 41

L

L f i O — ( N <n O n

:— V (L> 0>

Figure A3.9.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-119-


'5

<N VO 5; (N

?-tin O o 1> I* I—

(N o oo

reiff

/2/:

•eiff

/2/

•eiff

/2/

-eiff

/2/

reiff

/2/:

J3qiunf»j a|duies

Figure A3.9.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-120-


"H'c Qt(0

+

t "^t#-t*4*r

4* +

i s 6 O

V 1 W | * *

4*

z i

4+ +•

*

+ *

1 ;

+ +

*l# ±

t

J l iJ

T3 8

T i f + +•

+ + Is

- ,4- + , . S S ESS CD

+ 4-

,, +

4- 4-4-

+ 4-4-

4

-H+H- 4-1, 4 f , + S 8 825

Figure A3.9.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt.

-121-


1 M z .2 'C « >

/1/3

/1/4

in

"3 "3 "3

jaquinjvj 9|duiBS

Figure A3.10.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during April 2000.

-122-


03

93

m vi fN ?3 is rs

(8

jaquin^i aiduies

Figure A3.10.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during August 2000.

-123-


+

2 v

6

II

l i s

Ht4f ++

i f II + 4+

%- ++ 4-

4-44- -Wtf-HH--

+ 4f 4fHf 4*44- * + 4

• + -+

+ -w--m-m=ttk

4 ^

4fc

/ 4

4- 4

• * 4 4-

S 4H-4- M -

S 8 S 5 o o Q og t- (5 in •*«

Figure A3.10.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt.

-124-


4>

S i

01

joqiunM 3|duiBS

Figure A3.11.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-125-


f N (N

4> <L>

jaquinhj siduiBe

Figure A3.11.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000.

-126-


II

4-

w T +

1+ 4-

61

I?

163

4 4

* 4 4-

+ t\>»+ ^ + 4+

4-4*

++J#

+ 4++

t + + • #

4++ + 4-44-+ +44-+ +

+ # 4 f

4-

4*

+Ht*+

+*iM++fc 4

/ T

+4+ 4

4+

4) "

4

4-

^ 4 4-t _+

8 S 8 8

Figure A3.11.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt.

-127-


in

V}

•Pi F

E 3

O H

OO R~ I N VO F^I

—. — — o u u :j ".J

e s s s s s

Figure A3.12.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-128-


Vi V)

t/1

3>

y>, *i>.

F 5*

I L O f

1/3

i r

vo i— oo u-> c i FS <S FS CN FS FIJ U 1> O 1> o o o o o t - t - t - u-j a q u i n \ [ 3 | d u i B S

Figure A3.12.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-129-


s o ?g

u

IS Si

+ *

+ 4- + +

F i* is-QO

l i

I

(- 4

+ H*t: +P- ++ -fc

^ I III ^ Ifr i ^ Ift

5 1 4 -

* 4-

+ ^

4 8

Figure A3.12.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt.

-130-


ss Si

s

4 I I

Figure A3.13.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt.

-131-


t/3 9

L Si. J* 11 L V)

41

I 1

lb

I

I 3> _ R- ( N O

5 5 I c 1 "O "O " 6 T3 o D o *o a> Z Z 2 Z

jsquinisi 0|diuBS

Figure A3.14.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-132-


vi vi

Vi

Vi

Vi

9

V it I I

if 71

00

•8 "8 •8 •8 •8

Figure A3.14.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-133-


+

Is

f t

4-

S3

+ +

+ +

+

++ 44-

++

J*

4-

4-4 4- +

H%+4-

4-+

*&+ +-

+ 4

+-+#

i t *

F*i- + H * * +

4-+

4-fjjj

+

t + g

f4f + f

h4-4-+

+ +1-

+

OS

4-+4-4-

4 4-

111 if4-+4-4-

test. +

8 8 as 2° 8*

Figure A3.14.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt.

-134-


?5 00 r3

o

j a q u i i i f s j 3 ( d u i B S

Figure A3.15.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during August 2000.

-135-

9


I t

Is

28 | | I s

2*

TS 8

01 5

SB

+ +-H4+ +

+ -til • 4 *

N+4

*+»- +

•HfH+4

+ 4*

i -H-

#-H- +

4

V *

S 8 8 S S gesss

Figure A3.15.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt.

-136-


0)

\ IP

if'

I 5>

\

00

60 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 <0 (3 CO

j a q i u n k j a | d u i B S

Figure A3.16.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-137-


Vi

t/5

Si

if!

Os 00 in —

00 00 so 60 60 00 60 60 00 CO si

jaqiuntsi arduiec

Figure A3.16.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-138-


23 $ n

is,

1?

il

S i S

=5

+ +

%1 +

t 4 1

4f

1

• *

+ +

e 3 s

I I

+

+-

+ +

+• 4

+ + +

• 4

o+ + + +x

t +

+

sase c

Figure A3.16.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll.

-139-


A-

\ 01

x: £

j a q u i n f i j 3 | d a i e s

Figure A3.17.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation.

-140-


Si

a? •o

SI f

- I

+ + + +

3-12 s.2

8 c

£ 3

E8

I I *

% 4

Pi +

+

s s g a

Figure A3.17.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll.

-141-


i r

.1

I 5

T

• <-i i* i

i

I

J .

I

I

L I

Figure A3.18.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll)

-142-


1 !- fi l l

! 5 ! V I .

I- 1- i - U

- I = ! ! - I - i

3

- I " i r • • A t

1J i i m • i %

r I & » i : r

^1 M ^ H :•_ I j f I ;

iMi i: LiL

1 -.- , . . . J *

!.' I . r

' i i ! " I •

r;ff'?fi | i f if? _ l . 4 ; » ii. JL_

i i

Figure A3.18.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye).

- 1 4 3 -

Figures and Plates Appendix Four

y s - y y v

Site Name

-HAT "MHWS "MHWN -MTL "MLWN "MLWS ~LAT

if if

Figure A4.1: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this

investigation using SWLI Method One.

/ y / / / / " / / / / / • s / •/ i f <f

-HAT -MHWS -MHWN - M T L -MLWN -MLWS ~LAT

Figure A4.2: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this

investigation using SWLI Method Two.

-144-

Figures and Plates Appendix Four

• •

• •

100

50

50 100

Standardised Water Level Index


Figure A4.3: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Equation One and b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R2 is a) 0.92 and b) 0.93.

-145-

APPENDIX O N E

Methods

A l . l INTRODUCTION

The methods employed in the sampling strategy and data collection stages are

described here. This includes the methods used in the analysis of water chemistry,

including the calibration of equipment, and sediment properties (loss on ignition and

particle size analysis).

A 1 . 2 LABORATORY METHODS

Al.2.1 Salinity

The accurate measurement of salinity within each basin was critical in this research if

useful comparisons were to be made between and within sites, and through time.

Al.2.1.1 Calibration

The meters selected for all water chemistry measurements were calibrated on freshly

prepared standards, and tested against benchtop meters in the laboratory. The

standards were also tested using the Chloride titration method. The Jenway IP67

standard hand-held meter used during the research accepts only one calibration,

using KC1 (potassium chloride) standards of conductivity strength 1413/iS

(microsiemens) or 12.88mS (millisiemens) or, in terms of molar strength, 0.0IN and

0.1N KC1. The Jenway bench-top meter used in the laboratory allows a three-point

calibration, and standards of conductivity 1413/iS, 12.88mS, and 24.8mS (0.2N KC1)

were used. The hand-held meter was also tested against a self-calibrating YSI 63

meter during the final set of data collection in the field, and the results were within

0.1 mS (or mg/L) of each other in water of salinity 27%o.

-146-

Appendix One Methods

Al.2.1.2 Measurement

Measurements were taken only once the end-point (meter stabilised) symbol was

displayed by the instrument. The conductivity was then converted to salinity using

Lab Assistant software v.2.00.05 (PDMS, 1995). One sample from every batch at

each site was also tested using the Chloride titration method. These were chosen to

represent the ful l range of salinity values experienced in the field.

Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration

1. Wearing a lab coat, safety glasses and protective gloves, prepare an N/10

(0.1N) standard of Sodium Chloride (5.845g NaCl in 1 litre of distilled

water).

2. Make up an N/10 solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNo3) (17.0g AgNo3 in 1 litre

of distilled water). This should be kept in a dark bottle, and stored in a

cupboard, in order to prevent the silver nitrate from deteriorating.

3. In a small flask, add 20 - 30ml of distilled water, then add to that 10ml of the

NaCl standard, using an automatic pipette or another accurate method.

4. Add 4 or 5 drops of potassium chromate (K^CrC^) solution, which will give

the sample a yellow colour. In order to ensure that the sample is made acidic,

add 2 or 3 drops of Nitric Acid (NHO3), then a small spatula amount of

Calcium Carbonate (CaCo3) in order to make the sample alkaline.

5. Using a 25ml or 50ml burette, mounted on a stand, to add the silver nitrate,

first test it against the NaCl standard. Exactly 10ml of silver nitrate should be

required to change the colour of the entire sample from yellow to light brown.

A magnetic stirrer is useful in mixing the sample, otherwise gently agitate the

sample the whole time that silver nitrate is being added.

6. Prepare samples in the same way as the NaCl standard, adding 5 or 10ml to

the distilled water, then adding the potassium chromate, Nitric Acid and

Calcium Carbonate in turn. I f the sample has already been measured using a

-147-


conductivity meter, and the conductivity is greater than lOmS, use 5ml of

sample. I f it has a conductivity less than 10 mS, use 10ml of sample in order

to achieve a more accurate result from the reading on the burette.

7. Add the silver nitrate as before.

8. The amount of sample and silver nitrate used in obtaining each reading

should be noted and entered into the following equation, where A = amount

of silver nitrate used, B = amount of sample used, Y = the figure obtained in

the first part of the calculation (required for the second part) and Z = salinity

in parts per thousand ( % o ) :

Y = (A x 3.55) x (1000/B) (4)

Z = (Y/19350) x 35 (5)

A 1 . 3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS

The technique used here is after that of Ball (1964). Approximately 3.5 g of

sediment was added to a crucible of known weight, and oven-dried at 105°C for 24

hours. The dried sample was then weighed, and the weight of the crucible

subtracted, before being placed in a furnace at 550°C for 4 hours.

Before the ashed samples cool to below 100°C, place them into a dessicator and store

them there until they are weighed and, again, the weight of the crucible is subtracted.

The percentage difference between the dry weight and ashed weight is the percentage

organic content or loss on ignition:

Loss on ignition % =((0 -1) / O) * 100 (6)

Where O is the weight of the dried sample; and I is the ashed weight.

A1.4 P A R T I C L E S I Z E ANALYSIS

Particle size analysis was carried out using a Coulter laser granulometer, using a

minimum of two runs of 90 seconds for each sample. The results were converted to

-148-


MS Excel format and simplified into the percentage of material by volume in the

clay, silt and sand fractions. The granulometer accepts any particles in the size range

ljum to 2mm (2000/*m). The method of sample preparation is as follows

1 Wearing the appropriate safety equipment (lab coat, safety glasses and Nitrile

gloves), place approximately 3 g of sediment in a plastic vial. From now

onwards, work inside a fume hood

2 Add 20 ml of distilled water and 5 ml of 100 % Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2 0 2 ) to

the sample.

3 The sample wil l effervesce. I f this is extreme, allow the sample to settle for a

time before covering each tube with foil and placing in a boiling water bath

for two hours.

4 Scrape any coarse material which has collected at the top of the tube back

down into the sample and, i f necessary, add more Hydrogen Peroxide and

return to the water bath. Repeat this procedure until all organic material has

been dissolved.

5 Centrifuge the samples at 4000 rpm for 4 minutes and carefully decant half of

the supernatant liquid off. Top up with water, centrifuge, and decant off the

supernatant water.

6 Add 20 ml of distilled water to the tube, then 2 ml of Sodium

Hexametaphosphate (NaP03) solution, which is a deflocculant. The sample

is now ready for analysis in the Coulter laser granulometer.

-149-


A 1.5 FORAMINIFERA

The following procedure is after Scott and Medioli (1980a) and de Rijk (1995).

1 The foraminiferal and, where appropriate, thecamoebian (or testate amoebae)

samples are placed in buffered ethanol together with the protein stain rose

Bengal (Walton, 1952).

2 Wet sieve through 500/i.m and 63/im sieves, using light water pressure from a

fine spray.

3 Wash the samples into a storage vial with distilled water, add ethanol as a

preservative, and store in a refrigerator.

A1.6 L E V E L L I N G S I L L A L T I T U D E S

The majority of sill altitudes were determined using Leica GPS System 300, with the

data analysed in the SKI package and tied into the UK Ordnance Survey active GPS

network, the data from which is downloadable via the internet.

The maximum error in linking the reference station (in effect a temporary

benchmark) to the active network was less than 25 mm. Given that the errors

associated with the (no longer maintained) UK benchmark system are up to order of

magnitude larger than this, 25mm can be accepted as a legitimate error margin.

Added to this are any differences between the reference station and the rover station

used at each site. The quality of this solution never exceeds 41 mm, although more

typical error values are sub-millimetre.

For the small number of sites where the GPS equipment was not available, a Leica

Total Station was used, in conjunction with the OS benchmark system. In order to

maximise the accuracy of this system, the benchmarks used were cut in solid rock

and all transects were closed back to the benchmark, with a maximum accepted

closure error of 50mm.

-150-

APPENDIX T W O

Foraminiferal Species List

Ammonia beccarii var. batavus (Hofker)

Ammoscalaria runiana (Heron-Allen and Earland)

Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob)

Eggerelloides scabrus (Haynes)

Elphidium excavatum (Terquem)

Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll)

Elphidium margaritaceum (Cushman)

Elphidium williamsoni (Haynes)

Haynesina depressula (Walker and Jacob)

Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg)

Jadammina macrescens (Brady)

Miliammina fusca (Brady)

Quinqueloculina spp.

Trochammina inflata (Montagu)

-151-

APPENDIX T H R E E

Site Results

A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL V A R I A B L E S

Three sites were selected in the main text for discussion of the relationships between

the foraminifera and environmental variables data collected from each site. The

remaining data is presented here, with information appearing in Figures A3.1.1 -

A3.17.2 in the following site order:

Oban Trumisgarry

Alioter Lagoon

Bac-a-Stoc

Locheport 1

Locheport 2

Grimsay

Pool Roag

Loch na h'airde

Loch of Reiff

Lochan Sal

Loch an Eisg-brachaidh

Loch Roe Lagoon

Oldany Lagoons

Loch Nedd Lagoon

Lochan na Dubh Leitir

Craiglin Lagoon

Dubh Loch

-152-

Appendix Three Site Results

A 3 . 2 R E G I O N A L COMPARISON OF T H E COMBINED D A T A - S E T

The screened dataset of 266 samples was split into that from the Hebridean islands of

North Uist and Skye (221 samples), and that from the Assynt and Argyll areas of the

mainland (45 samples). Values of r (Table A3.1) and r 2 (Table A3.2) were calculated

for the relationships in each, and scatter plot matrices calculated in the same manner

as for the combined modern dataset (Figures A3.18.1 and A3.18.2). Data from

neither region displays any distinct differences from the combined dataset. As a

result, the combined dataset is used for the remaining statistical analysis, as there is

no apparent gain in treating the results on a regional basis.

-153-


Sill

elev

atio

n F

resh

wat

er

inpu

t

0.36

82

Bas

in

surf

ace

area

-0.1

454

0.58

77*

Hig

h ti

de

volu

me OO

o 0.56

59*

0.13

85

Low

tid

e vo

lum

e

0.82

21*

0.97

98*

0.01

31 *

oo oo «-> O

% S

and

0.05

77

-0.1

275

0.17

13

-0.4

438*

0.00

39

% S

ilt

-0.9

928*

-0.0

838

0.13

18

-0.1

969

0.49

47*

0.00

99

% C

lay

0.88

98*

-0.9

381*

0.02

26

0.10

44

-0.0

830

0.26

00

-0.0

436

% O

rgan

ic

Con

tent

0.70

19* *

v-i Wl O OO O

*

oo O -0

.137

4

0.03

49

-0.2

223

0.38

17*

0.09

76

Ave

rage

D

isso

lved

O2

-0.0

188

0.16

51

0.02

81

-0.0

647

-0.1

183

-0.2

317

-0.0

997

-0.2

379

-0.1

306

Ave

rage

te

mpe

ratu

re

* o> Os CO d

0.02

94

-0.0

005

0.01

63

-0.0

123

0.10

29

0.08

97

0.09

71

0.02

23

0.12

76

pH r

ange

-0.4

873*

o tN d 0.

3987

* oo oo d 0.

4374

* |

-0.4

334*

-0.3

059

-0.2

322

-0.3

605

0.12

71

0.00

93

Min

imum

PH

-0.7

690*

* m oo Os

d -0.3

504

-0.3

880*

-0.1

195

-0.3

237

0.27

71

0.33

36

0.23

29

0.34

28

-0.1

733

-0.1

764

Ave

rage

PH

0.92

97*

-0.6

189*

|

0.47

21*

-0.3

673

-0.3

260

-0.1

085

|

-0.2

845

|

0.24

44

|

0.36

58

0.35

39

0.32

89

-0.0

186

-0.2

209

Min

imum

Sa

linit

y

0.57

99*

0.51

95*

-0.5

121*

|

0.30

05

0.28

73 *

o d -0

.438

4*

-0.5

850*

0.55

92*

-0.0

026

-0.0

935

0.02

64

-0.3

250

-0.2

202

Salin

ity

Ran

ge

-0.5

788*

-0.0

405

-0.0

969

0.18

87

0.26

74

-0.2

746

0.36

53

0.41

78*

|

0.53

63*

|

-0.5

168*

0.10

99

0.39

24*

0.00

17

ON *f -O O -0

.030

2

Max

imum

Sa

lini

ty

-0.2

392

0.93

03*

0.67

22*

0.57

50*

-0.5

249*

1

0.47

81*

-0.4

656*

-0.3

157

-0.3

340

|

m *r> d 0.

4334

*

0.04

64

0.06

53

0.03

22

-0.1

013

-0.2

758

Ave

rage

Sa

lini

tv

0.90

65*

-0.3

766 *

r-m O Os d 0.

6857

*

0.67

10*

-0.5

858*

1

o r-in d -0

.349

2

-0.3

237

-0.2

140

1

-0.4

193*

|

0.37

44

0.05

30

-0.0

559

0.05

76

-0.3

043

-0.2

067

Ave

rage

Sa

linit

y M

axim

um

Salin

ity

Salin

ity

Ran

ge

Min

imum

Sa

linit

y A

vera

ge

pH

Min

imum

pH

pH r

ange

1

Ave

rage

T

emp

Ave

rage

D

isso

lved

O

2

% O

rgan

ic

Con

tent

%C

lay

% S

ilt

1

%S

and

Low

tid

e vo

lum

e H

igh

tide

vo

lum

e B

asin

su

rfac

e A

rea

Fre

shw

ater

in

put

Sill

elev

atio

n

Table A3.1: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Argyll and Assynt). * indicates 99% confidence interval.

-154-


Sill

elev

atio

n F

resh

wat

er

inpu

t o

Bas

in

surf

ace

area

0.24

29*

-0.5

271

Hig

h ti

de

voiu

me

0.85

86*

-0.0

776

-0.6

493

Low

tid

e vo

lum

e

0.99

83*

OO <o OO O

-0.0

789

-0.6

282

% S

and

0.00

25

-0.0

159

-0.1

142

-0.2

789*

0.03

33

% S

ilt

-0.9

961*

0.00

80

0.02

51

0.11

29

0.24

42*

-0.0

157

n

0 0.

9322

*

-0.9

565

-0.0

402

-0.0

169

0.09

61

0.35

30*

-0.0

925

% O

rgan

ic

Con

tent

0.73

32*

0.71

68*

-0.7

243*

-0.0

872

-0.0

620

0.03

61

0.07

86

0.11

69

Ave

rage

D

isso

lved

O2

0.10

80

-0.1

158

-0.0

910

0.09

99

-0.1

189

-0.1

116

-0.1

009

-0.3

147*

0.16

12

Ave

rage

te

mpe

ratu

re

-0.1

075

0.00

62

0.10

99

0.07

57

-0.0

865

-0.2

280*

-0.2

418*

-0.1

152

0.33

24*

0.11

65

pH r

ange

-0.2

514*

0.02

97

0.07

41

0.14

97

|

0.10

03

|

o -0.0

162

-0.0

167

0.10

78

0.40

94*

-0.0

583

Min

imum

PH

-0.6

217*

0.41

84*

0.10

75

-0.0

158

-0.0

254

0.05

66

-0.0

369

0.12

97

0.11

71

0.13

83

-0.2

622*

0.07

94

Ave

rage

pH

0.84

96*

-0.1

864*

0.41

43*

0.21

69

0.05

12

0.06

13

|

0.12

53

|

-0.1

153

|

0.05

79

0.04

52

0.19

25*

-0.0

716 9011 0

Min

imum

Sa

linit

v

0.38

91*

0.48

06*

-0.4

796*

0.36

99*

0.12

93

0.22

62*

0.19

02*

|

0.16

41

-0.1

643

-0.0

174

0.00

85

0.02

17 .1

06

10

- -0.1

480

Salin

ity

Ran

ge

-0.7

827*

-0.3

338*

-0.4

903*

o

O -0.3

247*

-0.1

121

-0.0

604

0.01

89

-0.0

661

0.04

16

-0.0

061

-0.0

093

0.00

30

0.32

88*

-0.0

255

Max

imum

Sa

linit

y

0.00

38

0.61

95*

-0.2

042

0.15

38

-0.0

762 *

OO

OO

O

0.05

60 •

i 00 fN O

*

rN

O 0.18

04*

|

-0.2

116*

|

-0.0

356

0.00

19

0.03

87

0.10

93

-0.2

699*

Ave

rage

Sa

linit

y

0.78

07*

-0.5

950*

0.95

30* »

r o d 0.

4619

*

-0.4

103

*J

0.34

49*

0.10

68

0.30

66*

0.28

49*

|

0.23

22*

1

-0.2

390*

1

0.05

31

0.08

43

OO OO O O -0

.120

9

-0.2

004*

Ave

rage

Sa

lini

ty

Max

imum

Sa

linit

y Sa

linit

y R

ange

M

inim

um

Sali

nity

A

vera

ge

pH

Min

imum

pH

pH r

ange

1

Ave

rage

T

empe

ratu

re

Ave

rage

D

isso

lved

O

2

% O

rgan

ic I

C

onte

nt

|

% C

lay

|

% S

ilt

% S

and

Low

tid

e vo

lum

e H

igh

tide

vo

lum

e B

asin

su

rfac

e ar

ea

Fre

shw

ater

in

put

Sill

elev

atio

n

Table A3.2: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist and Skye. * indicates 99% confidence interval.

-155-

APPENDIX F O U R


The altitude of basin sills can not be accurately compared in the statistical

reconstruction of relative sea-level without also taking account of their position in

relation to the tidal cycle. The altitudes are therefore converted to a standardised

water level index (SWLI) from metres OD. Three methods were previously

discussed by Horton (1997). Here, the three methods are assessed, in order to find

the most appropriate equation for the range of basin elevations in this research:

A4.1 M E T H O D O N E

The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as:

xa = [(Aa - MTL a ) / (MHWST a - MTL a )* 100] (7)

where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; M T L a is the mean tide level (m

OD) at site a; MHWST a is the mean high water spring tide at site a; and xa is the

SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of MTL and 100

for that of MHWST. Figure A4.1 and Table A4.1 show the construction of tide

levels using method one.

A 4 . 2 M E T H O D Two


xa = ((A„ - LAT a ) / (HAT« - LAT f l )* 100) (8)

where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; L A T a is the lowest astronomical

tide (m OD) at site a; HAT a is the highest astronomical tide at site a; and xa is the

SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of LAT and 100

-156-

Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index

for that of HAT. Figure A4.2 and Table A4.2 show the construction of tide levels

using method two.

A 4 . 3 M E T H O D T H R E E


xa = [((A,, - MLWST a) / (MHWST 0 - MLWST a )* 100) + 100] (3)

where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; MLWST a is mean low water

spring tide (m OD) at site a; MHWST a is mean high water spring tide at site a; and

xa is the SWLI of the sill of site a. As this method is selected as the most appropriate

for the this research, the constant 100 is added to ensure that all values are positive,

in order to avoid any potential problems with computer programs and negative

values. This method gives values of 100 for the xa of MLWST and 200 for that of

MHWST. Tide level construction is shown in Figure 4.6 and Table 4.3. Table A4.4

shows the construction of the SWLI for sill elevations using method three.

A 4 . 4 SUMMARY

As well as the elevations of tide levels being constructed using each SWLI method in

turn (Table A4.2 - Table A4.4), the duration of flooding at Spring tide was also

plotted against SWLI using each of the three methods (Figure 4.7 - method three;

Figure A4.3 - methods one and two). From this, either method two or method three

could be used in this research, as they show the greatest consistency in SWLI values

between sites at the different stages of the tide.

Although SWLI method two actually produced a slightly higher value of r 2 and lower

RMSE, it was decided to proceed with method three. Method three is based around

accurate readings of Spring tides, the data for which is calculated for secondary ports

in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000), whilst method two relies on the accurate

measurement of HAT and LAT, the data for which is not calculated for secondary

ports in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000). This requires extrapolation from standard

ports, leaving the method open to potentially larger errors in the calculation of the

SWLI of each sill.

-157-


Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT

Oban Trumisgarry -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Oban na Struthan -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Alioter Lagoon -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Bac-a-Stoc -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Locheport 1 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Locheport 2 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Grimsay -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130

Pool Roag -136.36 -100 -40.91 0 36.36 100 127.27

Loch na h'airde -166.67 -127.78 -50 0 38.89 100 155.56

Loch of Reiff -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27

Lochan Sal -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27

Loch an Eisg- -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27

brachaidh

Loch Roe Lagoon -163.16 -121.05 -52.63 0 42.11 100 142.11

Oldany Lagoon 1 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37

Oldany Lagoon 2 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37

Loch Nedd -157.89 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37

Lagoon

Lochan na Dubh -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37

Leitir

Duartmore -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37

Caithlim Lagoon -107.69 -76.92 -23.08 0 46.15 100 138.46

Craiglin Lagoon -143.75 -81.25 -62.5 0 56.25 100 125

Dubh Loch -192.31 -115.38 -115.38 0 69.23 100 153.85

Average -147.07 108.39 -51.03 0 41.71 100 136.71

SD 16.80 12.86 17.26 0 7.64 0 10.14

Table A4.1: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method one (equation 7).

-158-



Oban Trumisgarry 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Oban na Struthan 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Alioter Lagoon 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Bac-a-Stoc 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Locheport 1 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Locheport 2 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Grimsay 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100

Pool Roag 0 13.79 36.21 51.72 65 52 89.66 100

Loch na h'airde 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 63 79 82.76 100

Loch of Reiff 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100

Lochan Sal 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100

Loch an Eisg- 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100

brachaidh

Loch Roe Lagoon 0 13.79 36.21 53.45 67 24 86.21 100

Oldany Lagoon 1 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100

Oldany Lagoon 2 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100

Loch Nedd 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100

Lagoon

Lochan na Dubh 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100

Leitir

Duartmore 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100

Caithlim Lagoon 0 12.50 34.38 43.75 62.50 84.38 100

Craiglin Lagoon 0 23.26 30.23 53.49 74.42 90.70 100

Dubh Loch 0 22.22 22.22 55.56 75.56 84.44 100

Average 0 13.57 34.01 51.74 66.49 87.23 100

SD 0 3.10 3.16 2.06 3.23 2.54 0

Table A4.2: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method two (equation 8).

-159-



Oban Trumisgarry 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Oban na Struthan 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Alioter Lagoon 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Bac-a-Stoc 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Locheport 1 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Locheport 2 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Grimsay 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63

Pool Roag 81.82 100 129.55 150.00 168.18 200 213.64

Loch na h'airde 82.93 100 134.15 156.10 173.17 200 224.39

Loch of Reiff 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33

Lochan Sal 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33

Loch an Eisg- 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33

brachaidh

Loch Roe Lagoon 80.95 100 130.95 154.76 173.81 200 219.05

Oldany Lagoon 1 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43

Oldany Lagoon 2 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43

Loch Nedd 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43

Lagoon

Lochan na Dubh 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43

Leitir

Duartmore 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43

Caithlim Lagoon 82.61 100 130.43 143.48 169.57 200 221.74

Craiglin Lagoon 65.52 100 110.34 144.83 175.86 200 213.79

Dubh Loch 64.29 100 100.00 153.57 185.71 200 225.00

Average 81.36 100 127.45 151.83 172.00 200 217.49

SD 5.53 0 7.70 3.16 3.49 0 4.12

Table A4.3: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method three (equation 3).

-160-


Site Sill Altitude (m OD) SWLI

Oban Trumisgarry 0.813 165.93

Oban na Struthan 0.851 166.85

Alioter Lagoon 0.674 162.54

Bac-a-Stoc 0.653 162.02

Locheport 1 0.879 167.54

Locheport 2 0.417 156.28

Grimsay 1.035 171.34

Pool Roag -0.707 125.52

Loch na h'airde 1.851 191.49

Loch of Reiff 1.426 177.24

Lochan Sal 3.182 216.26

Loch an Eisg-brachaidh 0.801 163.36

Loch Roe Lagoon 0.477 154.21

Oldany Lagoon 1 1.42 179.05

Oldany Lagoon 2 1.923 191.02

Loch Nedd Lagoon 1.921 190.98

Lochan na Dubh Leitir 4.498 252.33

Duartmore -0.546 132.24

Caithlim Lagoon 1.084 170.61

Craiglin Lagoon 1.417 180.59

Dubh Loch 1.193 182.61

Table A4.4: Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI method three.

-161-

APPENDIX F I V E

WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data

This appendix provides data not included in Chapter Six for WA-PLS calibration

and Modern Analogue technique tests on fossil data from two basins.

The data are presented are:

i . Dubh Lochan. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.1 and Figure 6.9).

i i . Loch nan Corr. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.2 and Figure 6.10).

i i i . Loch nan Corr. MAT (Table A5.3 and Figure 6.10).

Sample Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity

1 122 15.71 2 126 15.71 3 134 18.79 4 142 17.41 5 150 17.95 6 158 16.59 7 166 16.95 8 174 16.93 9 182 18.87 10 190 22.52 11 198 23.62 12 206 23.51 13 214 22.27 14 222 21.22 15 230 21.60 16 238 18.61 17 242 23.26 18 246 25.98 19 248 27.14 20 250 28.81 21 252 27.50 22 254 26.41 23 262 26.04 24 266 26.00 25 269 26.06

Table A5.1: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach.

-162-

Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data

e Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity

1 104 16.09 2 112 16.40 3 120 17.45 4 128 27.19 5 136 26.78 6 144 27.48 7 160 28.01 8 176 27.70 9 192 27.43 10 208 27.69 11 224 27.26 12 240 27.28 13 256 27.26 14 272 26.09 15 288 27.42 16 304 27.39 17 328 26.71 18 336 26.40 19 344 27.62 20 352 28.01 21 360 28.01 22 368 28.01 23 376 28.01 24 384 28.53 25 400 28.24 26 424 25.17 27 432 27.02 28 440 25.22 29 448 26.52 30 456 27.90 31 464 27.33 32 472 27.88 33 480 26.61 34 490 28.52 35 500 28.22 36 520 28.67 37 540 28.71 38 560 28.86 39 580 28.88 40 600 29.41 41 620 29.75 42 630 29.54 43 646 29.12 44 662 29.15 45 678 28.61 46 686 29.20 47 694 30.13 48 702 29.67 49 710 29.45 50 718 30.04 51 726 30.63 52 730 30.07 53 738 28.62 54 746 28.45 55 754 26.55 56 758 27.80 57 762 28.36 58 766 28.54

-163-


59 770 28.50 60 774 28.96 61 778 28.96

Table A5.2: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail.

-164-


Sample Depth PLS Weighted Mean Min DC Analogue

Calibration

1 5 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 2 26 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 3 50 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 4 66 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 5 72 - 16.76 2.0000 No Close 6 80 - 21.41 2.0000 No Close 7 88 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 8 96 - 27.12 2.0000 No Close 9 104 16.09 18.41 0.4784 No Close 10 112 16.4 21.22 0.0594 No Close 11 120 17.45 21.32 0.0644 No Close 12 128 27.19 21.58 1.2105 No Close 13 136 26.78 21.55 1.0755 No Close 14 144 27.48 21.62 1.2741 No Close 15 160 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 16 176 27.7 23.38 1.3256 No Close 17 192 27.43 21.60 1.2381 No Close 18 208 27.69 23.37 1.3106 No Close 19 224 27.26 21.59 1.2425 No Close 20 240 27.28 21.62 1.2933 No Close 21 256 27.26 21.59 1.2282 No Close 22 272 26.09 21.21 0.9453 No Close 23 288 27.42 23.31 1.2980 No Close 24 304 27.39 21.60 1.2301 No Close 25 328 26.71 21.62 1.0530 No Close 26 336 26.4 21.21 1.0020 No Close 27 344 27.62 23.34 1.3137 No Close 28 352 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 29 360 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 30 368 28.01 23.54 1.4686 No Close 31 376 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 32 384 28.53 26.21 0.8917 No Close 33 400 28.24 26.18 0.8284 No Close 34 424 25.17 26.78 0.2976 No Close 35 432 27.02 26.36 0.3269 No Close 36 440 25.22 21.51 0.6283 No Close 37 448 26.52 26.94 0.4302 No Close 38 456 27.9 28.02 0.2528 No Close 39 464 27.33 26.64 0.3418 No Close 40 472 27.88 26.85 0.3598 No Close 41 480 26.61 26.24 0.6372 No Close 42 490 28.52 28.46 0.1459 No Close 43 500 28.22 27.67 0.2328 No Close 44 520 28.67 28.21 0.1712 No Close 45 540 28.71 28.21 0.1581 No Close 46 560 28.86 28.04 0.1654 No Close 47 580 28.88 27.92 0.2181 No Close 48 600 29.41 28.26 0.5781 No Close 49 620 29.75 29.81 0.6630 No Close 50 630 29.54 27.99 0.7724 No Close 51 646 29.12 25.30 0.7951 No Close 52 662 29.15 26.29 0.6828 No Close 53 678 28.61 27.04 0.7124 No Close 54 686 29.2 26.77 0.5382 No Close 55 694 30.13 27.81 0.6603 No Close 56 702 29.67 28.05 0.7290 No Close

-165-


57 710 29.45 26.42 0.6479 No Close 58 718 30.04 26.73 0.6583 No Close 59 726 30.63 28.94 0.8429 No Close 60 730 30.07 27.01 0.8183 No Close 61 738 28.62 27.11 0.6634 No Close 62 746 28.45 27.17 0.3619 No Close 63 754 26.55 27.08 0.3907 No Close 64 758 27.8 27.15 0.4693 No Close 65 762 28.36 27.63 0.2585 No Close 66 766 28.54 27.70 0.2560 No Close 67 770 28.5 28.53 0.1217 No Close 68 774 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close 69 778 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close

Table AS.3: MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for samples from Loch nan Con-

fossil isolation basin, Kintail. No samples have a DC (Dissimilarity Coefficient) lower than the 20th

percentile (Table 6.6) and, therefore, there are no good analogue samples for this fossil data in the

modern training set.

-166-

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