LIGHTING 101 - California Lighting Technology Center
Transcript of LIGHTING 101 - California Lighting Technology Center
LIGHTING 101
1. Common terminology
2. Sources & luminaires
3. Controls
SECTION 3
DISCUSSION: COMMON LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY
1. What are the definitions of the following lighting terms?
2. Do you use these terms in professional practice?
3. What other lighting terminology do you use on the job?
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LUMINOUS FLUX • EFFICACY • FLUX • ILLUMINANCE • CCT
FOOTCANDLE • EFFICIENCY • LUMINOUS INTENSITY • CRI
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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Luminous flux: rate of flow of visible light
emitted from a light source over time,
measured in lumens (lm).
Lux: equal to one lumen per square meter.
Footcandle: equal to one lumen per
square foot (1 footcandle = 10 lux).
Illuminance: the amount of luminous
flux that covers a surface (measured in
lux or footcandles).
Luminous flux is analogous to the flow rate
of water, represented by gallons per hour.
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SECTION 3
CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
Luminous Intensity: the concentration of light emitted
from a given source in a particular direction, measured
in candela (cd) (1 cd = 1 lm per steradian).
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*Note: color represents intensity not CCT or CRI
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
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Efficiency: the ratio between the useful output
of energy and the input of energy.
Luminous Efficacy compares the amount of light
produced by a lamp (lumens), to amount of power
consumed to produce it (watts).
Outp
ut
Input
Lig
ht
Pro
duce
d (
lm)
Power consumed (W)
A high-efficacy luminaire
provides a large amount
of light using little power.
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
Efficiency is usually dimensionless—
we compare the lumens exiting a fixture to
the lumens produced by the light source.
Efficacy is normally used where input and
output units differ. We compare the lumens
produced by an amount of wattage.
Which is more efficient?
Efficiency = miles/gallon (energy out, energy in)
Which has a higher efficacy?
Efficacy = fun/gallon
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CCT
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
A specification of the color appearance
of light emitted by a lamp, relating its
color to the color of light from a source
when heated to a particular temperature.
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CCT rating for a lamp is a
general warmth or coolness
measure of its appearance.
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CCT EXAMPLES
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CO
OL
W
AR
M
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Photo: Soraa
Photo: Cree
Photo: Acuity Brands
Photo: Soraa Photo: Cree
SECTION 3
DYNAMIC SPD LUMINAIRES
12000K, 65fc average 6000K, 100fc average 3500K, 50fc average 2900K, 50fc average
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CRI
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Measures the ability of a light source to
reproduce the colors of various objects
compared with an ideal light source.
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Photo: Soraa
95 CRI 80 CRI
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CRI
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
• Color rendering is defined as “Effect of an illuminant on the color
appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious comparison
with their color appearance under a reference illuminant” (CIE 17.4–1987)
• It is the only color rendering metric with wide spread acceptance
• It is calculated by comparing the color appearance of the test source
to a reference source for 8 reflective samples (Score from 1–100)
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CRI = 62 CRI = 93 CRI = 80 CRI = 92
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SECTION 3
LIGHTING FACTS LABEL
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CA QUALITY STANDARD
The California Energy Commission adopted
a voluntary lighting quality specification for
LED replacement lamps. The new standard
requires LED lamps to meet certain performance
criteria in order to qualify for incentive programs
and rebates.
These criteria include:
• CRI > 90
• 4-step MacAdam Ellipse
• CCT 2700K or 3000K
• Dimming
• Flicker reduction
• R9 > 50
• 5 year warranty
The specification was developed in collaboration
with the CPUC. The CPUC will direct the IOUs
to ensure their 2014 energy efficiency portfolios
only provide rebates for screw-based LED
products that meet the quality specification.
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Energy Star CA Standard
Applies To CFLs + LEDs LEDs Only
Test Criteria See documentation Same as Energy Star
Luminous Efficacy
Omnidirectional <10: 55 lm/W None
Omnidirectional >10: 60 lm/W None
Directional <10: 40 lm/W None
Directional >10: 45 lm/W None
Decorative <10: 45 lm/W None
Decorative >10: 50 lm/W None
Lumen Maintenance 80% of output at 40% of life None
>25,000 hour rated life >91.5% of output None
Elevated Temperatures >90% of lumens None
Center Beam Intensity See documentation Same as Energy Star
CCT 7-step M.E. of: 2700K, 3000K, 3500K,
4000K, 4100K, 5000K 4-step M.E. of: 2700K or 3000K
Color Consistency None None
CRI >80 >90
R9 >0 >50
Color Maintenance 0.007 on CIE 1976; 0–6,000hrs Same as Energy Star
Rapid Cycle Testing 5 on/5 off, 15,000 cycles None
Transient Protection 7 strikes of 100 kHz ring wave None
Lamp Toxics See documentation None
Thermal Requirements Operate at < 0 deg. F None
Color Uniformity See documentation Same as Energy Star
Dimmability 10-100% continuous Same as Energy Star
Flicker Flicker index <0.15 at 100Hz None
Noise <24 dbA None
Rated Life
Residential >25,000 hrs Same as Energy Star
Commercial >35,000 hrs Same as Energy Star
Decorative >15,000 hrs Same as Energy Star
Power Factor All >0.7 All > 0.9
Lamp Labeling Manufacturer, model number, CCT, wattage, lumen output
Same as Energy Star
Lamp Packaging See documentation Same as Energy Star
Warranty 1 year 5 years
SECTION 3
DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI
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Balancing quality and efficacy
1. What are your preferred CCTs?
• Home
• Work
• Dining out
• Shopping
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Photo: Eaton’s Cooper Lighting Business Photo Credit: Cree
SECTION 3
DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI
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1. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT
in an office lighting design?
2. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT
in a retail lighting design?
3. What factors are there to consider for
these applications to balance energy use
and occupant needs?
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Photo: Friendly Light
BREAK
5 minute beverage refill and stretch
SECTION 3
TWO MAIN STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
Efficacious luminaires
Lighting fixtures that are designed and built
to operate only energy-efficient light
sources, such as fluorescent T8 lamps,
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs
and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
Controls
Occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors,
motion sensors, and daylight sensors
are all devices that automatically turn
lights off (or dim them) in response to
conditions that they “sense” or “see.”
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SOURCES & LUMINIARES
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Efficacious luminaires
Lighting fixtures that are designed and
built to operate only energy-efficient light
sources, such as fluorescent T8 lamps,
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs
and high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
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Photo: Cree
SECTION 3
LED Chip:
Determines raw brightness and efficacy
Phosphor system:
Determines color point and color point stability
Package / Lens:
• Protects the chip and phosphor
• Helps with light and heat extraction
• Primary in determining LED lifetime
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Phosphor LED Chip
Lens
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LEDS ARE A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE
LED Light is directional and the thermal path is
accomplished by conduction (No IR, no UV in the light beam)
Reflecto
r
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SOLID STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE
LED array
Optical components
Driver
Heat sink
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Photo: Cree
SECTION 3
LED LUMINAIRES
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Photo Credit: Philips
Photo: Philips
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CONTROLS
Individual controls
Individual controls that are connected
only to the luminaires they control can
satisfy T-24 requirements.
Luminaire integrated controls
Fluorescent and LED-based luminaires
can be controlled with on-board sensors
that are either integrated into a larger
system or function alone.
Networked Lighting
The lighting industry has seen a
significant increase in systems on the
market to control groups of luminaires.
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
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Photo: Lutron
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3
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LUMINAIRES WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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EXTERIOR LUMINAIRES
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SYSTEMS
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SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3
SECTION 3
SYSTEMS
UC Davis, April 24, 2012:
Preliminary data gathered from the pathway leading to the University’s Aggie
Stadium reports an average energy savings of 60% as compared to a static
installation of the same fixture.
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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Photo Credit: Walmart Photo: Wlamart