Liquid Propellant Rockets

7/24/2019 Liquid Propellant Rockets

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Liquid PropellantRockets An Overview

by Nicholas Ha


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Outline

1. Intro

2. History

3. Operation

4. Partsa. fuel types

b. different parts

5. Applications6. Conclusion

7. d'Alembert

8. von Karman


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History of Rockets Hero of Alexandria Chinese scientists Tsiolkovsky's

theories 20th century led byGermany, Russia,

and US


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Pros and Cons of Liquid Fuel

Pros

more efficient throttle control

better performance reusable

Cons

complex design fuel problems-

o cryogenico undense

o hazardous

o

evaporation


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What is a Liquid Fueled Rocket?

fueloxidizer

chamber

turbopumps

injector


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Rocket Basics

http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/rocket1.gif

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8ig12OU89Hc/T90yd4RE-EI/AAAAAAAABgk/r42zrxeXLn0/s1600/inside+a+rocket+engine.jpg

Reaction

inside

combustion

chamber

produces

thrust out

nozzle


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Equations

Tsiolkovsky-o V=Ve*ln(Mo/M)

exhaust velocity-o sqrt(2CpT)

specific impulse-o Force/masso force/weight


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Optimizing a Rocket

efficiency, performance,

speed, simplicity,

vs

weight, complexity,

safety, cost.


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Liquid Fueled Rocket: Parts

Body, fuel tank, pipes, pressure tanks,

turbopumps, injectors, combustion chamber,igniter, cooling jacket, nozzle...


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Problems to Consider

Designo weight

o leakingo balance

Operationalo toxicity

o evaporation

o pogo/cavitation


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Propellant- fuel/combustibles

the one that burnso LH2o Kerosine/RP-1

o Hydrazine, N2H4 different fuels- different

characteristics.o physical

o chemical


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Propellant- oxidizers

the one that allows for burning doesn't have to be pure oxygen

o LOX

o nitric acid NO3

o nitrogen tetroxide-N2O4

o hydrogen peroxide- H2O2

o F2 and OF2


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Fuel properties

Oxidant Fuel Density Combustio

n Temp (K)

Exhaust

Velocity(K)

LOX LH2 .32 3,251 4,550

LOX RP-1 1.03 3,701 3,580

F2 H2 .52 4,258 4,790

N2O4 Hydrazine 1.2 3,398 3,420


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Other Fuels

monopropellants- single tank, selfdecomposition with catalyst.o hydrazine, hydrogen peroxide, nitrous oxide

tri-propellants- mix of H2, petroleum, andLOX.o H2 fixes exhaust, and petroleum fixes some of the

weight issue.


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Fuel tanks

must be strong yet lightweighto oxygen poses problems

special designs- e.g cryogenic,pressurized,

also may have a tank of nonreactive gas for pressure.


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Turbopumps

pressurizespropellant

pretty complicated

uses some fuel


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Injectors


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Combustion Chamber surrounded by coolant jacket


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Ignition

pyrotechnicigniter

spark plug


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Cooling Systems

can get > 3,000K outer coolant jacket regenerative

cooling-o fuel is pumped

through and used

again

tubes make it moreuniform


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Conclusion

Rockets took us pretty far

Improvements to be made Future is promising


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Jean Le Rond d' Alembert(1717-1783)

mathematician,scientist,

philosopher,writer


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Early Life

1717

illegitimate child,adopted

heir of a lot of

money

tried a lot of stuff,

liked medicine, thenmath


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Some achievements

math contributions at 22

d'Alembert's principle partial differential

equations

integral calculus d' Alembert's paradox

Encyclopedie numerous high positions

music theory


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Theodore von Karman

1881-1963

Engineer,

mathematician,physicist.


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Bio

Born in Hungary in 1881

Great education Student of Prandtl

emigrated to US in 1930

Created scientific organizations Directed GALCIT, helped Caltech

Helped during War Jet Propulsion Labs


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Contributions/Legacy aerodynamics

o supersonic

astronautics boundary layers, viscosity Swept wing aircraft helped Caltech Labs

1st National Medal of


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Thanks for

watching!


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References"Jean Le Rond D'Alembert (French Mathematician and Philosopher)."Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 02 Aug. 2012.

.

"Theodore Von Krmn." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 08 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Aug. 2012.


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References Cont.Bellis, Mary. "How a Liquid Propellant Rocket Works."About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 July 2012.

.

Brain, Marshall. "How Rocket Engines Work."HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 July 2012.

.

Barry, Patrick L. "Building a Better Rocket Engine."NASA Science. N.p., 20 Sept. 2009. Web. 24 July 2012. .

"Monopropellant." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 21 July 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. .

"Nitrogen Tetroxide." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 07 June 2012. Web. 26 July 2012. .

"Hard Start." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Apr. 2012. Web. 27 July 2012. .

"Astronuc" "LOX/LH2." Web log post.Everything Science. N.p., 22 Apr. 2005. Web. 26 July 2012. .

Images

(1)Turner, Martin J. Chichester: Springer Praxis, 2005. Print.

(2)Melek, Pashayev N. I., and W. E. Jones.Liquid Propellant Engines. [S.l.]: Pergamon, 1962. Print.

(3)"Ch1." Ch1. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 July 2012. .


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Images(1)Turner, Martin J. Chichester: Springer Praxis, 2005. Print.

(2)Melek, Pashayev N. I., and W. E. Jones.Liquid Propellant Engines. [S.l.]: Pergamon, 1962. Print.

(3)"Ch1." Ch1. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 July 2012. .(4)"Liquid Propellant Rocket Cross View Diagram."Nomenclature, Teardown, Exploded Diagram. N.p., n.d.

Web. 30 July 2012.

goddard http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/334337/530wm/S0600041-

Dr_Robert_H_Goddard_s_rocket_flight_of_26_8_37-SPL.jpg

tsiol

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/sciencenotfiction/files/2008/08/eq1.jp

chinese http://www.wpclipart.com/space/rocketry/Chinese_fire_arrow_2.png.html

saturn v

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Apollo_15_launch.jpg

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0319/5aaf2b3b2f31b/5aaf2b4cd226c.jpgmono http://images.books24x7.com/bookimages/id_10779/fig4-17.jpg

dlambert

http://www.lib-art.com/imgpainting/7/6/31167-jean-le-rond-d-alambert-la-tour-maurice-quentin-de.jpg


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Images cont.ssme

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing.jpg/250px-

Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing.jpg

saturn v stage http://www.airfix.com/_assets/images/Saturn-V-stages_1.jpg

von karman http://s3.amazonaws.com/findagrave/photos/2002/346/7936_1039796619.jpg

swept wing http://tanks45.tripod.com/Jets45/Histories/Hawker-P_1040/P.1052_2.jpg

muitistage

http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/storage/images/contexts/rockets/sci-media/images/saturn-v-stage-separation/563018-1-eng-NZ/Saturn-V-stage-separation_full_size_landscape.jpg

http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/saturn5_apollo11.gif

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantis_taking_off_on_STS-27.jpg

coolant

http://home.manhattan.edu/~mohammad.naraghi//rte/fig1.jpgpump

http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/A317.jpg

pump2 http://airandspace.si.edu/images/collections/media/ful/A19790951000d3.jpg

Liquid Propellant Rockets

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