LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY. READINGS Smith, Democracy, chs. 9-11.
Transcript of LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY. READINGS Smith, Democracy, chs. 9-11.
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LIBERAL AND ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY
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READINGS
Smith, Democracy, chs. 9-11
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The Rise of Electoral Democracy, 1972-2004
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Autocracy
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Democracy
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THE CONCEPT OF ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY
• Distinct Dimensions of Democracy: Free and Fair Elections Citizen Rights
• Systematic Curtailment of Citizen Rights
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Democracy, Elections, and Citizen Rights: A Typology
Citizen Rights Character of Elections
Free and Fair Free not Fair None
Expansive Liberal Democracy Liberal/Permissive Semidemocracy
(Null)
Limited Illiberal Democracy Illiberal/Restrictive Semidemocracy
ModerateDictablanda
Minimal (Null) Repressive Semidemocracy
Hard-LineDictadura
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Journalists Killed in Latin America, 1990-2010
Country___ __ 1990-99__ __2000-10__Colombia 36 41Peru 12 3Mexico 10 46Brazil 8 12Haiti 4 8Argentina 3 1Guatemala 3 9Venezuela 2 6Chile 1 0Dominican Republic 1 4Honduras 1 12Paraguay 1 2Other 0 5
Total 82 157
Source: Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 1999 (New York: CPJ, 2000), 23; and cpj.org/killed/americas.
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Electoral Regimes and Freedom of the Press, 1990s
_________________Regime____________________ Press____ Autocracy Semi-Democracy Democracy Not Free 1 5 2 Partly Free 1 26 51 Free 0 0 47
Totals 2 31 100
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• FH scores of 1-2 = Extensive
• FH scores of 3-4 = Partial
• FH scores of 5-7 = Minimal
CLASSIFYING CITIZEN RIGHTS (Freedom House scales for “Civil Liberties”)
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Table 1-2. Electoral Regimes and Civil Liberties, 1970s-2000 1972-79 Electoral Type Status of Civil Liberties* Dictatorship Semi-Democracy Democracy Minimal 22 0 0 Partial 88 3 10 Expansive 0 1 28 Totals 110 4 38
gamma = +.994
*Categorized as follows: Expansive=Freedom House scores of 1 or 2; Partial – Freedom House scores of 3-5; Minimal=Freedom House scores of 6-7.
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1980-1989
________________Regime___________________Civil Liberties___ Autocracy Semi-Democracy Democracy
Minimal 15 1 0 Partial 59 30 41 Extensive 1 4 39
Totals 75 35 80
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1990-2000
_________________Regime_________________Civil Liberties___ Autocracy Semi-Democracy Democracy
Minimal 3 0 0 Partial 4 53 109 Extensive 0 2 38
Totals 7 55 147
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Figure 10-1. The Progression of Illiberal Democracy, 1970s-2000
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Political Regimes in 1999: Countries and Population
N %Regime Type___ __Countries__ __Population__
Liberal Democracy 3 <5
Illiberal Democracy 11 60
Illiberal Semi-Democracy 5 33
Autocracy 1 2
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Liberal and Illiberal Democracy, 1978-2004
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AND NOW…?
Liberal Democracy (n=7) Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Panama,
Uruguay
Illiberal Democracy (n=7) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru
Illiberal Semidemocracy (n=5) Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Venezuela
Authoritarian (1) Cuba
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Why Illiberal Democracy?
In case of center and center-right democracies, the illiberal regimes: Protect elite interests Control the popular masses Under the rubric of free and fair elections Thus gaining international approval.
In case of progressive “new left” regimes, the opposition: Has the money Has control of the press Has institutional bastions of power (e.g., congress or
courts) Does not play by democratic rules
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SO WHAT? PENDULUMS OF POLITICS
1900-1939: democracy not “dangerous,” orchestrated by elites
1940-1977: democracy becomes dangerous, with mass mobilization and calls for sweeping socioeconomic reform
1978-present: democracy initially “tame” not dangerous, with neoliberal consensus
1998-present: democracy dangerous again, with rise of new Left
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LOOKING AHEAD I
Interim Developments:43% “democrats,” 30.5% “ambivalent,” 26.5%
“nondemocratic”Economic growth (reducing poverty + inequality)9/11 and its aftermathThe Problem of Consolidation:Longevity? Of what?DeepeningFrom illiberal to liberal democracy? Or not?
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LOOKING AHEAD II
The greater the frustration within the population,The greater the sympathy with anti-establishment
movements,The more extensive the general participation in
elections, The more clearly defined the partisan or ideological
alternatives, andThe more effective the role of representative
institutions…
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LOOKING AHEAD III
The more divisive will be debates over policy content in Latin America,
The greater the likelihood of nationalistic and/or anti-establishment policies,
The greater the resistance to demands from the United States, and
The greater the probability of policy conflicts with Washington.
Thus: the greater the degree of democracy in Latin America, the greater the degree of inter-American tension and disagreement.
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The End