Sèvres at the Turn of the 20th Century: Power, Attraction and Creation
Life at the turn of the 20th Century. Immigration.
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Transcript of Life at the turn of the 20th Century. Immigration.
Life at the turn of the 20th Century
Immigration
Immigration Statistics Between 1800-1880:
about 10 million immigrants came to U.S. – these are the “old immigrants” Mainly western Europe
More Immigration Statistics Between 1880-
1910:about 18 million immigrants arrive in U.S-these are the “new immigrants” Mainly from southern and
eastern Europe and some from Asia
Immigrants 1880-1910: Where did they come from? Ellis Island
(NY): opened 1892
Came from southern and eastern Europe… Greece, Italy, Poland, Russia
Angel Island (California):
opened 1910 for Asian immigrants
Ellis Island
Angel Island
Why did immigrants come to America?
Better life Jews fled Russia and eastern Europe to
escape Religious persecution Southern and eastern Europe had poverty
and little economic opportunity Found better life but also met hardships
(tenements, low-paying, unskilled jobs)
TENEMENT: Crowded Apartment
Reactions to Immigration Nativists: immigrants are a threat
Blamed immigrants for increased crime, poverty, and high unemployment
West Coast- prejudice directed towards Asians
Americanization – some wanted immigrants to blend and helped them
State and Federal Laws State
California restricted Chinese against holding jobs and where they could live
San Francisco made Japanese students attend different schools
Federal Chinese Exclusion
Act 1882: banned immigration for 10 years and stopped Chinese immigrants from becoming citizens
Congress passed a literacy test in opposition to Wilson
Where did they live? Most immigrants moved to the
cities for job opportunities Created neighborhoods that were
similar in religion, language and cultural beliefs
Helped each other through the difficult times
Immigrants Living Together
URBANIZATION
Urban Life Space became crowded so they built
upwards (skyscrapers) Invention of Elevators made it
possible to get to upper floors Concern for green space in cities
Solution: Designed city parks (Central Park, etc.)
Skyscrapers
Central Park
CLASS WARFARE?
Lifestyles of the classesThe wealthy The middle
classThe working class
-made money in industry and business-showed off wealth in homes (5th Ave)
-corporate employees and professionals
-most city residents-Lived in tenements-most women worked
Attempt to overcome poverty Settlement house – volunteers
helped teach English and job skills to immigrants
Hull House (Chicago) founded by Jane Adams and Ellen Gates Starr
Henry Street Settlement (New York) 1910 – over 400 settlement houses
in U.S.
CORRUPTION!
Political Scandals City Scandals
Machine bosses won support by giving jobs – expected votes
Tammany Hall (NYC) – Boss Tweed – convicted of fraud and sent to prison
Pendelton Civil Service Act: required promotion be made on merit not political connections
REFORM MOVEMENTS
Farmers’ Reform Movements
Crop prices falling Order of Patrons of Husbandry
(National Grange) Supreme Court ruled that federal
government should regulate this Interstate Commerce Act 1887: made
reasonable railroad rates
DISCRIMINATION!
Discrimination Wanted to keep African Americans
from voting – poll tax, literacy test Jim Crow Laws – legislature passed
to create and enforce segregation in public places
1st law passed in Tennessee – separate rail cars
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy (African American)
tested law in Louisiana and sat in a whites-only train
Arrested and case went to U.S. Supreme Court
Ruled “separate but equal” facilities did not violate the 14th amendment
Approaches to fight racism Booker T
Washington: born into slavery said to accept segregation for the moment
Acquire farming and vocational skills
Tuskegee Institute
W.E.B. Du Bois: should strive for full rights immediately
Founded the Niagara Movement
Niagara Movement founded NAACP
BOOKER T. WASHINGTON
W.E.B. Du BOIS
Others face discrimination
Hispanic Americans
Asian Americans
Native Americans
-Mexican Immigrants – debt peonage:is a method of debt repayment in which an individual makes his payments to a creditor by physical labor.
-Limited where they can live-outlawed marriages with whites
Americanization Policy-lived on reservations-Indian Citizenship Act of 1924