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Transcript of Linguistics
Muhammad Asif
Anthropology Experience
by Muhammad AsifUOL Pakistan
Linguistics
Muhammad Asif
Design Features All Systems Share
Mode ofCommunication
Pragmatic Function
Semanticity
Muhammad Asif
Design Features Some Systems Share
Cultural Transmission
Discreteness
Arbitrariness
Interchangeability
Muhammad Asif
Design Features UniqueTo Human Speech
Displacement
Stimulus Freedom
Productivity
Muhammad Asif
Linguistic Competencies
Phonetics
Morphology
Phonology
Syntax
Muhammad Asif
PhoneticsPhones: Mouth soundsPhonemes: Phones in a languageAcoustic Phonetics: Study of phonemes as soundwavesAuditory Phonetics: Study of phoneme perceptionArticulatory Phonetics: Study of the physical production of phonemes.
Muhammad Asif
Phonology
Rules of Phoneme Combination
Limits possible phoneme combinations
Muhammad Asif
Morphology
Bound Morphemes
Only have meaning in context
/s/
/z/
Free Morphemes
Have meaning out of context
Words
/bus/
Assigning meaning to phonemes and phoneme combinations
Muhammad Asif
Syntax
The woman hit the man with the lamp
Did she hit with a lamp?
Was the man holding the lamp?
The meaningful arrangement of morphemes and morpheme classes
Muhammad Asif
Language and the BrainWernicke’s Area
Manages morphemes, their phonemes, and their meanings
Broca’s AreaApplies syntax and sends information to the motor cortex.
Muhammad Asif
Language AcquisitionFirst Stage (Neonate – 6 mos.)
Involuntary, uncreative performance
Phonetic competency present
Babbling Stage (6 mos. – 1yr.)
Phoneme production
Focus on surrounding phonemes
Muhammad Asif
Language AcquisitionHolophrastic Stage (1yr. –2yrs.)
Morphemes produced
Generalized utterances
Two Word Stage (by 2 yrs.)
Two word sentences
Less generalization of morphemes
Muhammad Asif
Language AcquisitionTelegraphic Speech and Beyond
Utterances become longer but may lack function words (‘telegraphic speech’)• “ball roll down hill”
Generalization continues to decrease
By 3 ½ years or so, child is more or less a fluent speaker
Muhammad Asif
Dialects
What varies?PhonemesMorphemesSyntax
What determines dialect?
GeographySubcultureAgeClassGender
Mutually intelligible variations of the same language