LightDetectioninXENON100andSmall-ScaleLXeR&D DetectorsWhy Xenon? Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013...
Transcript of LightDetectioninXENON100andSmall-ScaleLXeR&D DetectorsWhy Xenon? Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013...
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Light Detection in XENON100 and Small-Scale LXe R&D
Detectors
Guillaume Plante
Columbia University
on behalf of the XENON Collaboration
LIDINE2013 - FNAL - May 31, 2013
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Outline
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 2 / 28
• XENON100
• Design
• PMT Arrays
• Light Detection Performance
• Status
• R&D Detectors
• XeCube2
• neriX
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XENON100
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XENON Program
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 4 / 28
XENON10 XENON100 XENON1T
2005-2007 2008-2013 2013-2017
Achieved (2007) Achieved (2011) Projected (2017)σSI = 8.8× 10−44 cm2 σSI = 7.0× 10−45 cm2 σSI ∼ ×10−47 cm2
Achieved (2012)σSI = 2.0× 10−45 cm2
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XENON100 Collaboration
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 5 / 28
Columbia Rice UCLA Zurich Coimbra LNGS Mainz SJTU Bern
Bologna MPIK NIKHEF Purdue Subatech Munster WIS
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Why Xenon?
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 6 / 28
• Large mass number A (∼131), ex-pect high rate for SI interactions(σ ∼ A2) if energy threshold for nu-clear recoils is low
• ∼50% odd isotopes (129Xe, 131Xe)for SD interactions
• No long-lived radioisotopes (with theexception of 136Xe, T1/2 = 2.1 ×
1021 yr), Kr can be reduced to pptlevels
• High stopping power (Z = 54,ρ = 3g cm−3), active volume is selfshielding
• Efficient scintillator (∼80% lightyield of NaI), fast response
• Scalable to large target masses
• Nuclear recoil discrimination with si-multaneous measurement of scintilla-tion and ionization
10−5
10−4
10−3
Tot
alR
ate
[evt/
kg/
day
]
0 10 20 30 40 50
Eth - Nuclear Recoil Energy [keV]
Si (A = 28)
Ar (A = 40)
Ge (A = 73)
Xe (A = 131)
σχN = 1 × 10−44 cm2
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Principle
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 7 / 28
Eionization
excitation
Xe++ e−
+Xe
Xe+
2
+e−
Xe∗∗+XeXe∗
+Xe
Xe∗2
2Xe
178 nmsinglet (3 ns)
2Xe
178 nmtriplet (27 ns)
• Bottom PMT array below cathode, fully immersed in LXeto efficiently detect scintillation signal (S1).
• Top PMTs in GXe to detect the proportional signal (S2).
• Distribution of the S2 signal on top PMTs gives xy coordi-nates (∆r < 3mm) while drift time measurement providesz coordinate (∆z < 300µm) of the event.
• Ratio of ionization and scintillation (S2/S1) allows discrim-ination between electron and nuclear recoils.
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XENON100: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 8 / 28
PMT HV and Signal Lines ❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛
❆❆❆❆Anode Feedthrough ❝
❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝
Tube to
Cooling
Tower
Top Veto
PMTs
Top Array
PMTs✭✭✭✭✭✭
PTFE
Panels✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Side Veto
PTFE Lining✱✱✱
Lower Side
Veto PMTs✏✏✏✏✏
Bottom Array PMTs ✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑
Double-Wall
Cryostat
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄
Upper Side
Veto PMTs��
���
Bell✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Top Mesh✘✘✘✘✘✘✘✘Anode
Bottom Mesh❳❳❳❳❳❳❳
Field
Shaping
Rings
✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Cathode❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Bottom Veto PMTs
❧❧
❧❧
❧❧
• Goal was to build a detector with a ×10 increase infiducial mass and a ×100 reduction in backgroundcompared to XENON10.
• All detector materials and components werescreened in a dedicated low-background countingfacility
• 161 kg LXe total mass consisting of a 62 kg targetsurrounded by a 99 kg active veto. 15 cm radius,30 cm drift length active volume.
• TPC inner volume defined by 24 interlocking PTFEpanels. Drift field uniformity ensured by 40 doublefield shaping wires, inside and outside the panels.
• Cathode at -16 kV, drift field of 0.533 kV/cm. An-ode at 4.4 kV, proportional scintillation region withfield ∼12 kV/cm. Custom-made low radioactivityHV feedthroughs.
• Aprile et al., Astropart. Phys. 35, 573, 2012
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XENON100: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 8 / 28
PMT HV and Signal Lines ❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛❛
❆❆❆❆Anode Feedthrough ❝
❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝❝
Tube to
Cooling
Tower
Top Veto
PMTs
Top Array
PMTs✭✭✭✭✭✭
PTFE
Panels✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Side Veto
PTFE Lining✱✱✱
Lower Side
Veto PMTs✏✏✏✏✏
Bottom Array PMTs ✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑✑
Double-Wall
Cryostat
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✔✔
✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄✄
Upper Side
Veto PMTs��
���
Bell✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Top Mesh✘✘✘✘✘✘✘✘Anode
Bottom Mesh❳❳❳❳❳❳❳
Field
Shaping
Rings
✭✭✭✭✭✭✭✭
Cathode❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤
Bottom Veto PMTs
❧❧
❧❧
❧❧
• Goal was to build a detector with a ×10 increase infiducial mass and a ×100 reduction in backgroundcompared to XENON10.
• All detector materials and components werescreened in a dedicated low-background countingfacility
• 161 kg LXe total mass consisting of a 62 kg targetsurrounded by a 99 kg active veto. 15 cm radius,30 cm drift length active volume.
• TPC inner volume defined by 24 interlocking PTFEpanels. Drift field uniformity ensured by 40 doublefield shaping wires, inside and outside the panels.
• Cathode at -16 kV, drift field of 0.533 kV/cm. An-ode at 4.4 kV, proportional scintillation region withfield ∼12 kV/cm. Custom-made low radioactivityHV feedthroughs.
• Aprile et al., Astropart. Phys. 35, 573, 2012
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XENON100: PMT Arrays
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 9 / 28
• 242 low activity Hamamatsu R8520-06-Al 1” squarePMTs,
• 98 tubes on top (QE ∼23%), in concentric circles andenclosed in a PTFE structure,
• 80 high QE (∼33%) tubes on bottom, on a rectangu-lar grid to maximize photocathode coverage,
• 64 tubes in the LXe veto, in two rings, alternatinginward and down (up) to allow them to view the top,bottom and sides of the veto volume.
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XENON100: Typical Low Energy Event
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 10 / 28
s]µDrift Time [0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Am
plitu
de [V
]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Veto
Am
plitu
de [V
]
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
TPC
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15S1: 14.1 pe
170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3 S2: 926.1 pe
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XENON100: Typical Low Energy Event
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 11 / 28
1
2
3
4
5
67
8 910
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2122232425
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3536 37 38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47484950
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
5859 60 61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68697071
72
73
74
75
76
7778 79
80
81
82
83
848586
87
88
89
9091
92
93
9495
96
97 98179
180
181
182
183
184
185186 187 188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201202203204
205
206
207
208
209
210
99 100 101 102
103 104 105 106 107 108 109
110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128
129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138
139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148
149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167
168 169 170 171 172 173 174
175 176 177 178
211
212
213
214
215
216
217218 219 220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233234235236
237
238
239
240
241
242
[pe]
PM
Ti
S2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
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XENON100: Position Dependent Corrections
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 12 / 28
Z [mm]
-300-250
-200-150
-100-50
0Radius [mm]
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
rela
tive
LCE
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
histEntries 2888Mean x -178.9
Mean y 72.85
RMS x 86.59
RMS y 43.28
histEntries 2888Mean x -178.9
Mean y 72.85
RMS x 86.59
RMS y 43.28
x [mm]-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
y [m
m]
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
• Corrections from measurements with 137Cs,AmBe (40 keV inelastic), 131mXe (164 keV),with agreement better than 3%.
• S1 rz and S2 xy correction due to spatial de-pendence of the light collection.
• S2 z correction due to finite electron lifetime.
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XENON100: Light Yield and Energy Resolution
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 13 / 28
Energy [keVee]10 210 310
Ligh
t Yie
ld [P
E/k
eVee
]
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Kr83m
Kr83m
Xe139Xe131
Xe131m
Cs137Co60
XENON100 Measurements
XENON100: Interpolation at 122 keVee
Manalaysay et al. (2010)
Energy [keVee]0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
/E)
[%]
σR
esol
utio
n (
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20S1 signal
S2 signal
Combined S1, S2
• Volume averaged light yield at 0.530 kV/cm measured with several γ sources
• Limited penetration depth of 122 keV γ rays into the sensitive volume makes an in-situcalibration impossible
• Light yield at 122 keV is interpolated using the NEST LXe scintillation model
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XENON100: Limit
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 14 / 28
]2WIMP Mass [GeV/c6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 1000
]2W
IMP
-Nuc
leon
Cro
ss S
ectio
n [c
m
-4510
-4410
-4310
-4210
-4110
-4010
-3910
]2WIMP Mass [GeV/c6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 1000
]2W
IMP
-Nuc
leon
Cro
ss S
ectio
n [c
m
-4510
-4410
-4310
-4210
-4110
-4010
-3910
]2WIMP Mass [GeV/c6 7 8 910 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 1000
]2W
IMP
-Nuc
leon
Cro
ss S
ectio
n [c
m
-4510
-4410
-4310
-4210
-4110
-4010
-3910
DAMA/I
DAMA/Na
CoGeNT
CDMS (2010/11)EDELWEISS (2011/12)
XENON10 (2011)
XENON100 (2011)
COUPP (2012)
SIMPLE (2012)
ZEPLIN-III (2012)
CRESST-II (2012)
XENON100 (2012)observed limit (90% CL)
Expected limit of this run:
expectedσ 2 ± expectedσ 1 ±
• Strongest limit to date over a large WIMP mass range, continues to challenge the interpretationof DAMA, CoGeNT, and CRESST-II signals as being due to scalar WIMP-nucleon interactions
• Aprile et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 181301, 2012
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XENON100: Status
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 15 / 28
• Several analyses underway with data alreadyin hand
• Electronic recoil background rate stabilityanalysis
• Detector response to single electrons
• Ultra-low S2 (few electrons) analyses
• . . .
• Continue operation and taking data with lowbackground
• AmBe calibration just finished
• XENON1T begins construction this summer!
XENON1T
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Small Scale R&D Detectors
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XeCube2: LXe Detector: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 17 / 28
• Built a special purpose LXe detector withmaximized scintillation light detection ef-ficiency
• LXe detector used to measure Leff downto 3 keV (PRC 84, 045805 (2011))
• Cubic sensitive volume with six 2.5 x 2.5 cmHamamatsu R8520-406 SEL High QE PMTs
• Calibration with 122 keV γ rays from a 57Cosource gives a light yield of Ly = 24.14 ±
0.09(stat)±0.44(sys) pe/keVee with a resolution(σ/E) of 5%
• Very high light yield, enables a measurement witha low energy threshold
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Measurement of Leff : Setup
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 18 / 28
LXe
d
2H(d, n)3Heϕ = π
2
EJ301
EJ301
n
θ
θ
• Record fixed-angle elastic scatters of monoenergeticneutrons tagged by organic liquid scintillators withn/γ discrimination
• Use 2H(d, n)3He 2.5 MeV neutrons from a compactsealed-tube neutron generator
• Recoil energy is fixed by kinematics
Er ≈ 2EnmnMXe
(mn +MXe)2(1− cos θ)
Time of Flight [ns]-50 0 50 100 150
]-1
d-1
Rat
e [e
vent
s ns
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
n
γ o = 34.5θ 1.0 keV±6.5
Accidentals Accidentals
Scintillation Signal [pe]0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
]-1
d-1
Rat
e [e
vent
s pe
0
20
40
60
80
100o = 34.5θ
1.0 keV±6.5
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Measurement of Leff : Result
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 19 / 28
Nuclear Recoil Energy [keV]1 10 100
eff
L
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30Sorensen 2009Lebedenko 2009Horn 2011 (FSR)Horn 2011 (SSR)Aprile 2005Aprile 2009Chepel 2006
Manzur 2010Plante 2011
• Lowest energy (3 keV) and most precise Leff direct measurement achieved to date.
• For details see Plante et al., Phys. Rev. C 84, 045805, 2011
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Measurement of Re: Setup
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 20 / 28
• Ideally, what we would like to have is a way to gen-erate electronic recoils of a fixed energy homoge-nously inside the LXe volume, then “simply” mea-sure the response
• The Compton coincidence technique (Rooney andValentine, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., 43, 1271, 1996)allows essentially that
• The energy of the recoiling electron is given
Eer = Eγ − E′
γ
Eer = Eγ −Eγ
1 +Eγ
mec2(1− cos θ)
• Measure the energy of scattered γ rays and use theexcellent energy resolution of the HPGe detector toselect events with nearly monoenergetic electronicrecoil energies in the LXe detector.
• LXe detector should have a high light detection ef-ficiency to achieve a low energy threshold
• Energy resolution of the far detector determines theminimum spread in selected recoil energies in theLXe detector
LXe
detector
PMTs
137Cs
HPGedetector
γ
γ′
θ
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Measurement of Re: Scintillation Response
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 21 / 28
Scintillation Signal [pe]0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
]-1
Rat
e [e
vent
s pe
0200400600800
1000120014001600 o = 8.6HPGeθ
1.0 keV± = 8.2 erE = [653,654] keVHPGeE
[keV
]H
PG
eE
630
640
650
660
Accidental coincidences
Accidental coincidences
Partial energy deposited in HPGe
Full energy deposited in HPGe
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Measurement of Re: Result
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 22 / 28
Electronic Recoil Energy [keV]1 10 210
, Rel
ativ
e S
cint
illat
ion
Yie
lde
R
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
Energy [keV]
Re
0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 2000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Obodovskii (1994)Aprile (2012)NEST (v0.98, 2013)
Compton scatters (this work)Calibration sources (this work)Band used for threshold calculation
• Data taken at many scattering angles, 0◦, 5.6◦, 8.6◦, 12.0◦, 16.1◦, 21.3◦, 28.1◦, and 34.4◦, tocover electronic recoil energies from ∼2 keV to 125 keV.
• The scintillation yield at different electronic recoil energies is obtained by calculating the LXescintillaton response in a series of slices of scattered γ energies.
• For details see Aprile et al., Phys. Rev. D., 86, 112004 (2012)
talk by A. Manalaysay, arXiv:1303.6891
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XeCube2: Light Detection Efficiency
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 23 / 28
X [mm]-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Y [m
m]
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Ligh
t Det
ectio
n E
ffici
ency
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
X [mm]-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Y [m
m]
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
Ligh
t Det
ectio
n E
ffici
ency
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
• Is there an explanation for the extremely high lightyield measured at 122 keV?
• One possibility: angular dependence of the PMTresponse, effect much more dramatic with a smalldetector
• Light detection efficiency estimated from MC in-creases significantly if we include this effect
• Unfortunately no measurements for the R8520 at178 nm. . .
Angle of Incidence [rad]-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Rel
ativ
e R
espo
nse
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
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neriX: New LXe Detector
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 24 / 28
• Dual-phase Liquid Xenon (LXe) Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for measuring nuclear andelectronic recoils in Xe (neriX)
• Designed for simultaneously measure the scintillation and ionization signals from low-energyinteractions in LXe
• Uses of the same cryogenics/gas system infrastructure built for previous measurements atColumbia
• Fully constructed and operational
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neriX: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 25 / 28
• Simultaneous measurement of the scintillationand ionization signals
• 3D position reconstruction
• High light detection efficiency
• Highly configurable design with stackable PTFEpieces
• Reduced amount of materials in the vicinity ofsensitive volume
• Liquid level change measured to 0.05 mm by cus-tom capacitive level meters
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neriX: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 25 / 28
• Simultaneous measurement of the scintillationand ionization signals
• 3D position reconstruction
• High light detection efficiency
• Highly configurable design with stackable PTFEpieces
• Reduced amount of materials in the vicinity ofsensitive volume
• Liquid level change measured to 0.05 mm by cus-tom capacitive level meters
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neriX: Design
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 25 / 28
• Simultaneous measurement of the scintillationand ionization signals
• 3D position reconstruction
• High light detection efficiency
• Highly configurable design with stackable PTFEpieces
• Reduced amount of materials in the vicinity ofsensitive volume
• Liquid level change measured to 0.05 mm by cus-tom capacitive level meters
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neriX: Assembly
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 26 / 28
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neriX: Scintillation and Ionization Yield of ER
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 27 / 28
• Obtain scintillation and ionization yield as function of recoil energy and drift field
• Data taken at cathode voltages of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 kV corresponds to drift fields of 0, 0.59, 1.03,1.90 kV/cm
• Future measurements will go down to ∼1 keV with ∼1 keV bins at the lowest energy
• Initial trial measurement helped optimizing many parameters: PMT gain, linearity, trigger setup,S2 gain, . . .
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Conclusion and Future Work
Guillaume Plante - XENON LIDINE2013 - May 31, 2013 28 / 28
• XENON100
• Many upcoming analyses, stay tuned
• AmBe calibration just finished, taking dark matter data
• XENON1T starts construction this summer
• XeCube2: demonstrated the usefulness of the Compton coincidence technique to measure thescintillation response of LXe to low-energy ERs
• neriX: new dual phase LXe detector built and operational
• Trial measurement shows good promise for the upcoming real measurement
• Hardware changes:
• Install new Hamamatsu 1” multianode PMTs (R8520-406-M4) for the top array
• Replace current bottom PMT with higher QE PMT (R6041-406)
• Focus on measurement of the scintillation and ionization yield of ERs down to ∼1 keV
• After ER measurement completed, continue program with scintillation and ionization yield ofNRs