Life in the Middle Ages
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Transcript of Life in the Middle Ages
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Life in the Middle Ages
Western Civilization
Elizabeth Kirkland
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Collapse of the Carolingian Empire
• Charlemagne’s grandsons struggled after his death to control their grandfather’s empire o empire split in three parts
• With internal conflicts, centralized power vanished;o small lords preferred their autonomy over allegiance to new king
• Invasion of Northmen, Magyars, Muslims (850-1000)
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Europe After Charlemagne’s Death, 814 CE
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European revival and the feudal system (1000-1300)
• FACTORS FOR THE RECOVERYo Invasions subsided (around 1000)o Further penetration of Christianityo Religious pressure on warlords to stop fightingo Agricultural productivity increased
• Warmer climate• Improvements in farming technology (windmill, collar
harness, the fallow system)
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THREE ESTATES
1. THOSE WHO PRAY
2. THOSE WHO FIGHT
3. THOSE WHO WORK
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
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The development of the feudal system• Social and political organization which slowly
emerged between 8th and 11th centuries• System of economic and political dependencies
between those who held power and those who did not.
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Social organization of feudal society
• THE SOCIETY OF THE THREE ORDERSo The Clergy (prayed + authority over Christian religion)o The Nobility (fought + ruled)o The Third Order:
• The peasants (85% to 90% of the population)• The bourgeoisie• They worked and had little power
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The Oath of Fealty
"I promise on my faith that I will in the future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm
and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith
and without deceit."
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Life in the Middle Ages
• What was life like?o Life on the Manoro Life in the Church
• What did people believe?o Christianityo Mysticism
• How was society changing?
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What was life like: Life on the Manor
• Vast majority of people were peasants
• Many levels of peasants:o Slaves – lacked freedom, could be
personally bought and soldo Serfs – lacked freedom but could not be
bought or soldo Freed serfs – chance for upward mobility
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Life on the Manor: Work
• Cooperative cultivation of land by peasants
• Men: cleared new land, plowing, care of large animals
• Women: care of small animals, spinning, and food preparation
• Both: planting and harvesting, vineyards, preparation of crops for textile industry
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Life on the Manor: Peasant Housing
• Villages made up of small houses for individual families
• Household – nuclear family
• Size and quality of houses depended on prosperity
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Life on the Manor: Outside of Work
• Little travel or movement for most peasants.
• Stable but dull?
• Festivals and feasts
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Life on the Manor: Healthcare
• General health of peasants
• Caring for the sick:o Relativeso Hospitals and leprosariumso Barber-surgeons and apothecarieso “Healers”
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Life on the Manor: Marriage and Children
• Marriage
• Family input
• Legitimate end of marriage: death
• Pregnancy
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Life on the Manor: Childhood
• Chances of surviving beyond 5 yrso 2 in 3 during normal yearso 1 in 2 during plague, droughts, or famines
• Childbirth dangers
• Child abandonment
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Life on the Manor: Nobility
• A very small but powerful group
• Full Spectrum: o from poor knights who held very small parcels of land to dukes and
counts with vast territories.
• Knighthood and chivalry
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Life on the Manor: Responsibilities of Nobles
• Military service
• Attending court
• Maintaining estates and dispensing justice
• Women: “inner economy”
• Loyalty to church
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Life in the Church
• Monasteries and Convents:o Daily life based on Divine Offices o Practical maintaining of estateso Centres of scholarshipo Social work – care for sick, orphans,
poor
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Life in the Church:
• Parish priests
• Bishops, Archbishops, Cardinals
• Pope
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What did people believe?
• Christianity officially and practically permeating every aspect of life
• Local traditions mixing with Christian doctrine
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What did people believe?God and the Devil
• Strong sense of the presence of God
• Virtuous Living = peace, good health and prosperity
• Sinful living = disease, poor harvests and war
• Sin caused by the devil who lurked everywhere (especially in the dark!)
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What did people believe? The Church
• Church was God’s presence on earth.
• Total obedience to church and clergy = total obedience to God
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What did people believe?Death and the Afterlife
• Want to be pure and forgiven at death
• Purgatory (make amends for earthly sins)o Indulgences
• Final Destination: Heaven or Hell
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What did people believe?Other religions
• Christianity only true religion
• Islamo Reconquista in Spain
• Judaismo Crusades and the Inquisition
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Spanish Reconquista
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Inquisition
.. for punishment does not take place primarily and per se for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit.
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What did people believe?Mysticism
• Combining of old “pagan” religious ideas with Christianity (i.e. death, Halloween)
• Catholicism developed a very extensive mystical branch
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England• Invasions (Vikings)
• 878 Alfredo One royal law takes precedence over local customso “shires”
• William the Conqueroro Battle of Hastings, 1066o Doomsday Book
• King John of Englando Magna Carta, 1215
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France• After Carolingians – Hugh Capet (987)
o Primogeniture
o Slower, weaker monarchy
o Provinces
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Elsewhere• Iberia
• Central Europe
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Decline and Turbulences: 1300-1400• Struggle for subsistence → overpopulation, bad
weather, declining productivity
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Decline and Turbulence:The Black Death
• The Great Plague (The Black Death)-1348-1351• Came from Asia on fleas on rats• Worst outbreak of the plague in European history
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Decline and Turbulence:The Black Death
• Consequences of the plague:
• Killed approx. 1/3 to ½ of European pop.
• Profound psychological impact (breakdown of faith in institutions, church, sometimes religion)
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Decline and Turbulence:Economic Impact
• Shortage of laborers = wages ↑ = landowners putting increased pressure on free farmers to restrict their freedom
• With food shortages and aristocratic pressures = peasant rebellions
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Decline and Turbulence: The Hundred Years War
(1337-1453)
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Decline and Turbulence: The Great Schism
(1378-1417)