Levels of processing
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Levels of processing
• An alternative to the multistore model• Emphasises memory process rather
than structure• Based on the idea that the strength of
a memory trace is determined by how the original info was processed
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
Structural
Weak memory trace Strong memory trace
Phonological Semantic
Shallow processing Deep processing
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Incoming stimuli pass through a series of analysing mechanisms
• Memory traces are a product of how stimuli are analysed
• Strength of trace depends on:• Attention paid to stimulus• Depth of processing carried out• Connections with existing knowledge
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Different levels of processing:• Structural – appearance• Phonological – auditory/sound• Semantic – meaning
• Structural is the shallowest, semantic is the deepest
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• The basic prediction of the LOP approach is that the amount of info pps will recall/recognise will depend on how deeply the experimental stimuli were processed
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Elias & Perfetti (1973)• PPs had greater recognition of words
they had thought of similes for (semantic) than word they had thought of rhymes for (phono)
• Craik & Tulving (1975)• Highest recognition of semantically
processes stimuli, followed by phono, followed by structural
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Morris et al (1977)• Semantic processing was not always
best; it depended on how recall was measured:
• Recognition – semantic best• Rhyming recognition – phono best
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Influential model that focused researchers on processes that they had tended to neglect
• The idea that the nature of a memory trace depends on encoding processes is well supported
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
Levels of processing
• Many different variables involved in determining how a stimulus is processed:• Depth• Spread• Elaboration• Distinctiveness
• Very difficult to isolate these variables experimentally
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk
LOP and revision
• You will recall more if you use…• Depth – make sure you understand &
make connections between the topics & ideas
• Spread – use several different techniques on the material
• Elaboration – mental effort is required to store material effectively
• Distinctiveness – make the material your own
www.
psyc
hlot
ron.
org.
uk