LIGHTING 101 - University of California, Davis
Transcript of LIGHTING 101 - University of California, Davis
LIGHTING 101
1. Common terminology
2. Sources and luminaires
3. Controls
SECTION 2
DISCUSSION: COMMON LIGHTING TERMINOLOGY
1. What are the definitions of the following lighting terms?
2. Do you use these terms in professional practice?
3. What other lighting terminology do you use on the job?
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LUMINOUS FLUX • EFFICACY • FLUX • ILLUMINANCE • CCT
FOOTCANDLE • EFFICIENCY • LUMINOUS INTENSITY • CRI
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
Luminous flux: rate of flow of visible light
emitted from a light source over time,
measured in lumens (lm).
Lux: equal to one lumen per square meter.
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Footcandle: equal to one lumen per
square foot (1 footcandle = 10 lux).
Illuminance: the amount of luminous
flux that covers a surface (measured in
lux or footcandles).
Luminous flux is analogous to the flow rate
of water, represented by gallons per hour.
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
Luminous Intensity: the concentration of light emitted
from a given source in a particular direction, measured
in candela (cd) (1 cd = 1 lm per steradian).
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*Note: color represents intensity not CCT or CRI
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
Efficiency: the ratio between the useful output
of energy and the input of energy.
Luminous Efficacy compares the amount of light
produced by a lamp (lumens), to the amount of power
consumed to produce it (watts).
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A high-efficacy luminaire
provides more light
for less energy.
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EFFICIENCY AND EFFICACY
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Efficiency is usually dimensionless—
we compare the lumens exiting a fixture to
the lumens produced by the light source.
Efficacy is normally used where input and
output units differ. We compare the lumens
produced to the number of watts consumed.
Which is more efficient?
Efficiency = miles/gallon (energy out, energy in)
Which has a higher efficacy?
Efficacy = fun/gallon
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CCT
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
A specification of the color appearance
of light emitted by a lamp, relating its
color to the color of light from a source
when heated to a particular temperature.
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A light source’s CCT rating
indicates the general warmth or
coolness of the light it emits, in
terms of color quality & appearance.
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CCT EXAMPLES
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CO
OL
W
AR
M
Photo: Soraa
Photo: Steelcase Photo: Acuity Photo: Acuity
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DYNAMIC SPD LUMINAIRES
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12000K, 65fc average 6000K, 100fc average 3500K, 50fc average 2900K, 50fc average
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TUNABLE LUMINAIRES
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CRI
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Measures the color fidelity of a light
source to render the colors of various
objects as compared with an ideal light
source.
A lamp’s CRI measurement (up to 100)
indicates how accurately its light renders
a given set of color samples.
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Photo: Soraa
95 CRI 80 CRI
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LIGHTING FACTS LABEL
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DISCUSSION: CCT & CRI
1. What could be the impacts of CRI or CCT
in an office lighting design?
2. What factors are there to consider for
workplace applications to balance energy
use and occupant needs?
3. How has the perception of the quality of
light in workplaces changed over time?
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Photo Credit: Focal Point
Photo Credit: Acuity Brands
Photo Credit: Acuity Brands
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TWO MAIN STRATEGIES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHTING
Efficacious luminaires
Lighting fixtures that are designed to
operate only energy-efficient light sources,
such as fluorescent lamps, compact
fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs and high
intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
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Controls
Occupancy sensors, vacancy sensors,
motion sensors, and daylight sensors
are all devices that automatically turn
lights off (or dim them) in response to
conditions that they “sense” or “see.”
Photo: GE Photo: Cooper Photo: Lutron Photo: WattStopper
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LED chip:
Determines raw brightness and efficacy
Phosphor system:
Determines color point and color point stability
Package / lens:
• Protects the chip and phosphor
• Helps with light and heat extraction
• Primary in determining LED lifetime
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Phosphor LED Chip
Lens
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LEDS ARE A DIRECTIONAL SOURCE
LED lighting is directional.
Thermal management is achieved by conduction.
No IR or UV in the light beam.
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Reflecto
r
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SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE
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LED array
Optical components
Driver
Heat sink
Photo: Cree
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SOLID-STATE LIGHTING: ANATOMY OF A LUMINAIRE
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LED array
Optical components
Heat sink
Product: Acuity Brands
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LED LUMINAIRES
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Photo Credit: Philips
Photo: Philips
Photo: Finelite Photo: Finelite
Photo: Finelite
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OCCUPANCY CONTROLS
Occupancy controls frequently use passive infrared (PIR) or ultrasonic
sensors – or a combination of both.
PIR sensors detect occupants’ presence by sensing changes in heat levels.
They require a direct line of sight between the sensor and the occupant.
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OCCUPANCY CONTROLS
Ultrasonic sensors do not need a line of sight and can detect movement
behind obstacles. They are also more sensitive to small movements.
Ultrasonic sensors excel in:
• Spaces where a line of sight is not possible, such as open offices,
enclosed hallways, stairwells, and restrooms
• Spaces requiring a higher level of sensitivity
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OCCUPANCY CONTROLS
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Photo: WattStopper
Photo: WattStopper
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OCCUPANCY CONTROLS
Microphonic sensors use a microphone placed inside the occupancy sensor
to detect sounds that indicate occupancy. They are designed for use in
conjunction with PIR sensors as well.
Microwave sensors can detect the movements of a room’s occupants by the
Doppler Effect, comparing changes in frequency between the transmitted
electromagnetic wave and the return wave.
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Photo: WattStopper Photo: Acuity
Microphonic Sensor Microwave Sensor
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ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT
Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the
available daylight in the area. These are typically seen in spaces with
skylights or large sidelit areas.
Closed-loop photosensors are limited in terms of how well they can
respond to some changes within a space.
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Photo: WattStopper
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ELECTRIC LIGHTING CONTROLS: SENSING DAYLIGHT
Daylighting controls, or photocontrols, adjust electric lighting based on the
available daylight in a space. These are typically seen in spaces with
skylights or large sidelit areas.
Open-loop photosensors are less affected by interior changes in
reflectance, but they face limitation in adapting to changing exterior light
levels, as occurs on partly cloudy days.
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Photo: WattStopper
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DUAL-LOOP SENSORS
Dual-loop photosensors are a new
solution. They combine the advantages of
open- and closed-loop photosensors. By
integrating the both sensor types, the dual-
loop photosensor adapts to interior space
changes, lumen depreciation, and changes
in daylight contribution.
The first commercially available dual-loop
photosensor also features daily automatic
recalibration to maintain functional
accuracy.
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Photo: WattStopper
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CONTROLS
Individual controls
Individual controls that are connected
only to the luminaires they control can
satisfy T-24 requirements.
Luminaire-integrated controls
Fluorescent and LED-based luminaires
can be controlled with on-board sensors
that are either integrated into a larger
system or function alone.
Networked lighting
The lighting market has seen a
significant increase in systems that
control groups of luminaires.
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
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Photo: Lutron
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INDIVIDUAL CONTROLS
TECHNOLOGY
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LUMINAIRES WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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LUMINAIRE WITH INTEGRATED CONTROLS
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NETWORKED CONTROLS
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Image: enlighted
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NETWORKED SYSTEMS
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NETWORKED SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY
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SEC. 3
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LED TROFFER RETROFITS
The TLED (Tubular LED) is a newer replacement
for traditional linear fluorescent lamps. There are
four types of LED replacement options for recessed
troffers:
1. Luminaire replacements: The entire luminaire is
replaced with a new LED luminaire
2. LED retrofit kits: The fluorescent troffer’s housing is
retained and the ballast is replaced with a driver that
powers linear LED boards.
3. TLEDs with external drivers: The power supply is
outside the tube
4. TLEDs with integral drivers: The power supply is
inside the tube
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Photo: CALiPER
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CONCERNS WITH TLEDs
• Potential safety concerns being investigated by manufacturers focus on
heat and electric shock. The installer must modify the fixture by bypassing
or removing the existing ballast so that the LED can run directly off the line
voltage. In some cases, the UL safety rating becomes invalid when the
ballast is removed or bypassed.
• TLEDs with integral drivers suffer from high heat, decreasing the
expected lifetime of the LEDs.
• Dimming compatibility is inconsistent with currently available
technologies.
• LEDs are a directional light source. Most linear fluorescent fixtures
were not designed with a linear source in mind. Light output and
distribution vary between fluorescent and LED lamps, and among TLED
products
• TLEDs are more expensive: $30-$75 for LEDs vs. $3 for fluorescents
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“LEDs have not improved recessed troffers. But they have
made them more efficient.” –DOE, CALiPER
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RETROFIT KITS
Retrofit kits typically replace the entire fixture housing, and sometimes the
optics and lenses as well.
These upgrades are more costly than TLED lamp replacement, but they
often perform better than TLEDs.
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RETROFIT KITS
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Photo: CALiPER
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TROFFER REPLACEMENTS
While replacing an entire luminaire can be expensive, it is typically the safest
and best-performing solution. Most existing troffers using linear fluorescent
lamps are not designed to use directional light sources like LEDs.
Replacement troffers range in price and specifications, with some as low as
about $100 each after utility rebates and incentives.
A list of industry-accepted products can be found at the Design Lights
Consortium website: http://www.designlights.org/QPL
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TROFFER REPLACEMENTS
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Photo: CALiPER
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TASK LIGHTING
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TASK LIGHTING
Photo: LittleFootprint Photo: Finelite
Photo: Herman Miller
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Finelite Curve
Lumens: 362
Watts: 7.4
Efficacy: 49
CRI: 82
CCT: 3500K
Cost: $220
LittleFootprint Task Lamp
Lumens: 220
Watts: 4
Efficacy: 55
CRI: 82
CCT: 3000K
Cost: $199
Herman Miller Flute
Lumens: Unavailable
Watts: 5.2
Efficacy: Unavailable
CRI: Unavailable
CCT: Unavailable
Cost: $250
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STAIRWELL/CORRIDOR LUMINAIRE WITH CONTROLS
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Acuity WL Series (LED)
Lumens: 1200-4100
Watts: 13-43
Efficacy: 100
CRI: 82
CCT: 3000K-5000K
On-Q Aura (LED)
Lumens: 480
Watts: 5
Efficacy: 96
CRI: 80
CCT: 5000K
Acuity FXSW (LED)
Lumens: 1500-3600
Watts: 17-44
Efficacy: 81
CRI: 85
CCT: 4000K
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OUTDOOR LUMINAIRES
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY SEC. 3
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OCCUPANCY AT NIGHT IN OUTDOOR SPACES
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UC Davis, April 24, 2012:
Preliminary data gathered from the pathway leading to the university’s
Aggie Stadium indicates an average energy savings of 60%,
compared to a static installation of the same fixture.
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CRITICAL TERMINOLOGY
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Photo: Lutron
BREAK
beverage refill and stretch