Liquid Crystals A Unique State of Matter Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon...
Transcript of Liquid Crystals A Unique State of Matter Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon...
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Liquid CrystalsLiquid CrystalsA Unique State of MatterA Unique State of Matter
Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008Prepared By: Joseph A. Castellano, Ph.D., RESEED Silicon Valley, 2008
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Solid or Crystal StateSolid or Crystal State
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Liquid Crystal StateLiquid Crystal State
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Liquid Crystal OrderingLiquid Crystal Ordering
SingleMolecules
Attractive Forces Hold Molecules in Line
Each line of molecules can slide past each other
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Normal Liquid StateNormal Liquid State
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Solid Liquid Crystal Liquid
Heat Heat
Cool Cool
Changes from One State to AnotherChanges from One State to Another
A Completely Reversible Physical ChangeA Completely Reversible Physical Change
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Liquid Crystal MoleculeLiquid Crystal Molecule
Licristal K-18 made by E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany
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Liquid Crystals under a MicroscopeLiquid Crystals under a Microscope
Scanning Tunneling MicroscopeScanning Tunneling Microscopephoto of a liquid crystal mixturephoto of a liquid crystal mixture
100 x 100 Angstrom Units100 x 100 Angstrom Units
Molecular model of the mixtureMolecular model of the mixture
Source: Frommer, J., Liquid Crystals Today, 3 (2) 1993;Photos taken at IBM Almaden Research Center
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Observing the Liquid Crystal StateObserving the Liquid Crystal State
Heat Heat
CoolCool
Solid(Crystals)
LiquidCrystal
(Opaque)
ClearLiquid
A Completely Reversible Physical ChangeA Completely Reversible Physical Change
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Phase Change DiagramPhase Change DiagramFor K-18 Liquid CrystalFor K-18 Liquid Crystal
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Drop of Liquid Crystal on GlassDrop of Liquid Crystal on Glass
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Thin Layer of Liquid Crystal inThin Layer of Liquid Crystal in““Nematic” (Thread-like) PhaseNematic” (Thread-like) Phase
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Motion of Liquid Crystals inMotion of Liquid Crystals inElectric FieldsElectric Fields
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Liquid Crystals UsesLiquid Crystals Uses
• Displays for Electronic ProductsDisplays for Electronic Products- ComputersComputers- TelevisionTelevision- Cell PhonesCell Phones- iPODsiPODs- Clocks and watchesClocks and watches- Instrument gaugesInstrument gauges- Thermometers Thermometers
• Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors• Biological ResearchBiological Research• Chemical Structure AnalysisChemical Structure Analysis
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Liquid Crystals Displays (LCDs)Liquid Crystals Displays (LCDs)
• Why Liquid Crystals?Why Liquid Crystals?- Very Low Power ConsumptionVery Low Power Consumption- Low Voltage OperationLow Voltage Operation- Very Thin DisplayVery Thin Display- Compatible with Digital ElectronicsCompatible with Digital Electronics- Can be made in many different sizesCan be made in many different sizes
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First Liquid Crystal DisplayFirst Liquid Crystal Display
1967 – RCA Laboratories1967 – RCA Laboratories
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First Watches to use LCDsFirst Watches to use LCDs
19701970 19721972
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First LCD Computer DisplaysFirst LCD Computer Displays
8 x 3-inch8 x 3-inchScreensScreens
19831983
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First LCD Color TelevisionFirst LCD Color Television
2-inch diagonal screen -19832-inch diagonal screen -1983
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Simple Version of Liquid CrystalSimple Version of Liquid CrystalTV Display AssemblyTV Display Assembly
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Cross-section of One Picture ElementCross-section of One Picture ElementIn Color Liquid Crystal TV DisplayIn Color Liquid Crystal TV Display
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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions
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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions
45-inch screen45-inch screenSharp - 2000Sharp - 2000
52-inch screen52-inch screenLG.Philips - 2003LG.Philips - 2003
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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions
82-inch screen82-inch screenSamsung – 2005Samsung – 2005
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Increasing Screen Size of LCD TelevisionsIncreasing Screen Size of LCD Televisions
100-inch screen100-inch screenLG.Philips – 2006LG.Philips – 2006