Lightpath Restoration in WDM Optical Networks A Survey in IEEE Network Magazine Nov/Dec 2000.
LightPath Networking
description
Transcript of LightPath Networking
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LightPath Networking
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Light Propagation Light propagates
due to total internal reflection
Light > critical angle will be confined to the core
Light < critical angle will be lost in the cladding
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Fiber Types
Multi-Mode: supports hundreds paths for light.
Single-Mode: supports a single path for light
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Multi-Mode 50/62.5um core, 125um clad Atten-MHz/km: 200 MHz/km Atten-dB/km: 3dB @ 850nm MMF has an orange
jacket
Single-Mode 9um core, 125um cladding Atten-dB/km: 0.4/0.3dB
1310nm/1550nm SMF has a yellow jacket
Laser
Laser
M uliti M ode
S ing le M ode
Core
Cross section
Cladding
LE D
Laser
M uliti M ode
S ing le M ode
Core
Cross section
Cladding
CoreCladding
Fiber Types
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Attenuation Vs. Wavelength
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Degradation In Fiber Optic Cable
Attenuation Loss of light power as the signal travels
through optical cable Dispersion
Spreading of signal pulses as they travel through optical cable
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Technologies Available
Transmitters (Light Sources) LED’s - 850/1310nm
Used with MMF up to 250Mb/s Short distances <1 Km
Semiconductor Lasers – 850/1310/1550nm VCSEL’s, Fabry Perot and DFB 1310/1550 can be used with MMF or SMF Short to long distances Low to High data rates (Mb/s to Gb/s)
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FP and DFB Laser Spectrum
FP laser Emits multiple evenly spaced wavelengths Spectral width = 4nm
DFB laser Tuned cavity to limit output to single oscillation / wavelength Spectral width = 0.1nm
Op
tica
l O
utp
ut
Po
we
r (m
W)
FWHM=4nm
Op
tica
l O
utp
ut
Po
we
r (m
W)
FWHM=0.1nm
Wavelength(nm)
Wavelength(nm)
FP Laser Output DFB Laser Output
A B
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Which Laser Type is Better?
Fabry Perot Ideal for low cost pt-
pt MMF or SMF Not suitable for
WDM due to +/- 30nm variation
Dispersion is a serious issue at Gb/s rates
Distributed Feed Back Used in wavelength
division multiplexing systems
Less susceptible to dispersion than FP laser
Used for medium and long haul applications
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Technologies Available
Receivers (Detectors) PIN Photodiodes
Silicon for shorter ’s (eg 850nm) InGaAs for longer ’s (eg 1310/1550nm) Good optical sensitivity
Avalanche Photodiodes (APD’s) Up to 50% more sensitivity than PIN diodes Primarily for extended distances in Gb/s rates Much higher cost than PIN diodes
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Dispersion - Single-Mode
FP and DFB lasers have finite spectral widths and transmit multiple wavelengths
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds over fiber A pulse of light spreads as it travels through an optical fiber
eventually overlapping the neighboring pulse Narrower sources (e.g DFB vs. FP) yield less dispersion Issue at high rates (>1Ghz) for longer distances (>50Km)
Time
Transmitter Receiver
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Dispersion - Multi-Mode Fiber
Modal Dispersion The larger the core of the fiber, the
more rays can propagate making the dispersion more noticeable
Dispersion determines the distance a signal can travel on a multi mode fiber
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Attenuation It is the reduction of light power over the length of the
fiber. It’s mainly caused by scattering. It depends on the transmission frequency. It’s measured in dB/km ( ))(log10 10 inout PPdB
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Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
Light from lasers consists of a range of wavelengths, each of which travels at a slightly different speed. This results to light pulse spreading over time. It’s measured in psec/nm/km.
The chromatic dispersion effects increase for high rates.
Source www.teraxion.com
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Transmission Bands
Band Wavelength (nm)
O 1260 – 1360
E 1360 – 1460
S 1460 – 1530
C 1530 – 1565
L 1565 – 1625
U 1625 – 1675
Optical transmission is conducted in wavelength regions, called “bands”.
Commercial DWDM systems typically transmit at the C-band
Mainly because of the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA).
Commercial CWDM systems typically transmit at the S, C and L bands.
ITU-T has defined the wavelength grid for xWDM transmission
G.694.1 recommendation for DWDM transmission, covering S, C and L bands.
G.694.2 recommendation for CWDM transmission, covering O, E, S, C and L bands.
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Single Mode Fiber Standards I
ITU-T G.652 – standard Single Mode Fiber (SMF) or Non Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF). The most commonly deployed fiber (95% of worldwide deployments).
“Water Peak Region”: it is the wavelength region of approximately 80 nanometers (nm) centered on 1383 nm with high attenuation.
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Single Mode Fiber Standards II
ITU-T G.652c - Low Water Peak Non Dispersion Shifted Fiber.
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Single Mode Fiber Standards III
ITU-T G.653 – Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) It shifts the zero dispersion value within the C-band. Channels allocated at the C-band are seriously affected
by noise due to nonlinear effects (Four Wave Mixing).
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Single Mode Fiber Standards IV
ITU-T G.655 – Non Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NZDSF) Small amount of chromatic dispersion at
C-band: minimization of nonlinear effects Optimized for DWDM transmission (C
and L bands)
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Single Mode Fiber Standards
ITU-TStandard
Name Typical Attenuation
value (C-band)
Typical CD value (C-band)
Applicability
G.652 standard Single Mode Fiber
0.25dB/km 17 ps/nm-km OK for xWDM
G.652c Low Water Peak SMF
0.25dB/km 17 ps/nm-kmGood for CWDM
G.653 Dispersion-Shifted Fiber
(DSF)
0.25dB/km 0 ps/nm-km Bad for xWDM
G.655 Non-Zero Dispersion-
Shifted Fiber (NZDSF)
0.25dB/km 4.5 ps/nm-km Good for DWDM
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Wavelengths travel independently Data rate and signal format on each
wavelength is completely independent Designed for SMF fiber
Signal 1
Signal 2
Signal 3MUX
Signal 1
Signal 2
Signal 3
DEMUX
WDMMultiplexed signal
Single-mode Fiber
Signal 4 Signal 4
Multiplexing - WDM
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Multiplexing - WDMWDM – Wave Division Multiplexing Earliest technology Mux/Demux of two optical wavelengths
(1310nm/1550nm) Wide wavelength spacing means
Low cost, uncooled lasers can be used Low cost, filters can be used
Limited usefulness due to low mux count
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Multiplexing - DWDM
DWDM – Dense Wave Division Multiplexing Mux/Demux of narrowly spaced wavelengths
400 / 200 / 100 / 50 GHz Channel spacing 3.2 / 1.6 / 0.8 / 0.4 nm wavelength spacing
Up to 160 wavelengths per fiber Narrow spacing = higher cost implementation
More expensive lasers and filters to separate ’s Primarily for Telco backbone – Distance Means to add uncompressed Video signals
to existing fiber
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Multiplexing - CWDM
CWDM – Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
Newest technology (ITU Std G.694.2) Based on DWDM but simpler and more robust Wider wavelength spacing (20 nm) Up to 18 wavelengths per fiber Uses un-cooled lasers and simpler filters Significant system cost savings over DWDM DWDM can be used with CWDM to increase
channel count or link budget
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CWDM Optical Spectrum
20nm spaced wavelengths
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DWDM vs. CWDM Spectrum
1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610
Wavelength
dB
1.6nm Spacing
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xWDM Technology
Dense WDM
1550 1570 1590 16101470 1490 1510 1530
Coarse WDM
1550
20 nm
0,8 nm
• Fine channel spacing, 0.8 nm typical
• High precision stabilization of Lasers
• High component cost
• Wide channel spacing, 20 nm typical
• Lower precision of Lasers
• Significantly lower component cost
/nm
/nm
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DWDM Migration
Capacity Expansion
• Each CWDM channel can be utilized with 8 DWDM channels
• Resulting maximum system capacity:
8 x 8 = 64 DWDM channels
• CWDM and DWDM channels can be mixed
• Soft migration path
15501470 1490 1510 1530 1570 1590 1610 /nm
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DWDM Migration
CWDM to DWDM Channel utilization
CW
DM
8ch DWDM
ch8
:D
WD
MCWDM & DWDM
2,5 Gbps
• 8 channel DWDM system per CWDM channel
• Soft migration path
• Mixing of CWDM and DWDM channels
• No interruption of CWDM channels
ch8
:
ch1
ch2
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Amplification CWDM vs. DWDM
EDFA: Erbium-doped Fibre Amplifier DWDM is typically used for longer distance transport, because EDFA
amplifiers enable very long spans more cost-effectively than CWDM. Amplifiers typically cost approximately US$ 20k or more
EDFA
80 km 80 km
C-band
L-band
{{
1 EDFA amplifies all wavelengths in the C-band
Requires 1 amplifier per wavelength
Requires 1 amplifier per wavelength
CWDM wavelengths
(DWDM wavelengths)
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How Much Capacity ?
100Gbps
Duo-binaryWave-locker++1b/s/Hz
16 symbol levels – 4 bits per symbol required.
256 symbol levels – 8 bits per symbol required.
40Gbps
NRZ/CS-RZ/Wave-locker+10G overlay 0.4b/s/Hz
DuobinaryWave-locker+
0.8b/s/Hz
16 symbol levels – 4 bits per symbol
10Gbps
No issueNRZ0.1b/s/Hz
Reduced reachWave-lockerNRZ0.2b/s/Hz
Reduced reachNo ROADMsWave-locker+0.4b/s/Hz
100GHz 50GHz 25GHz
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Optical Routing - Definitions Optical Routers – Optical IN , Optical OUT Photonic Routers – Optical IN & OUT but
100% photonic path OOO- Optical to Optical to Optical switching
Optical switch fabric OEO- Optical to Electrical to Optical
conversion Electrical switch fabric Regenerative input and outputs
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Photonic Technologies
MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical System)
Liquid Crystal MASS (Micro-Actuation and Sensing
System )
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MEMS Technology Steer the Mirror Tilted mirrors shunt light in various directions 2D MEMS
Mirrors arrayed on a single level, or plane Off or On state: Either deployed (on), not deployed (off)
3D MEMS Mirrors arrayed on two or more planes, allowing light to
be shaped in a broader range of ways Fast switching speed (ns) Photonic switch is 1:1 IN to OUT (i.e. no broadcast
mode)
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Liquid Crystal Technology
Gate the light No Moving Parts Slow switch speed Small sizes (32x32) Operation based on polarization:
One polarization component reflects off surfaces Second polarization component transmits
through surface
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MASS Technology
Steer the fiber Opto-mechanics uses piezoelectric
actuators Same technology as Hard Disk Readers and
Ink Jet Printer Heads Small-scale opt mechanics: no sliding parts Longer switch time (<10msec)
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OE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EOOE EO
X
EQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEQ
CPUMonitoringInterface
LocalIndication
FiberInputs
ElectricalInputs
FiberOutputs
ElectricalOutputs
OEO Technology
High BW Electrical
XPNT
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OEO Routing Optical <> Electrical conversion at inputs/outputs
Provides optical gain (e.g. 23 dB) High BW, rate agnostic electrical switching at core
SD, HD, Analog Video (digitized), RGBHV, DVI Fast switching (<10us) Full broadcast mode
One IN to ANY/Many outputs Build-in EO / OE to interface with coax plant
Save converter costs
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Regeneration - Optical vs Photonic
Photonic is a lossy device that provide no re-amplification or regeneration Signal coming in at –23dBm leaves at –
25dBm OEO router provides 2R or 3R (re-
amplify, reclock, regenerate) Signals come in at any level to –25dBm Leave at –7dBm (1310nm) or 0dBm (CWDM)
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Applications - Design Considerations
Types of signals Signal associations Fiber infrastructure Distance/Loss Redundancy Remote Monitoring
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Types of Signals
SDI
HDSDI
ANALOG
DVB-ASI
RGB
RS232/422/485
GPI/GPO
10/100 ETHERNET
GBE
FIBER CHANNEL
70/140 MHz I/F
L-BAND
CATV
SONET OC3/12
T1/E1
DS3/E3
AES
ANALOG
DOLBY EINTERCOM
OPTICAL
ROUTING
WDM
CWDM
DWDM
VIDEO
AUDIO
CONTROL
DATACOM
RF
TELECOM
MULTI
WAVELENGTH
MULTI
FIBEROR
FacilityLINKFacilityLINK - Fiber Optics Platform - Fiber Optics Platform
SPLITTERS
+
PROTECTION
SWITCHING
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Design ConsiderationsFault Protection Protection against fiber breaks Important in CWDM and DWDM systems Need 2:1 Auto-changeover function with
“switching intelligence” Measurement of optical power levels on
fiber Ability to set optical thresholds Revert functions to control restoration
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Remote monitoring is key due to distance issues
Monitor Input signal presence and validity Laser functionality and bias Optical Link status and link errors Pre-emptive Monitoring
Input cable equalization level CRC errors on coax or fiber interface Optical power monitoring
Data logging of all error’d events Error tracking and acknowledgment
Design Considerations
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Design Examples – Single Link
SDI @ 270Mb/s
HDSDI @ 1.485Gb/s
HD OE
Dispersion
40 Km’s
SDI @ 270Mb/s
HDSDI @ 1.485Gb/sHD EO
SD OE40 Km’s
SD EO
-7dBm @ 1310nm
-23dBm
-32dBm
Loss Budget
-7dBm @ 1310nm
SD HD HD
FP DFB
TX Power (dBm) -7 -7 0
RX Sens (dBm) -32 -23 -23
Available Budget 25 16 23
Distance (Km) 40 40 40
Fiber Loss (0.35dB/km@1310)
14 14 14
Connectors 4 4 4
Connector Loss 1 1 1
Total Loss 15 15 15
Headroom 10 1 8
SD HD HD
FP DFP
FP Line width (nm) 4 4 0.2
Dispersion (ps/nm.km) 2 2 2
Distance (km) 40 40 40
Dispersion (ps) 320 320
16
RX Jitter Tolerance (UI) 0.4 0.4 0.4
RX Jitter Tolerance (ps) 1480 270 270
Headroom (ps) 1160
-50 254
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Post House Facility Link – New
AES
E to O
O to E
SDI @ 270Mb/s
HDSDI @ 1.485Gb/s
E to O
O to E
Mux + EO
OE+Demux
O to E
E to O
Location #1 Location #2
RS422RS422
2 Km’s
SDI @ 270Mb/s
HDSDI @ 1.485Gb/s
GBE
AES
Gbe
RS422 RS422
Analog Video
Analog Audio
1310
CWDM
M16
CWDM D16
Gbe
O to E
E to O
Demux+OE
EO + Mux
Analog Video
Analog Audio
Mux + EO
OE+Demux
Analog Video
Analog Audio
Demux+OE
EO + Mux
10/100 10/100
Mux +EO
Demux +OE
10/100 Mb/s Ethernet
Demux +OE
Mux + EO
Analog Video
Analog Audio
10/100 Mb/s Ethernet
GBE
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RF Over fiber optics -Applications Typical Satellite Application With SNMP Monitoring
LB EOLB EO LB OELB OE
LB OELB OE
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
VerticaVerticall
HorizontaHorizontallLNB LNB
PowerPower
L-Band Downlink (950Mhz – 2250Mhz)
IF OEIF OEC or KuC or Ku
Up ConvUp ConvIF EOIF EO
Video ModVideo Mod
IF Uplink (70/140Mhz)
HPAHPA
LB EOLB EO
Remote SNMP
Monitoring & Control
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
BPX-RFBPX-RF DA8-RFDA8-RFRouterRouter
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
Satellite Satellite ReceiverReceiver
DA-RFDA-RF
BPX-RFBPX-RF
Video ModVideo Mod
DA-RFDA-RFBPX-RFBPX-RF
Ethernet Ethernet / SNMP/ SNMP
Ethernet Ethernet / SNMP/ SNMP
Ethernet Ethernet / SNMP/ SNMP
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Large Video MAN – Fully protected
RSK
Pac TV
RSH
OneWilshire
25 mi
25 mi
KNBC KRCAKVEA
BT
DirectTV
KCBS CNN9 Net
Australia
Intelsat
JapanTelecom
FoxSports
VYVXFiber
KSCI
KTTV
RSE
Fox
NCTC
4 mi
0.5
10.5
10.5
1.5
0.5
0.8
Extra 2.3
2.3 2.92.3
7.3
Ent ..Tonight
KTLA
CBS2.1
1.51.1 1.1
1.1
2.7
E!
0
0.5
6.2
0.7
Globesat
0.75KMEX
7.25
8 mi
5.5 mi
11 mi
13.5 mi
9.8 mi
KABCProspect
8 mi5.5 mi
LA Zoo
TVGaming 7.25 Dodger
Stadium2.5
5.75
7.5
KABCCircle seven
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Single Fiber Technology
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4Gbps CWDM Link
SANET, AMREJ – cheapest solution Gigabit Ethernet, Low cost switches as repeaters (Cisco 3550) CWDM
Belgrade Novi Sad Subotica
Cisco 6509 Cisco 3550 Cisco 3550
95km 110km
CWDMMUX/DEMUX
CWDMMUX/DEMUX
HU1GE 802.1q
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Modular xWDM System
Passive Optical Modules
Options:• 8 channels Mux/Demux• 2 channels Add/Drop• 4 channels Add/Drop
Passive Optical
Active OpticalLine
Interf.
Power2Power1
..
8 ch.Mux
Demux
CWDM ch 1CWDM ch 2CWDM ch 3
CWDM ch 8
..CWDMline
..
2 ch.AddDropMux
ch 1 LineWest
LineEast
ch 2A/DWest
ch 1ch 2
A/DEast
.. 4 ch.AddDropMux
ch 1..
ch 4
LineWest
LineEast
A/DWest
A/DEast
ch 1..
Ch 4..
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Modular xWDM System
Line Interface Modules
Options:• Standard Line Interface (duplex)• Standard Line Interface (simplex)• Protected Line Interface• Add/Drop Line Interface
Passive Optical
Active OpticalLine
Interf.
Power2Power1
StandardDuplex
InternalLine
InternalLine
StandardSimplex
ProtectedWest
ProtectedEast
InternalWest
InternalEast
ExternalWest
ExternalEast
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Modular xWDM System
Configurable Channels (CWDM Lambdas)
Wavelength color code
• 1470 nm
• 1490 nm
• 1510 nm
• 1530 nm
• 1550 nm
• 1570 nm
• 1590 nm
• 1610 nm
Passive Optical
Active OpticalLine
Interf.
Power2Power1
gray
violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
brown
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Modular xWDM System
Configurable Channels (Local Interface)
Fiber Wavel. Speed
MM 850 nm 1.25 Gbps
SM 1300 nm 1.25 Gbps
SM 1300 nm 2,48 Gbps
Passive Optical
Active OpticalLine
Interf.
Power2Power1
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Optical drop/insert mux
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Multicast
Drop and continue – optical splitter pipes
IPTV multicast Broadband Video – put them all on the
one wave-length
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GMPLS: Technologies for Dynamic Optical Networks
GMPLS standards are still evolving for optical networks Growing interest for dynamic lightpath configurations Meriton’s path management includes a number of GMPLS concepts
OSPF routing on NEs (used for management network today) GMPLS LMP for auto network discovery, lightpath testing, and cable mis-
wiring Meriton will implement GMPLS in step with customer’s key
requirements for mesh networking Pre-provisioned shared protection (enabled by GMPLS signaling) Dynamic (best-effort) signaled protection Operator signaled lightpaths (S-LPs) Client on-demand wavelengths (O-UNI signaling)
Participation in initiatives such as Internet2 HOPI, CANARIE UCLP, etc., is critical