Lighting Handbook LICHT 14 Home Lighting

8/14/2019 Lighting Handbook LICHT 14 Home Lighting

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licht.wissen 14Ideas for Good Home Lighting


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licht.wissen 14 Ideas or Good Home Lighting

ruhiger Einstieg, wie in einem Buch

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EditorialOne o the most important things in li e is having a place where we really eel athome. It makes no di erence whether it we own it or rent it or whether it is an apart-ment or a house: what matters is the sense o security and wellbeing we eel withinits walls. The right lighting concept plays a crucial role here.

Science de nes light as the band o electromagnetic radiation that is perceptibleby the human eye. The designer sees it as a tool o ering innumerable possibilities

or cra ting living space to suit personal needs and pre erences. Our aim in publish-ing this licht.wissen 14 is to highlight those possibilities and to provide a guide thatwill help you translate them success ully into good lighting because correct light-

ing not only promotes a sense o wellbeing; it is also good or health.

What the sun does outdoors needs to be per ormed indoors by arti cial lighting. Innature, the so t di use light o the sky combines with the dynamic, directional lighto the sun to present a spectacular ever-changing show o light and shadow. Magi-cal moments are created, or example, when sunbeams dance in the orest or whensha ts o light suddenly burst through the clouds on an overcast day. In the home,background brightness is provided by general room lighting, while lighting accentsare set by supplementary zone lighting. A balanced lighting design is a primerequirement or an optimal room atmosphere, which has positive physiological andpsychological impacts both above and below the conscious threshold.

This booklet contains a range o design ideas and tips or lighting in the variousparts o the home. It also covers aspects such as quality criteria, standards andregulations. I you require more in-depth in ormation on any o the topics eaturedhere, we recommend that you check out the knowledge database at www.licht.de,which bundles impartial expertise rom more than 120 licht.de members. licht.de( ormerly Frdergemeinscha t Gutes Licht looks back more than 30 years as yourcompetent contact or all questions relating to light and lighting.

From entrance to bedroom, bathroom to nursery, living room to kitchen everyroom in the home needs a lighting concept that is tailored to the unction or unc-tions it per orms. While reading this booklet, simply imagine walking through therooms o your planned or present home, bringing each one to li e with good lighting.

In that spirit, on behal o licht.de, I wish you lots o un and lots o good ideas orbetter lighting in your home.

Dipl. Designer Klaus Liese

[Front cover] Living room with di erent lighting

zones that can be tailored to individual require-ments.

[01] Lighting in and around the house has animpact a ter dark. Illuminated plants and under-water lights provide the nishing touches or anenchanting lighting atmosphere.


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EntrancePage 06

Hall and stairwa yPage 08

Living roomPage 14

Dining roomPage 26

Kitchen Page 30

Detailed pro essional in orma-tion on important issues relatingto good design, lighting control,sa ety, energy e ciency andlamps.

Lighting design and planningPage 12

Seite 14

Lighting control, light and colourPage 24

Lighting Specials:


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BathroomPage 34

Home o ce

Page 44

Nursery/ teenagers roomPage 46

BedroomPage 48--

Balcony and patio Page 52

Contents

Energy e ciency and environmen tPage 54

Sa ety and standardsPage 42

LampsPage 56


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Entrance lightingThe entrance to a home merits special attention where lighting is concerned. It is the rst thing a visitor sees.So it is important to select bright and cheer ul but also practical lighting that refects the style andpersonality o the occupants.

Good exterior lighting is not just decora-tion; it also helps provide security or resi-dents and guests. Driveway and entrancelighting is the calling card o any home. Itindicates the sa e route to ront door, ga-rage or carport. It also extends a welcome

to guests and acilitates the identi cationo visitors.

An illuminated house number ensures thatnot only guests but also taxi drivers, deliv-ery services and, in an emergency, medics

nd the house quickly.

To ensure easy orientation, the route to theront door needs to be su ciently bright.

Where there are stairs or steps on it, sa etyis ensured by supplementary plinth, bol-

lard or orientation lights.

It is important that there should be a wellilluminated area at the ront door. This

ensures that key and keyhole can easilybe ound and names beside doorbells areclearly legible.

Lighting all around the building o ers com-ort and security. It also provides protection

against uninvited guests. Motion detectorsallow no one to approach under cover odarkness.

Photoelectric lighting controllers permitcom ortable and economical lighting. Suit-ably compatible energy-saving lamps arerecommended here.

Wall luminaires and downlights set in can-opies or overhanging roo s can strikinglyunderline the architecture o a house. Re-

cessed ground luminaires cast buildingsand surrounding vegetation in a dramaticlight.

02-04] Outdoor lighting should suit the styleo the house and underline the architecture.Luminaires should be designed and posi-tioned so that no one is dazzled by their light

[08] Recessed ground luminaires leadguests to the house and cast the entrancein a special light. In the driveway, recessedground luminaires with sa ety glass enclo-sures or loads up to 3,000 kg and with a highdegree o protection (IP 65 or IP 67) are asuitable option.

Lighting tips:House entrance

Front door lighting [03-05] Wall luminaires ordownlights recessed in canopies are particu-larly suitable or ront door lighting. To ensurethat they withstand all weathers, only qual-ity luminaires with rating plate and mark ocon ormity should be used. IP44 (protectionagainst solid bodies larger than 1mm andsplashwater) is a minimum requirement oroutdoor applications.Step and obstacle lighting [06] Bright light-ing or obstacles and steps makes or sa ety.Appropriate lighting options include step lightsand bollard/post-top luminaires.House number lighting [07] Permanently illu-minated, su ciently large house numbers areneeded to ensure that visitors nd the housequickly. To ensure that a house number can beread easily rom a distance, sel -illuminatingnumerals should be at least 10 cm and exter-nally illuminated numerals at least 20 cm high.


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Hall and stairway lightingBright, good lighting is essential or the most important circulation areas o a house or apartment. The primerequirement in a hallway is sa ety and su cient light at the coatstand and mirror. However, lighting should alsoset accents and ensure that a guests rst impression o the home is a positive one.

Whether visitors are going to eel at homein a house is decided the moment theystep through the door. In many cases, hall-ways have no window. So bright, invigorat-ing lighting is also required there duringthe day.

In addition to the general room light-ing required or background brightness,spots can be e ectively used to highlight

urniture and pictures. Mood lights on asideboard or chest o drawers can helpcreate an inviting atmosphere. Attentionshould also be paid to good mirror lighting.This enables anyone leaving the house torun a quick eye over their clothing in good

light be ore stepping outside. Hallwayslook larger and more attractive where roomlighting bounces o ceiling and walls. Thisis best realised with ceiling or wall lumi-naires that emit as much light as possibleupwards or sideways.

Track systems which allow a number oluminaires to be deployed regardless owhere the ceiling outlet is located area good solution or a hallway. Combin-ing room lighting with zone lighting, theymake or a balanced but dynamic lightingdesign.

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[09] Special architectural eatures can beemphasized to very good e ect with a tracksystem. It also o ers lots o opportunities tohighlight di erent unctional zones.

[10] Step lights make staircases sa er andprovide eye-catching illumination. They alsoemphasize and positively accentuate themateriality o the stairs.


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Sa ety in the stairway

Sadly, staircases are a requent scene oaccidents. The cause, in many cases, ispoor lighting: either it is not bright enoughor the light o incorrectly positioned lu-minaires dazzles or generates con usingshadows that can lead to errors o judge-ment with serious consequences.

Most accidents happen on the way downstairs. So it is particularly important thatlighting should make the individual treadsclearly discernible rom above.

Stair treads are well lit when each indi-vidual tread casts a short, so t shadow

Lighting tips:Hall and stairway

Mirror lighting [17] The best way to illuminatea person at a mirror is to position luminaireswith warm-white lamps at the right and le t othe mirror or shadow- ree lighting.Hall stand lighting [18] It is advisable to installsupplementary luminaires to ensure uni ormillumination o a cupboard or coat stand.Important note: luminaires recessed in ormounted on wood sur aces need to displaythe re protection symbol F, M or MMand should be VDE, ENEC or GS certi ed.

Avoid glare on stairs The lamps in wallluminaires or stairways need to be shielded

rom above and below and de nitely mustnot cause glare.

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[11-14] The optimal complement or generallighting, wall luminaires set design accents inthe room.

[14] The eye tends to be drawn to bright ar-eas. Where pictures or objects are illuminated,they attract attention and help make or agree-able and interesting hallway lighting.

[15-16] Recessed wall luminaires and steplights with LED or halogen lamps make oradded sa ety. However, provision needs to be

made or the necessary power outlets at anearly construction stage.

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that distinguishes it rom the next. This isbest achieved with a luminaire installed

at the top landing or by step lights thatare integrated in the wall and illuminateeach step separately. Staircase and hallarea should also be uni ormly and brightlyilluminated by the general lighting.

Wall luminaires make or a more in ormallighting atmosphere and set positive ac-cents. Care must be taken, however, toensure that the light does not dazzle any-one walking up or down the stairs anddoes not give rise to con using cast

shadows.


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Lighting Special: Lighting design and planningA single luminaire is not enough to provide per ect lighting or a room. Good lighting design depends on a sensitivecomposition o diverse light sources at di erent locations. This creates atmosphere and de nes di erent zones orreading, work or relaxation.

At the heart o a success ul lighting designis knowledge o the di erent unctions olighting.

In nature, the so t di use light o the skycombines with the dynamic, directional

light o the sun to present a spectacularever-changing show o light and shadow.Magical moments are created, or exam-ple, when sunbeams dance in the orest orsha ts o light suddenly burst through theclouds on an overcast day.

In the home, background illuinance isprovided by general room lighting, whileindividual areas are visually accentuatedby supplementary lighting or speci czones. These two components are essen-

tial or lighting that is not just unctional butalso promotes a sense o wellbeing and isgood or health.

Room and zone lighting is supplementedby mood lighting. This is not primarily orillumination; like a re, it acts as an eye-catching design eature and adds a spe-cial note to the atmosphere o the home.

Room lighting [20]

Room lighting is general, backgroundlighting. It spreads illumination evenlythroughout the room.

Room lighting is realised with light directedup towards the ceiling or with luminairesthat radiate light uni ormly in all directions.This provides the background illuminanceneeded or orientation. Reducing marked

di erences in brightness, it acilitates ad-aptation between di erent lighting zonesand thus helps prevent early visual atigue. Without general room lighting e.g. in aliving room in which the only light is pro-

vided by a reading light beside the so a we nd our surroundings dark and dis-turbing. Balanced room lighting creates acom ortable atmosphere and promotes asense o wellbeing.

Zone lighting [21]

Zone lighting provides light where it isneeded or speci c activities, such asreading, eating, working, studying im-ages. At the same time, it sets stimulating

lighting accents that are as important orharmony in the room as uni orm generalroom lighting.

This accentuating light is provided byspots directed downwards or at a wall. Themore fexible the positioning o the lumi-naire, the better the light can be directedto where it is needed. Where a dining tableis illuminated by general room lightingalone, the atmosphere tends to eel sterile.Zone lighting underlines the cosy intimacyo amily mealtimes.

Mood lighting [22]

Mood lighting creates a special atmos-phere. It emits light but provides little il-lumination. Instead, it conjures up com ort,romance, ascination, passion. Its solepurpose is to soothe heart and soul.

[19] Orientation lights set into the foor, e.g. ina hallway or stairwell, give walls or individualelements a sculptural, almost architecturalquality. LEDs are particularly suitable or thisbecause o their small dimensions and longli e.

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Mood lighting is most e ective in theevening, when the surroundings are dark.The only important thing is that it shouldnot be too bright; this is essential or arelaxing atmosphere. So mood lights

should glow rather than shine. They canbe positioned wherever they will have animpact, e.g. on a windowsill, dresser, shelor the foor.

Electrics planning ahead In a new building, early electrical planningis the key to good lighting design. As amatter o principle, it is better to plan toomany wall or ceiling outlets than too ew.I a room is rearranged later or put to a

di erent use, the lighting can then still befexibly adapted to suit the new situation.

Mounting options

Most residential interiors have plasteredconcrete ceilings with or without recessedceiling outlet boxes. These boxes o er theadvantage o a larger connection compart-ment, in which small trans ormers, bal-lasts or even recessed luminaires can beaccommodated. In the case o luminaires

with a small ceiling base, one disadvan-tage may be ound i the mounting holespacing o the luminaire di ers rom that othe outlet box or i the luminaire base is toosmall to cover the cavity.

Where power outlets are not availableat the right place, track or wire systemscan help. Supplied with electricity at anypoint, they bridge the gap to where thelight is needed. For example, they are anelegant solution or providing light over a

dining table where there is no power outletavailable. They eliminate the need or anextension cord looping across the room.Some manu acturers also o er cable ductsspecially designed to suit luminaires.Where ceilings are suspended or walls

dry-lined, power outlets are easier to de-ploy than in concrete ceilings. Even here,

however, early light source planning is stillthe better option. The cavity available o -ers lots o possibilities or lighting design.

For one thing, it can be used to accommo-date trans ormers or ballasts; or another,it permits the use o recessed spots orminiature plug-in lights.

Lighting plan

A lighting plan is essential or precise,sophisticated planning o home lighting

installations. It should be drawn to scale,de ne the lighting characteristics requiredin the room and show urnishings and

unctional zones. The types and numberso all luminaires should be identi ed andtheir assignment to urniture and electricalcircuits indicated. The lighting plan canalso show general installation requirements

or switches, dimmers, sockets or remotecontrols (see also page 16).

Specialist lighting retailers and lighting or

electrical designers can provide a veryuse ul service here based on modern light-ing design and calculation so tware.

Lighting level and glare

Lighting level is an important variable orgood vision. Older people need consider-ably more light than young people be-cause visual acuity decreases with age.On average, a 60-year-old requires twiceas high much illuminance (lux) as a child

or teenager. This should be taken into ac-count in any lighting design or a dwellingor older people.

Glare is generally caused by the presenceo highly luminant sur aces in the eld ovision and comparatively weak ambientlighting. Visual per ormance is impairedand prolonged exposure may result in

atigue, stress and poor concentration.

Lamp or light?

The words lamp and light are o ten con-used. Lights are what the industry today

calls luminaires but they are requently re-erred to in common parlance as lamps.

A lamp is actually only the light source,

i.e. the tment that emits light inside aluminaire. Strictly speaking, any re erence

to a lamp should really be a re erence to alight bulb.

Basic lighting variables

Luminous fux , measured in lumen (lm), isthe power or quantity o light emitted by alamp.

Luminous intensity , measured in candela(cd), is the amount o luminous fux radiat-ing in a particular direction.

Luminance , measured in candela persquare metre (cd/m), is the brightnesso a sur ace as perceived by the humaneye and is highly dependent on its colour,structure and refectance.

Illuminance , measured in lux (lx), is theluminous fux alling on a given sur ace.

Light colour

Light colour is the intrinsic colour o thelight emitted by an arti cial light source.It is measured in degrees Kelvin (K). As ageneral rule, light colours are divided intothree groups: warm white (below 3,300 K),neutral white (3,300-5,300 K) and daylightwhite (above 5,300 K).

Colour rendering

Colour rendering determines how naturallywe see colours under the light o an arti -

cial lamp. The yardstick used to measureit is the colour rendering index Ra. Underthe light o a lamp with aRa rating o 100(optimal), all colours look natural. Halogenlamps have the best Ra index (100), fuo-rescent lamps and energy-saving lampsare normally in the region o Ra = 80-90.

Colour rendering properties range romRa20 - Ra100 and depend crucially on thequality o the light source.

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Lighting tip:Indirect room lighting

Cove lighting [25]: Coving is the curvingtransition between wall and ceiling. Lumi-

naires installed here deliver an indirect,

di use light. This creates the i mpression that

the ceiling is loating in the air. To achieve

uni orm light distribution with no dark zones,

coving is itted with linear luorescent lamps

overlapping at the ends or with LEDs. For

rooms without coving, luminaires are avail-

able with housings which orm the coving

themselves.

Living room lightingReading, chatting, watching TV, playing games... no room in the home is used or as many di erent activitiesas the living room. So it is all the more important that lighting should be variable and designed to cater todi erent moods and requirements. A single luminaire in the middle o the ceiling is not enough.

[23] Ceiling spots set accents on the walland make the room look larger.

[24,26] Standalone luminaires beside theso a provide light or reading and strike ahomely note in the room. To enable the light-ing to cater to di erent moods, it should bedimmable.

Lighting is crucial or the atmosphere oa room. Harmonious lighting providesgood visual conditions and creates asense o homeliness.

Given the multi unctional nature o a liv-

ing room, the light sources in it need tobe exible to meet diverse requirements.The central meeting-point in a livingroom is o ten the seating group. In thisarea, lighting should be positioned to suitpersonal needs.

Decentralised luminaire arrangement

To enable the specifc requirements othe various zones o a living room to bemet, a decentralised arrangement o

di erent luminaires is recommended. Thiszone lighting is combined with indirectroom lighting that illuminates the ceiling.

For those who pre er even cosier sur-roundings, the atmosphere can be urtherenhanced by mood lights.

General lighting for the living room

The general lighting in a living room shouldprovide the background illuminancerequired pre erably with dimming con-trol and deliver indirect, di use light thatsubtly supports the accent lighting. Helpingto reduce marked lighting contrasts in theroom, it guards against visual atigue. Wide-angled and general-di use wall, ceilingor standalone luminaires o er appropriatelighting solutions.

In museums or hotels, luminous ceilings or

cove luminaires (see lighting tip) are o tenused or indirect lighting. This type o light-ing can also enhance a private living room.

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Lighting tip:Television

TV lighting [30]: At and around the television

set, lighting should be variable. For readingor or working at a PC, the area around thescreen should be illuminated by low-lumi-nance di use light. This reduces the bright-ness contrast between screen and back-ground and prevents early atigue.Wall or table luminaires providing di use lightbehind or beside the television set create a re-laxing, agreeable lighting atmosphere. Thereare also TV sets on the market with integratedbackground lighting.Important note: To rule out annoying refec-

tions, care should be taken to ensure thatlight, e.g. rom ceiling spots, is not directed atthe screen.

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Lighting tip:

Reading lightCombined room and reading light [35]Uplights with an integrated, adjustable armprovide bright room lighting and accentu-ated reading light. Ideally, both light sourcesshould be separately dimmable. Ensure thatthe arm-mounted luminaire head permits

lexible adjustment. To avoid glare, the lightshould all on the book rom above andbehind or rom above and at the side o thereader. Good specialist lighting shops o er

a large selection o combined luminaires indesigns ranging rom traditional to modernand with a wide variety o l amp types.

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Reading light

Any part o a living room used or readinghas special lighting requirements. First oall, directional light is important or illumi-nating the reading area; secondly, atten-tion needs to be paid to the ambient light-ing. It is not advisable to bathe the bookin bright light and leave the background indarkness. This would present the eye witha constant need to compensate or markeddi erences in brightness. Which invariablyresults in early visual atigue.

Good background illuminance in the room and thus com ortable reading light - isachieved with uplights or wallwashers orindirect lighting. Bright wall sur aces refectthe light so tly and evenly into the room. Toenable the lighting to be adjusted to di er-ent personal needs, all luminaires shouldbe dimmable.

Free-standing side lights with adjustableshades provide su cient brightness or the

reading area. Uplights and wall or clampluminaires with an adjustable arm-

mounted luminaire head are also wellsuited or the purpose. The luminaire canthus be fexibly re-positioned i the seatedor reclining reader moves.

Good colour rendering and thus a genu-inely good read is achieved, in particular,through the use o halogen lamps with acolour rendering index o Ra 100.

The best place or a light source is along-side or behind the reader. This ensures that

the eye is not dazzled by either direct lightrom the ront or refected light on the paper.

As a general rule, an older person needstwice as much light as a youngster toexperience the same sense o brightness

or good visual per ormance. Sensitivity toglare also increases signi cantly with age.

[32-34] A com ortable chair and ree-stand-ing luminaire make or a snug reading area.

[33] Shade luminaires lend themselves wellto the use o energy-saving compact fuores-cent lamps.

Simultaneous room use with di erentlighting requirements

Living rooms are o ten used by di erentpersons or di erent activities at the sametime. To ensure that one persons readinglight does not inter ere with another per-sons work at a laptop by creating disturb-ing refections on the screen, all luminairesin the room should be appropriatelypositioned, angled and shielded.

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[36-38] ] A track system delivers light towhere it is needed regardless o where thepower outlet is located. The reely positionablespots on the track set accents and highlightselected objects in the room.

[37] Many track systems can be used verti-cally as well as horizontally. They thus enablelight to be harnessed to underline and accen-tuate special architectural eatures.


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Track systems are e ective lighting toolsand problem-solvers

Track systems are ideal lighting tools, o -ering innumerable possibilities or custom-

ised lighting design throughout the home.They can be used both or general roomlighting with wide-angle room or ceilingfoods and or accent lighting with spots on

urniture, pictures or plants.

Because spots, foods and pendantluminaires are easy to reposition on thetrack, they can be placed wherever they

are needed at any time. For a party, orexample, where the table is extended ora bu et, the light sources can simply berepositioned to meet the new, temporaryrequirements. An even better lighting solu-tion or such occasions could be achievedby providing additional luminaires or spotsand adjusting the system accordingly.Care must be taken, however, to ensurethat the maximum capacity o the system

is not exceeded. In the case o low-voltagesystems, it is particularly important to

check that the sum o the watt ratings othe spots is no greater than the VA ratingo the trans ormer. A 300VA trans ormer,

or example, has the capacity to operate amaximum o 15 spots with a 20W rating orsix spots with a 50W rating.

Many track systems have more than oneelectrical circuit. This makes it possible, orexample, or the lights that illuminate thetable to be switched o while others con-tinue to highlight pictures on the wall. For

optimum convenience, wireless systemscan be used to permit every single light tobe individually switched and/or dimmed.

Track systems are also a good solutionwhere as is un ortunately o ten thecase only a single ceiling outlet is avail-able in the middle o the room. A tracksystem can deliver light in straight lines,around corners or in curving arrange-

ments to wherever it is needed. To makethe room appear larger, systems should

be wall-oriented and ollow the contourso the room. However, a converse ar-rangement can also be used to achievea speci c e ect. Track lighting that runsacross a long, narrow room, or example,makes the room look shorter. And light-ing suspended well below a high ceilingmakes the ceiling seem lower.

The geometrical - and thus interiordesign - possibilities o track systemsare endless. Installable in linear, L or

T-shaped, cruci orm, oval or undulatingarrangements, they allow the imagina-tion ull rein. A specialist lighting retailer,electrical engineer or lighting designercan help you select and assemble theright lighting system.

For sa ety, the installation work shouldalways be done by a pro essional.


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Light or pictures and objects

Picture lighting in a living room sets posi-tive accents, adds drama and makes theroom look larger by illuminating the walls.Whether originals, prints or photographs,art works bathed in accentuating lightstand out rom their surroundings andthus develop their ull visual impact. Thelight should all on the image rom above,generated at a point around 1 - 1.5 m romthe wall.

Three picture lighting solutions

Recessed or sur ace-mounted ceilingspots lend themselves well to picture light-ing. Simple and discreet, they make thelight and the object the ocus o attention.Sadly, the power outlets required are o tennot available at the points where they areneeded. A suspended ceiling or earlyplanning are the answer here.Another option is to mount a gallery tracksystem on the wall. This can be supplied

with electricity rom an existing poweroutlet, a corner o the room or a shelving

unit. Another advantage o a gallery tracksystem is its variability. The spots normallyproject around 40-60cm into the room andcan be repositioned on the track to cater

or changing arrangements o pictures.These systems are the solution o choice

or a room where artworks on the wallare requently replaced. Gallery track isavailable in low-voltage and high-voltagesystems or halogen lamps or LEDs.

Low-voltage halogen luminaires o er the

best and most brilliant light. However,they require a trans ormer. Where a poweroutlet is available, this can be mounted onthe wall. Alternatively, it can be accom-modated in a cabinet or shelving unitat the end o the track. In this case, thetrans ormer needs to display a M, MMor F symbol, con rming that it is allowedto be mounted on fammable sur aces.A trans ormer is not required or high-voltage track systems. These systems

o er the possibility o e.g. incorporatingsupplementary uplights or the general

room lighting.

The third option is to use individualpicture lights. These are a solution orsetting a lighting accent and emphasizinga single picture on a airly small wall. Theyare available in a wide variety o di erentdesigns with LED, fuorescent or halogenlamps. LED and fuorescent lamps havethe advantage o energy e ciency andthe capacity to illuminate large areas.Halogen luminaires consume moderately

more energy but have better colour ren-dering properties.

Original paintings are sensitive to UV radi-ation. Prolonged exposure to daylight andarti cial lighting can cause colours to adeand damage the abric o the artwork. Spe-cial lters that reduce UV and IR radiationshould be used to protect valuable paint-ings. Sculptures o ten need to be seen inthe right light to develop their ull visual


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Lighting tip:Colour renderingGood colour rendering ensures that the colourso your pictures look as natural as possible [41]:When choosing lamps, make sure you checktheir colour rendering index (Ra). This de neshow natural objects look under arti cial lighting.Lamps with a Ra 100 rating render objects inper ectly natural colours. Ra values range rom20 to 100.For picture lighting, always use lamps with a col-our rendering index o at least Ra 80-100.Halogen lamps have the best rating (R a 100),fuorescent and energy-saving lamp ratings arenormally in the Ra 80-90 range.

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[39-42] Illuminating pictures and objectsmakes them more visually assertive and helpscreate a pleasant and stimulating lightingatmosphere in the room. Where pictures aremounted behind glass, lighting needs to beangled so that the observer is not disturbedby refections.

impact. Light should be directed onto theobject rom di erent directions so that its

three-dimensionality is underlined by lightand shadow. Narrow-beam halogen spotsare a highly suitable option here. For illuminating objects in showcases,LEDs are the best choice because otheir minimal space requirements and lowheat gain. Where good colour renderingis needed, halogen lamps are particularlyrecommended.


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Lighting Special: Lighting control, light and colourImagine the home as a stage. As in the theatre, light can be harnessed here to transport emotions andcreate moods - rom businesslike to romantic, stimulating to relaxing. Good lighting design o ers thepossibility o crucially in luencing residents sense o wellbeing.

A good play or lm develops its dramarom skilled use o lighting. Sadly, the light-

ing ound in peoples homes o ten palesin comparison. Drawing inspiration romstage lighting can be very rewarding.

A variable lighting design needs to ad-dress three basic unctions: room lighting,accent lighting and mood lighting.

Achieving the right mix and catering todi erent mood and unctional requirementscall or a variety o light sources with vari-able luminous intensities.

This orms the basis or di erentiated light-ing, just as on a stage. Now it is up to theuser to switch and dim the lights to suit

individual needs. A central lighting controlsystem is very convenient here. It o ersthe opportunity to save complex lightingscenes and retrieve them as required atthe push o a button. Any lighting moodcan thus be created or a party or work

session, a quiet hour with a good book oran intimate evening or two.

Dinner with riends, or example, thusbecomes a genuine lighting experience

rom the moment the guests are welcomed

in bright, widespread light through theaperiti at twilight to the meal itsel withintense light over the table and accent lightpicking out pictures on the walls. Dessertis served in subdued warm indirect moodlight, in which the candles on the tableare suddenly much more prominent andthe conversations perhaps become moreintimate and intense.

The interaction o light, time and spacehere can be harnessed to create a special

kind o suspense. Technical requirementsinclude signal receivers in luminaires orjunction boxes, which can be retro tted.Free-standing or table luminaires can alsobe integrated at a later date by the use ospecial adapter plugs.

[43] Mobile LED luminaires can be fex-ibly used in the home to bathe rooms incoloured light and create seamless coloursequences.

[44] A lighting control system provides theconvenience o remote switching and dim-ming so no more need or the awkwardtask o setting each luminaire individually.

[45-46] A sophisticated lighting conceptcan imbue one and the same room withtotally di erent lighting atmospheres.

The blue view shows a resh morn-ing with di use cool light and austere,highly ocused warm white accents. Thered example simulates a Mediterraneanautumn a ternoon with warm, directional,so t-edged light and reddish backgroundlighting.

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The signal receivers are addressed by aremote control device, multi unction switch

or computer and regulated according tothe users requirements. In new buildings,the data trans er is via cables; where thesystem is retro tted, communication is bymodern wireless technology.

But the technological possibilities are notcon ned to just lighting productions andplanning. A central control unit itselremote-controlled by a mobile phone canper orm a wide range o tasks, rom turn-ing on the central heating on the way home

to simulating an occupied house when theamily is away on holiday.

Good systems, installed and programmedby pro essionals, are easy to operate andmeet the challenges o daily use.

For older or disabled persons in particular,such systems are not just a convenience;they are a practical daily tool.

Light and colour

Colour has a dramatic e ect on the waywe eel and is capable o establishing andpromoting a sense o wellbeing. Colourpsychologists can cite many examples olight colours a ecting our sense o warmth

in a room or having a soothing, stimulatingor per ormance-boosting impact.

The privacy o the home o ers particu-larly suitable opportunities or casting in-dividual zones in coloured light and thusshaping occupants emotional response.At the push o a button, or example, aliving room or bedroom wall could bebathed in meditative blue, re reshinggreen or stimulating red light. To supportour daily rhythm, warm light colours witha higher red content are pre erable in theevening; blue ones should generally be

avoided.

Coloured lighting productions are pos-sible thanks to modern RGB controlsystems or LEDs or fuorescent lamps.These systems work by additive colourmixing, which can produce a theoreti-cal 16.7 million colours rom the threeprimaries (red, green, blue light) by nelyadjusting their respective intensities. Inmost cases, RGB control systems o erthe possibility o running through pro-

grammed colour sequences at di erentspeeds or setting a selected colour ora static lighting experience. Luminaireswith dynamic (colour-changing) RGBcontrol systems have been on the market

or quite some time. Since LEDs swept

into the domestic luminaire market, LEDtechnology has also become a ord-

able or the private consumer. Here themarket o ers a wide variety o large andsmall RGB-controlled lighting objects.However, colour productions over entirewalls or ceilings can only be realisedwith high-per ormance RGB foods madeby quality manu acturers.

RGB-controlled LEDS have also movedinto the realm o urniture design.A number o luminaire and urnituremanu acturers, or example, market lumi-

nous shelves, sideboards or illuminatedtables. Anyone who is not interested in adynamic colour-changing system but stillwishes to work with coloured light can

t spots with dichroitic colour lters orcoloured lamps. Specialist lighting retailers, electricalengineers and lighting designers are thebest persons to consult on this matter.

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Dining room lightingAs a central point o the home, the dining room merits special attention when it comes to selecting the rightlighting. From intimate amily gatherings to big social occasions everything in the dining room revolves aroundthe table. A place where amily and riends gather, it is also a place or playing games, or working and or eating.

The dining table needs to be able to meeta series o changing daily requirements.So the lighting should be fexible. Height-adjustable, dimmable pendant luminairesensure that the right light is available notonly or eating but also or other activities.

Easily repositionable pendant luminaireson wire, rod or tracks systems are thebest option here. With some new tracksystems, repositioning is even possible bymoving luminaire heads rom below. Sothere is no need to climb a stepladder torearrange the luminaires i the table is ex-tended. These systems also permit moreluminaires to be added.

One o the primary purposes o ta-ble lighting is to illuminate the table

top brightly while leaving the personsaround it in subdued stray light. Lumi-naires should be suspended just aboveeye level. A dining table luminaire

should not obscure the view o the per-son sitting opposite and must de initelynot be a source o glare. The distancebetween the table top and the loweredge o the luminaire should there orebe around 60 cm. Suitable lighting op-

tions here include luminaires with satinor gloss inish opal enclosures, tintedenclosures or closely woven abricshades.

Modern high or low-voltage halogenlamps are recommended or distinctivetable lighting with good colour renderingcharacteristics.

The design o the luminaire(s) shouldre lect the shape o the table. A round

dining table normally calls or a roundpendant luminaire, a rectangular oneeither an elongated model or lights sus-pended in a linear arrangement.

[47] Track systems and luminaires that canbe slid along them are ideal or extendabletables and o er extra fexibility or adjustmentto new room situations.

[48] Touch-dimmable pendant luminaires area particularly practical solution. They enablethe lighting to be dimmed or dessert, orexample, without anyone having to leave thetable.

[50] Colour can be a trump card when itcomes to selecting the right luminaire. Careshould always be taken, however, to ensurethat the table is brightly enough illuminatedand the ood cast in the right light.

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Lighting tips:Dining room

Table lighting [49]: The distance betweenthe table top and the lower edge o the lu-minaire should be around 60 cm so that eyecontact with the person opposite is possiblewithout glare or obstruction.Possible alternatives to pendant luminaires:

Where suspended luminaires are stylisticallywrong, ceiling luminaires with highly ocusedbeams can provide alternative zone lighting

or a dining table.

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[51] Pendant luminaires are a particularly

good vehicle or making a personal designstatement and expressing personal taste.To ensure that the luminaire chosen givespleasure or the longest possible time, it isimportant to consult at length with a specialistdealer.

[52] The use o wall luminaires and lights il-luminating pictures makes or a greater senseo space. The lighting accents thus createdalso enliven the atmosphere and cause theeye to linger repeatedly at di erent points inthe room.

[53] Because o their compact dimensions,

LEDs permit luminaires o ground-breakingshallow design. This pendant luminaire isheight-adjustable and also saves energy dueto modern LED technology.

Supplementary luminaires can be used tocreate a special room atmosphere

Creating an agreeable atmosphere re-quires more than just dining table lighting;it also calls or attractive general lighting.I the space outside the eating area isnot illuminated, the room looks crampedand dreary. Free-standing luminaires, wallluminaires or picture lights can be use ullydeployed here to set additional accents.

All luminaires in the room should be onseparate operating circuits i possible. One

o the keys to creating a homely atmos-phere lies in the use o luminaires produc-ing di erent levels o brightness.

Pictures, plants or fne urniture can beemphasized particularly well through theuse o light. Flexible spots on wire and rodsystems or power track are use ul here especially i not enough power outlets are

available where spotlighting is needed.Good lighting is thus guaranteed even i

the room is subsequently rearranged.

All halogen lamps whether they oper-ate on low or high voltage - have optimalcolour rendering characteristics and thusmake or a warm and natural atmosphere.They can be dimmed to the point wherethe light they emit is only just perceptible.This is intimate, cosy and easy on the eye.

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[54] Thanks to good ventilation systems,kitchens today are o ten designed as part oan open-plan kitchen and living/dining room.Accordingly, the lighting design needs to bevariable to cater or the di erent zones.

[55] Recessed gimbal spots (set in two

integrated rotating metal rings) have madethe break rom their established application shop lighting and extended into the home.Where a suspended ceiling is available, theycan provide accent and general room light-ing with lots o scope or angling and beamadjustment.

Kitchen lightingIn many amilies, the kitchen is the hub o the home. On the one hand,it is where the cooking and baking are done; on the other, it is ameeting-point and o ten a avourite spot at parties.

A special point to bear in mind aboutkitchen lighting is that no disturbingshadows should be allowed to all on worksur aces at the cooker, sink or worktop.Shadows can occur, or example, i theroom is illuminated by only one luminaire in

the middle o the ceiling, which means thatanyone acing the work sur aces standsin their own light. It is better to positionluminaires decentrally, near the walls orwindow. The light then comes rom aboveor the side and is almost shadow- ree.

Another important general lighting task isproviding su cient illuminance or all areaswhere people move around. Recessed orsur ace-mounted ceiling luminaires andtrack systems or wide-angle light distribu-

tion are particularly good options here.

55

Kitchen work sur ace lighting

Modern kitchen wall units o ten come withintegrated lighting or the work sur acesbelow. However, the recommended mini-mum illuminance o 500 lux here is o ten

not reached. For the retro t market, the specialist light-ing trade o ers a wide range o shallow,high-intensity luminaires or sur ace orrecessed mounting. Care should be takenhere to ensure that the luminaires displaya F, M or MM re sa ety symbol and,wherever possible, have a VDE, ENEC orGS approval mark.

Where there are no wall units over a

worktop, suitable lighting can be provided


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Lighting tips

KitchenWork sur ace lighting [57,58]: Hard shadowson work sur aces should be avoided wher-ever possible. Separately switched shallowluminaires mounted under wall units shouldprovide at least 500 lux illuminance at the worksur ace. Make sure they display a F, M orMM symbol. These symbols identi y lumi-naires that are suitable or recess and sur acemounting on urniture. For urther in ormation,see p. 43.

Kitchen dining area [59]: As a separate light-ing zone, the dining area should always haveits own lighting. The distance between tabletop and luminaire should be at least 60 cm toguarantee a clear view.


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[56] As a separate lighting zone, the diningarea should always have its own lighting. Thedistance between table top and luminaireshould be at least 60 cm to guarantee a clearview.

[60,61] Recessed spots in suspended ceil-ings make or accentuating, brilliant light.

[62] Height-adjustable pendant luminairescan be tailored to user requirements. Illumi-nated wall units make the room look larger.

61 62

by ceiling luminaires and track systemsmounted directly above it casting highly

ocused beams o light onto the worktop. The advantage: the track carries elec-tricity rom the power outlet to wherethe fexibly positionable luminaires areneeded to deliver the right light.

Warm-white fuorescent or energy-savinglamps are a good choice o light source

or the kitchen. They emit uni orm lightover a large area. Modern energy-savinghalogen lamps, with their very good

colour rendering properties, are alsorecommended.

Cabinet and shel lighting

Cabinet and shel lighting can servetwo purposes: rst, by highlighting ne

urniture and its contents, it creates aspecial atmosphere; secondly, it illumi-nates the space that makes cabinets andshelves easier to use. Crockery, pans

and oodstu s are easier to identi y andquicker to nd.

Track systems, clip-on luminaires andsur ace-mounted urniture lights as wellas ceiling luminaires that act as wall-washers are particularly suitable or thepurpose. The distance between ceil-ing luminaires and cabinets or shelvesshould be selected so that the latter are

ully illuminated rom top to bottom and aperson standing in ront o them does notcast disturbing shadows. The optimumdistance on a normal 2.5 3 m high ceil-

ing is between 50 and 80 cm.

Kitchen dining area lighting

Apart rom pendant luminaires, ceiling lu-minaires with a highly ocused beam area suitable lighting option or the diningarea in a kitchen. They should illuminatethe table top brightly and bathe personsat the table in agreeable scattered light.


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Bathroom lightingIn the morning, the bathroom is where we wake ourselves up to ace the challenges o the day; in the evening,we use it mainly to unwind. In order to turn a unctional bathroom into a place o wellbeing, special attentionneeds to be paid to the lighting.

Even in a bathroom, good general lightingis needed or background illuminance inthe room.

At least 300 lux illuminance is recom-mended. In this connection, special atten-

tion should be paid to the colours o wallsor tiles. Dark areas absorb light and callor luminaires with a signi cantly greater

luminous intensity.

The lighting should de nitely be tted witha dimmer to enable the light to be adjust-ed or com ort. Subdued lighting makesbathing a more relaxing experience andis less disturbing on a night-time visit tothe toilet.

Recessed and sur ace-mounted spotsand ceiling luminaires with white opalglass enclosures are suitable options orgeneral bathroom lighting.

[63-65] A good specialist lighting shop o ersa variety o mirror lighting solutions in di erentdesigns. Good mirror lighting is best achievedwith satinised white glass di user luminairespositioned at the right and le t o the mirror.Supplementary light rom above makes oroptimal ergonomics and illuminates the ace

ully and without shadows.

64 65

Three points to note or good mirror andwashbasin lighting

The requirements that need to be met orgood mirror lighting can be summed upin three sentences. First, the observers

ace should be evenly illuminated, i.e. reeo any disturbing shadows. Secondly, thelight must de nitely not dazzle. Thirdly, the

ace should be rendered in natural, neutralcolours.

Uni orm, shadow- ree illumination is bestachieved with light rom elongated linearluminaires positioned at each side o themirror. Supplementary light rom above especially recommended or wider mirrors is the optimal complement to ensure a

per ectly shadow- ree ace. Light romabove alone produces undesirable shad-ows under chin and nose. Spots directedat the mirror rom the ceiling or rom right


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Small bathrooms look signi cantly larger inthe right light

Indirect light refected by light-colouredwalls and ceilings makes small bath-rooms look bigger. Supplementary wallluminaires, e.g. in niches, also make or agreater sense o space. This e ect can beenhanced even more by large windowsand mirrors.

[66] Wall-mounted spots are an alternative tothe conventional mid-ceiling luminaire. Theyset accents and create zones o light andshadow that enliven the room atmosphere.

[67] In small or guest bathrooms, generalroom lighting can also be provided by walllights alone. A ceiling luminaire is unneces-sary in this case.

67

and le t o the mirror will dazzle the ob-server and should be avoided.

Luminaires with satinised white glassdi users and compact luorescent lampsare ideal or natural, neutral colourrendering. They provide low-shadowlighting over a large area. Warm whiteis normally the optimal light colour orthese types o lamp.


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Rede ning sense o space with goodwellness bathroom lighting

More and more bathrooms today are de-signed and used as a multi-purpose room.Although still a place or body and beautycare, they are increasingly expected toincorporate wellness acilities that helpus unwind. We spend more time in thebathroom than in the past and our spacerequirements have increased.

A growing number o bathrooms eature awellness area with sauna, in rared cabin,

steam bath or rain shower. What is more,the borders between other parts o thehome, especially the bedroom, are nowo ten blurred. This modern de nition o thebathroom presents a new challenge or thelighting designer. Functional zones suchas washbasin, wellness shower, whirlpoolor even plunge or swimming pool need tobe considered separately when it comes tochoosing lighting.

Recessed or sur ace-mounted downlights

are one solution able to meet the di erentrequirements. Where a suspended ceilingis not available, or i power outlets are notin the right place, power track systems canbe a good choice. They can be tted witha variety o spots, uplights or foods to caterto the needs o the di erent unctional zones.Another advantage is that the lighting regimecan be reviewed and redesigned at any time.

When we bathe in a bathtub or whirlpool,our gaze is generally directed towards the

ceiling, so care should be taken to ensurethat lighting is glare- ree. Punctual lightsources on the ceiling at this point coulddazzle and disturb. Luminaires that emitindirect light or eature opal glass enclo-sures are the recommended option here. Adimmer is always desirable.

Many washbasin units, mirrors and show-ers on the market have integrated lighting.However, the quality o that lighting shouldbe checked.

In many cases, the light provided isinsu cient and ergonomically incorrectand needs to be supplemented by otherluminaires. I in doubt, consult a lightingpro essional.

Individual room unctions aside, bathroomlighting should create a stimulating atmos-phere in the morning and a more soothingmood in the evening to help us relax.

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[68-69] Private wellness or swimming poolscall or detailed lighting planning, pre erablyby an expert. Relaxation areas and unctionalzones need to be considered separately andoptimal lighting solutions developed or eachone. This ensures long-term user satis actionand com ort.

[70] A starry sky in the sauna makes or asense o wellbeing only i it does not dazzle.Because users normally lie on their backwith their eyes directed towards the ceiling,luminous intensities here need to be low.Interesting e ects can be achieved with

colour-changing bre-optic systems or LEDtechnology.

[71] Good mirror lighting per orms two serv-ices: it helps us wake up in the morning and ithelps us make the right beauty and body caredecisions.71


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Lighting tips:Bathroom

Creating lighting zones [73]: Use lighting to distinguish visually the di erent zones o your bathroom.This makes or an enhanced sense o wellbeing and enlivens the room. Light is an e ective tool ordistinguishing and emphasizing room zones and unctional areas. Recessed ceiling luminaires witha ocused beam are a good choice or the shower zone; separately switched lighting at the mirrorand above the bath round o the sense o well-lit space.Mirror lighting [74]: A single light source at the mirror is not enough or good ace care lighting.Light rom above or rom one side alone gives rise to undesirable shadows under the chin and noseor on one side o the ace. Uni orm shadow- ree illumination o the ace is best achieved with light

rom elongated linear luminaires mounted on the le t and right o the mirror. Supplementary light romabove is the per ect complement. I fuorescent lamps are used, warm-white is the light colour ochoice or a pleasing mirror image.

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Codenu-mer-als

1st code numeral: Protectionagainst oreign bodies andcontact

2nd code numeral:Protection against water

0 non-protected non-protected

1 protected against solid oreignbodies > 50 mm

protected against drippingwater


protected against drippingwater when 15 tilted

3 protected against solid oreignbodies > 2.5 mm

protected against spraywater


protected against splashwater

5 protected against dust protected against jets o water

6 dustproo protected against power uljets o water

7 _ protected against temporaryimmersion

8 _ protected againstprolonged submersion

Standard-compliant installation by a pro es-sional is vital or sa ety in the bathroom

Sa ety and compliance with standardsare particularly important considerationsin a bathroom. The simultaneous pres-ence o water and electricity means thatspecial precautions need to be taken. Soelectrical installation work should alwaysbe per ormed by a quali ed electrician inline with DIN VDE 0100 Part 701. Amongstother things, this standard de nes threespecial sa ety zones where electricalinstallations and luminaires need to meet

particular requirements.

Bathroom sa ety zones:

Zone 0 relates to the inside o the bathtubor shower tray, e.g. or the use o under-water lamps. Only luminaires operating ona protective extra-low voltage o 12 V orless may be used here; they must also bespeci cally approved or use in a bathtubor shower tray and need to be protected toat least IP X7 (see table showing degreeso protection).

Sa ety zone 1 is bounded by the verticalsur aces or planes at the outer edge o the

bathtub or shower tray. Where no showertray is present, the zone extends to a ra-dius o 120 cm around the shower head atrest. The upper limit o the zone is 2.25 mabove foor level, the lower limit is the foor.Sa ety zone 1 (like sa ety zone 0) requires

the use o protective extra-low voltageluminaires operating on a maximum volt-

age o 12 V but no trans ormers may bemounted within its boundaries.

Sa ety zone 2 is a 60 cm deep strip adjoin-ing sa ety zone 1. Luminaires in both othese zones require a protection rating oat least IP X4. Where massage jets etc.are installed, luminaires are required to beprotected to IP X5.

No switches or sockets may be installed inzones 0, 1 or 2. An exception is made in

the case o switches integrated in stand-ard-compliant luminaires.

Degrees o protection:

The degree o protection assigned to a lu-minaire indicates the limits on its sa e andreliable operation. The IP code (IngressProtection) consists o two numerals. Whilethe rst re ers to protection against solid

oreign bodies and dust, it is the secondthat is most important in a bathroom. It

indicates the degree o protection againstwater and moisture. For example: IP44identi es a luminaire protected againstsolid particles larger than 1 mm andagainst splashwater (see table below).A capital X in place o one o the twonumerals means the degree o protectionis not speci ed.

Classes o protection:

Luminaires are divided into three classeso protection according to the protectivemeasures taken to avoid electric shock.More on this subject in the Lighting Specialoverlea .

[72] Open bathroom design calls or wellstructured lighting. Individual areas need tobe distinguished rom one another and illumi-nated on the basis o di erent lighting criteria.Dimmer-controlled adjustable downlights insuspended ceilings are a good solution.

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The market surveillance agency o theEU member states periodically examinesdomestic luminaires and un ortunatelyo ten discovers horri ying de ciencies.Many luminaires do not comply with EUlegal requirements and have technical

de ects such as insu cient insulation,incorrect wiring or inadequate strain relie .In many cases, technical descriptions, EUcon ormity declarations or the CE markare missing. So wherever possible, theconsumer should draw on the knowledgeand expertise o the pro essionals in thespecialist lighting trade and, i in doubt,re rain rom buying the cheap option thatseems such a bargain.

This Lighting Special explains technical

terms and describes important precaution-ary measures. All luminaires need to betested and type-tested by the manu ac-turer as a matter o principle. A ter all, con-sumer sa ety is at stake. Important in orma-tion such as maximum permissible wattageand minimum distance rom infammablematerials needs to be displayed on alabel a xed to the luminaire. These limitsshould always be observed; otherwise,the luminaires will present a re hazard.Luminaire housings can also be rendered

live by moisture or water. Where luminairesare designed or permanent installation,the installation work should always beper ormed by a trained pro essional. Thisis particularly important in the event o aninsurance claim because insurance covermay otherwise be void.

Classes o protection

EN 61140 ( ormerly DIN VDE 0140) dividesitems o electrical equipment such as

luminaires into three classes o protec-tion according to the protective measurestaken to avoid electric shock:

Protection Class I:

In the case o Protection Class I luminaires,the user is protected by live parts be-ing insulated (so-called basic insulation)and by exposed conductive metal parts

being connected to a protective conduc-tor (earthing). The protective conductorterminal is marked with an earth symbol(see above). I the basic insulation ails,exposed conductive parts cannot accepthazardous shock voltages. Mobile ClassI luminaires are tted with an earthing pinplug.

Protection Class II:

In the case o Protection Class II lu-

minaires, live parts are provided withprotective insulation in addition to thebasic insulation. Connection to a protec-tive conductor is not permitted. Even iluminaires have conductive sur aces, theyare protected rom contact with live partsby rein orced insulation. Mobile Class IIluminaires are tted with a so-called eu-roplug, a two-pole plug with no protectiveconductor.

Protection Class III:

In the case o Protection Class III lumi-naires, protection is based on the use oa SELV (sa ety extra-low voltage) system.Typical applications include low-voltagetrack or wire systems or 12 V opera-tion. The supply voltage is established inconjunction with a sa ety trans ormer (orequivalent device) and must be no higherthan 50 V (with normal alternating current).

Degrees o protection (IP) and

sa ety zones in a bathroomsee p. 41

Lighting Special: Sa ety and standardsSa ety must come rst in the home. Standard-compliant inspection o luminaires by the manu acturer andpro essional installation o the lighting acilities are vital to guarantee adequate protection against healthhazards, re and mal unction.

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intangible goods. A standard is a norm orrequirement established and published bya standards body or standards organisa-tion. It is designed to set standards andthus improve public sa ety.

More in ormation and links about stand-ards, approval marks and sa ety can be

ound at www.licht.de.

CE mark:

The CE mark is mandatory or productsplaced on the market in the EuropeanUnion. By a xing this marking, manu ac-turers and importers assert generally ontheir own responsibility that their prod-ucts meet the essential requirements ospeci c European directives and protec-tion targets.

The abbreviation CE stands or Commu-nauts Europennes (European Com-munity). However, contrary to what many

people think, CE marking is not based ontesting by a third-party certi cation body.Products are sel -certi ed by the manu ac-turer.

ENEC/VDE certi cation symbols

The ENEC certi cation symbol (EN orEuropean Norms, EC or Electrical Certi -cation) is the European approval mark or

luminaires. In Germany, it is awarded incombination with the VDE symbol.Where products display the VDE/ENECsymbols, it can be assumed that they con-

orm to the current state o the art and thusmeet the requirements o the Equipmentand Sa ety Product Act (GPSG). The nu-meral ollowing the ENEC symbol is a keyto the name and location o the certi cationinstitute. As well as inspecting products,VDE engineers also monitor production.

GS mark

The GS mark shows that a productcon orms to the German Equipmentand Product Sa ety Act (GPSG) and therelevant EU directive. Awarded by author-ised certi cation agencies, it is based onproduct sa ety testing and an assessmento whether operating instructions are clearand complete.

The GS symbol may be used only in

conjunction with the logo o the certi yingbody (e.g. VDE, TV). Control audits areconducted to maintain certi cation. Thesemay involve monitoring production acilitiesor checking product modi cations againstthe unit tested.

EMC/EMV mark

The EMC/EMV mark shows that theluminaire or component or which it wasawarded has been tested or electromag-netic compatibility.

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)describes the interaction between two ormore devices in terms o their electricalor electromagnetic e ects. Incompatibilitycan result in inter erence that ranges romunintended noise rom a radio to actualappliance ailure.

Fire protection

For recessed and sur ace mounting onurniture, luminaires need to bear the F,

M or MM symbol and must meet certainthermal requirements.

Moun ting sur ace Luminai re s w ith the marks

Flammability Example none

non-fam-

mable

concrete x x x x

> 200C wood x x x< 200C textiles x

The table above shows the standardsand marking requirements that need tobe met or a luminaire to be allowed to bemounted on di erent materials. The mount-ing instructions must also indicate whatrecessed and sur ace-mounting optionsare available or the luminaire.

To eliminate re hazards, it is important to

observe the required minimum distancerom other components, regardless o thenature o the mounting sur ace.

With luminaires positioned inside cup-boards and olding beds, a switch needsto be present to ensure that the luminairesare automatically deactivated as soon asthe cupboard is closed or the bed oldedaway.

Standards

The aim o standardisation is to promotethe national and international exchange ogoods and services and prevent technicaltrade barriers by standardising the require-ments that need to be met by tangible and 76

[75-76] Especially in a bathroom, ensuringsa ety requires that many di erent actorsshould be considered. Electricity and waterare elements that need to be strictly keptapart to eliminate the risk o electric shock.Despite the many rules and regulations thatneed to be observed, there is still amplescope or catering to emotional needs andpromoting a sense o wellbeing e.g. with alighting design incorporating coloured light.


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Bright and, above all, glare- ree lightingis a undamental requirement or workingat home in com ortable, ergonomicallycorrect conditions. That requirement needsto be met regardless o whether the o ceor computer work per ormed is done in a

separate home o ce or at a workplace setup in the living room.

The general lighting should provide alighting level o 300 - 500 lux in the roomor at least in the area around the work-place. An even spread o brightness in theroom boosts our powers o concentrationbecause it means our eyes do not need tokeep re-adapting to di erent illuminancelevels.

Ceiling, pendant or ree-standing lumi-naires or indirect lighting are suitableoptions or a living room workplace. Fora dedicated home o ce, luminaireswith linear fuorescent lamps are a morepro essional solution. The recommendedlight colour a colour ound particularlyagreeable is warm white. Glare shouldde nitely be avoided, whether it is causedby the lighting itsel (direct) or by refec-tions on the computer screen (indirect).

The second key requirement in a home o -ce is separate desk lighting. It should illu-minate the work area uni ormly and withoutglare and ensure the modelling needed orclear identi cation o objects and details.This prevents early atigue when working.Flexibly positionable desk luminaires thatdirect the light to where it is needed are aparticularly suitable solution here.

For anyone who wants to save space onthe desk, height-adjustable pendant lumi-

naires, ree-standing luminaires or articu-lated arm luminaires that can be mountedon the wall or on a shel over the deskcan be used. Pendant luminaires need tobe height-adjustable to eliminate glare orrefections on the screen. For good to very

Home o ce lightingNearly every home has a place reserved or work. It may be a small corner o the living room or bedroom or it may be aseparate room. Everyone needs somewhere to le bills, write letters, check emails. What is o ten neglected, however, iscorrect lighting with negative consequences or eyes and concentration.

good colour rendering o objects on thedesk, luminaires with halogen lamps arerecommended.

Anyone who attaches particular impor-tance to saving energy, however, is well

advised to opt or a desk light or energy-saving lamps. For writing at the desk, therule is: light source on the le t or right-handers and on the right or le t-handers.This prevents disturbing shadows beingcast by the writers hand.

VDU workplace ordinanceDIN 5035 and DIN EN 12464-1

The German VDU workplace ordinance(Bildschirmarbeitsverordnung) sets out

regulations or computerised work places,which also need to be observed or oc-cupational activities conducted in thehome. Its requirements are essentially metby compliance with the relevant technicalstandards. German industrial standardDIN 5035 stipulates minimum illuminancevalues that need to be maintained. 500lux and a colour rendering index o Ra 80 -100 (see also page 13) are recommended

or o ces.

For VDU work, in particular, markedbrightness contrasts and refections onthe screen need to be avoided and thegeneral room lighting must always be acti-vated in addition to the workplace lighting.This prevents the eyes being overtaxedby the constant need to take account opronounced di erences in brightness.

To sum up, the optimum lighting conceptconsists o two components: indirect roomlighting and direct workplace lighting. I

these principles are observed, sur ng onthe Internet, writing emails and even doingpaperwork is a lot more enjoyable.

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[77-80] Good desk lighting can be realisedboth with desktop luminaires and with pen-dant luminaires.

[80] High-intensity uplights ensure adequatebackground illuminance at a workplace.

Lighting tips:Home o ce

Desk lighting [78,80,81] For a right-handedperson, light should all on the desk rom thele t to prevent disturbing shadows. For le t-handers, the converse applies.Light on walls and urniture [78,82] Illu-minated pictures or objects help make oragreeably in ormal accent lighting. Pictures

look particularly colour ul and natural whenilluminated by lamps with very good colourrendering characteristics, such as halogenlamps.


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Lighting tips:

Childrens roomChanging table lighting [86] Swivel-mounted,dimmable luminaires that do not dazzle thechild are required here. A warm light colourmakes or a sense o wellbeing.Sa ety a key consideration Lamps shouldnot be covered with abric or similar materi-als. This presents an increased risk o re.Night lighting [87] Night lights that burn orlong periods should be itted with energy-saving LED lamps or compact luorescent

lamps.Desk lighting For right-handers, light romthe le t prevents disturbing shadows. For le t-handers, light should all rom the right.

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Childrens lighting needs are not actuallyvery di erent rom those o adults. Nev-ertheless, there are a number o pointsto remember. To protect young childrenssensitive eyes, arti cial light sourcesshould be as glare- ree as possible. Punc-

tual light sources such as general-di usehalogen lamps or even high-per ormanceLEDs should there ore be avoided.

Ideally, the background lighting in theroom should be dimmer-controlled. Thisenables a lighting level to be selected thatis precisely tailored, or example, to meetthe needs o a night-time eed or nappychange. Unnecessary brightness is thusavoided and the child (and parents) canget back to sleep more easily.

A night light gives security

One need that many children eel or along time is the need or a night light. Withit, monsters under the bed and robbers inthe wardrobe are kept simply at bay. Thereare various options or providing a nightlight rom nursery lights incorporating anight-light eature to a wide range o plug-in luminaires. Today, the latter are almostall tted with LEDs and there ore consume

even less electricity than the generation onight lights that preceded them. Obsoleteluminaires with halogen or incandescentlamps are a re hazard and should not beused. With the help o LEDs, night-lightingcan even be extended easily into a cor-ridor and thus make it easier or a child to

nd the way to the toilet.

Please never shade luminaires with abricor similar materials! Improper applicationor the wrong type o abric signi cantly

increases the risk o re. What is more,di erent light sources are needed or thedi erent lighting zones in a childrens/teenagers room. This zone lighting needsto support unctions through various stag-es o the youngsters li e rom night-time

Childrens and teenagers room lightingFor children and teenagers, their own room is not just a place to sleep; it is also a place to learn and play, ahome within the home and a private retreat. To cater to all these requirements, every youngsters room needs agood lighting concept.

[83,88] Di erent luminaires distinguish thevarious areas o a childrens/teenagers roomand make or a com ortable atmosphere.

[84,87] A night light within easy reach isimportant or reading and provides securityand com ort or a youngster waking up in themiddle o the night.

nappy changes to reading in bed, romdoing homework to playing and learningat a computer. Appropriate wall, readingand desk lights pre erably dimmer-con-trolled render good service here.

Children and teenagers spend a greatdeal o time at the desk. Su ciently brightlighting is a must or doing homework. Forwork at a computer, irritating refectionson the screen need to be avoided. Deskluminaires or compact fuorescent lampsare one answer here.

Sa ety is a top priority in a nursery. 230 Vlamps - i.e. including those or use in anordinary E27 screw lampholder shouldnot be placed within a childs reach. Oth-

erwise, the accident that childproo sock-ets are installed to prevent can quicklyhappen at the luminaire: an electric shockis certainly possible. Through the use olow-voltage halogen lamps or LEDs with aplug-in power supply unit, all the electricsare reduced to a protective extra-low volt-age and thus present almost no dangereven or children.

Tailored to childrens needs in terms osa ety and lighting characteristics and

designed to be appropriate or the agegroup these are the main points toremember when selecting a luminaire

or a youngsters room. It is, in act, aper ectly straight orward matter - anda ascinating one i the youngster isinvolved in the decision.


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First o all, every bedroom needs goodgeneral lighting controlled by a switch atthe entrance to the room. Suitable optionshere are recessed or sur ace-mountedceiling luminaires, which should providegood illumination or not only wardrobes

but also the foor. The second elementrequired is bedside lighting. In the case oa double bed, an appropriate luminaire is

Bedroom lighting designWe spend nearly a third o our li e in the bedroom. It is a private place or rest and relaxation. But the bedroomis also where important decisions are taken decisions such as choosing an out t or the day ahead.

needed or each side, so one person canread without disturbing a sleeping partner.A 20 W low-voltage halogen lamp or anequivalent energy-saving lamp is su cient

or reading, pre erably in a luminaire with anangleable head. This can be installed as

a wall, clamp or table luminaire but shouldbe separately switched, glare- ree andindividually adjustable.

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Wardrobe lighting ensures a proper over-view o the garments or selection

Wardrobe lighting is another importantpart o bedroom lighting. Halogen spotsmounted in ront o or inside the wardrobe

acilitate the selection o garments andgive the room added atmosphere. The ceil-ing luminaires should be positioned around50 80 cm rom the ront o the wardrobeso that the inside o the wardrobe is wellilluminated when the doors are open.Colours and abrics can thus be clearlyidenti ed, making it easier to decide on an

out t.

In a big enough bedroom, a reading cornercreates another island o light

A com ortable armchair and a ree-standing luminaire make a cosy corner orreading.

Combined standing/reading lights, e.g.with uplighter and a reading arm, are agood solution. The indirect di use roomlight is ound agreeable and thus providesadded com ort. The swivel arm urnishesbright light or reading when required. Thetwo light sources should be separately

dimmable.

[89] Indirect lighting provides so t ambientlight refected by walls and ceiling. Bedsidelights and candles round o the bedroomlighting concept.

[90] Wall luminaires are a good alternative toconventional bedside lights. Their use rees

up space on the bedside table.

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Lighting tips:Bedroom

Bedside lighting [89-91]: Ensure thatbedside lights are separately switched and,i possible, dimmer-controlled. The lightswitches at the bed should pre erably bewired to control all the luminaires in the room.An additional switch or the lighting aroundthe building gives a sense o security. Provi-sion or these eatures needs to be made atthe construction stage.Mirror lighting [92]: Correct mirror lightingis also important in the bedroom. The bestillumination o the observer is achieved withlinear luminaires positioned at each sideo the mirror or shadow- ree warm-whitelighting.90

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[97] Mobile spots and luminaires with earthspikes in planters add variety and atmos-phere.They should be positioned with careto avoid glare. Alternatively, dramatic lightingand colour e ects can be created with LEDspots set into the fooring. The architecture othe building, sculptures or plants, or example,can be highlighted to particularly good e ect.

[98,101,102] A lovely patio needs the rightlighting to be really cosy. A variety o lightsources indoors and out, dimmed to di er-ent brightness levels and combined withcandlelight, make or a com ortable, romanticatmosphere.

Balcony and patio lightingA well lit balcony or patio extends the home outdoors on warm days. Buta good lighting concept pays o on more than just a balmy summersevening; it also improves the view in winter.

Lighting tips:

Balcony and patioTimely planning [99-100]: Timely planningguarantees enough power outlets, e.g. ora table grill in summer or, near trees, orChristmas lights in winter. Loose cablesthat present tripping hazards can thus beavoided at an early stage.Photoelectric lighting control [100]: Anautomatic actuator or outdoor lightingmakes or lighting com ort and security. Tosave energy, it should ideally be designed

to control only the luminaires tted withenergy-saving lamps. The rest o the gar-den lighting can be switched on manually.

Outdoor lighting should de nitely be dim-mable. This enables the brightness to beadjusted or di erent activities, such asreading, playing cards or a cosy tte--tte.

Wall luminaires, downlights, permanentlyinstalled spots or bollard luminaires arethe most suitable options or correct bal-cony or patio lighting.

Wall luminaires used as wallwashersilluminate the architecture, cast it in adramatic light and bathe the balcony orpatio in the pleasant light refected by thewall.An overhanging roo lends itsel particu-larly well to the use o downlights. These

are discreet light ttings that provide ac-centuating light. Care should be taken toavoid glare due to refections in windowglass. Bollard luminaires or permanentlyinstalled foor lights supplement theoutdoor lighting, especially in the case olarge patios.

To withstand all weathers, luminairesused outdoors must all be certi ed oroutdoor use and have a high degree oprotection. The minimum requirement

here is IP 44 (protection against splash-water and oreign solid bodies larger than1 mm). Depending on where a luminaireis positioned, a higher degree o protec-tion may be required.

Spots can also be deployed on a patio togood e ect, e.g. or illuminating plants.Spotlit trees and shrubs look dramatic atany time o year - whether they are in leaor fower, stripped o oliage or coveredin snow.

Even i balconies and patios are notreally used much in autumn and winter,versatile outdoor lighting is de nitelyworthwhile. It visually extends the homeoutwards and gives a sense o security.97


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Lighting Special: Energy e ciency and environmentWhen Thomas Alva Edison invented the incandescent bulb in 1879, no one had any inkling o the rapidtechnological developments that were to ollow with uorescent lamps, low-voltage halogen lamps andhigh-intensity LEDs.

Lighting at present accounts or around19% o global electricity consumption.Thanks to modern light sources such asenergy-saving lamps, energy-e fcient hal-ogen lamps and LEDs, signifcant energyeconomies can now be made. However,

quality o lighting and the actual e fciencyo lamps in use must not be disregarded.

The days o the incandescent lamp arenumbered solutions are available toreplace them in a 1:1 swap

In the conventional incandescent lamp,electricity ows through a flament andheats it to a temperature o 2,900 Celsius.This generates light but also a lot oheat. What is more, the li e o an incan-

descent lamp, at just 1,000 hours, is veryshort. In December 2008, the EuropeanCommission approved the implementingmeasure Domestic Lighting, Part 1. Thisprescribes a progressive phase-out o

ine fcient incandescent lamp technologyby 2012. But consumers need not earthat they will no longer be able to use theirpresent light fttings. Lamp manu acturerslong ago came up with acceptable alterna-tives.

Progressive phase-out o ine cient tech-nologies

Relegated to energy e fciency classesF and G, traditional incandescent lamptechnology alls short o requirements in2009. Starting with incandescent bulbswith a 100 W rating or more, all ine fcientlamps will be removed rom the Europeanmarket by 2016.

Along with the energy-saving lamps withan energy e fciency class A rating, ClassB and C energy-e fcient halogen lampswill continue to be allowed. Up-to-the-minute in ormation about the latest EUdirectives is available at www.licht.de.

Halogen lamps

Halogen lamps work in much the sameway as an incandescent lamp, except thathalogens are added to the gas in the bulb.A distinction is made between two types

o halogen lamp: low-voltage and high-voltage.

The new generation o energy-saving halo-gen lamps are extremely e fcient. Thanksto an inert gas mix, they can lower powerconsumption by as much as 50%. In terms o service li e (up to 4,000 hours)and luminous e fcacy (12-23 lumen/watt)low-voltage halogen lamps out-per ormmost high-voltage models. Dimmable

energy-saving halogen lamps in classiclight bulb designs with E27 or E14 baseare a new trend.

Where very good colour rendering isrequired, halogen lamps are particularlyrecommended because o their Ra 100colour rendering index.

Fluorescent lamps / compact fuorescentlamps

Fluorescent lamps produce ultraviolet ra-diation by sending an electrical dischargethrough an inert gas (mixed with mercury).The UV radiation is then converted to vis-ible light by interaction with a uorescentcoating on the inside sur ace o the glasstube. Compact uorescent lamps consumeup to 80% less energy than a conventionalincandescent lamp o the same bright-ness and have a much longer li e. Qualityproducts achieve a colour rendering indexo Ra 80 - 90.

A ballast is required to operate the lamps.This is either integrated in the lamp baseor incorporated separately in the luminaire.Electronic ballasts are more energy-e fcientlamp operators than conventional models.

[103] In order to mitig

Lighting Handbook LICHT 14 Home Lighting

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