LING 200 Spring 2006 - University of...
Transcript of LING 200 Spring 2006 - University of...
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Phonological rules
LING 200Spring 2006
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Foreign accents and borrowed words
• Borrowed words– often pronounced according to phonological
rules of borrowing language• Foreign accents
– result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology
– especially if language learned as adult
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Spanish loans into English
[sændiego]San Diego[sndjeo]
[bio]
[thko]
[phdez]
in English
burrito[burito]
taco[tko]
Padres[pres]
Spanish
[r] = alveolar trill
[] = voiced velar fricative
[] = retroflex approximant; [] = alveolar flap
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The original shibboleth
• Judges 12:5-6
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Some types of phonological rules
• Assimilation (cf. phonetic coarticulation)• Dissimilation• Deletion• Epenthesis
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Examples of phonological rules• Assimilation
– Mohawk Voicing– Nasal Assimilation in Italian (and many other
languages)– Korean s-palatalization
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Witsuwit’en
[plm’] ‘its ice’[nn] ‘it (cloth) is moving’
[tltm] ‘it’s pounding’
[tq’aj] ‘cutthroat trout’
[wepts] ‘it isn’t rolling’
[ip] ‘it’s flooding’
[ppt] ‘its abdomen’[tin] ‘it’s slithering’
[n] ‘dark birthmark’
[ns] ‘ahead’[nq] ‘uphill’[tilts] ‘she’s in a rush’
[tcho] ‘blue grouse’
[tz] ‘driftwood’[ntq] ‘up’
[] and [] after non-lowering consonants[q] = voiceless uvular stop; [q’] = uvular ejective; [ch] = voiceless aspirated palatal stop; [] = voiceless uvular fricative; [] = voiceless lateral fricative; [] = voiced uvular approximant; [m’] = glottalized nasal
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Witsuwit’en consonant chart
llateral
wjapproximants
nmnasals
lateral
hxwçs zfricatives
t th t’lateral
ts tsh ts’affricates
q qh q’kw kwh kw’c ch c’t th t’p p’stops
glottaluvularlabio-velarpalatalalveolarlabial
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Dissimilation• A sound becomes less similar to another sound• An example from Sanskrit• Phonetic background from Hindi
Sanskrit
Hindi
5 = retroflex
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Laryngeal contrasts in Hindi• [] = voiced retroflex stop
– [l] ‘branch’• [] = voiceless retroflex stop
– [l] ‘postpone’• [h] = voiceless aspirated retroflex stop
– [hl] ‘wood shop’
• [] = (breathy) voiced aspirated retroflex stop– [l] ‘shield’
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Dissimilation
Grassman’s Law (Sanskrit):
• Voiced aspirated stops/affricates are deaspirated before another voiced aspirated stop/affricate.
• C C / ___ ... C
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Grassman’s Law in Sanskrit• [b] = voiced aspirated labial stop• Rightmost voiced aspirate survives
‘is awake’[budjte:]/budjte:/
‘was awake’[bubo:d]/bubo:d/
‘will be awake’[bo:tsjati]/bo:dsjati/
• Rightmost voiced aspirate devoices and deaspirates before [s] (a different phonological rule); leftmost survives
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Deletion• Cree. An Algonquian language spoken in Canada
(B.C. to Ontario)
‘suns’[pi:simwak]cf. /pi:simwak/
‘sun’[pi:sim]/pi:simw/
• /w/ Ø / C ___ # (# = edge of word)
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Epenthesis• Witsuwit’en
– No word can begin with //– [h] epenthesized– /tsh/ [htsh] (more narrowly, [htsh]) ‘he’s
crying’• Tsek’ene
– No word can begin with //– [] epenthesized– /tsh/ [tsh] ‘he’s crying’
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Epenthesis
• English– No word can begin with a vowel– [] epenthesized– uh-oh /o/ [o]– apple /æpl/ [æpl]– the apple /ð/ # /æpl/ [ðæpl]
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Phonetics vs. phonology
how do sounds form patterns, classes?what are the phonological rules?
what are articulatory, acoustic, perceptible properties?
sounds
what is contrastive?how is a particular contrast realized?
contrast
detail is predicted by rule system
explicitly represented as needed
phonetic detail
typically broad, streamlined
narrower as neededtranscription
phonologyphonetics
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Final thoughts about spoken language phonetics and phonology
A clip from The Human Language, vol. 3