LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS JAPAN PART 1A: EARTHQUAKES
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
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Transcript of LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
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LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
ITALYPART 3A: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
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NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
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Italy has a long history of destructive earthquakes.
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LOCATIONS OF PAST NOTABLE EARTHAUAKES
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Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric interactions cause EARTHQUAKES
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TECTONIC PLATES
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ITALY: INTERACTION OF AFRICA---EURASIAN---ANATOLIAN PLATES
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ITALY, THE PLATES, AND THE 2009 L’AQUILA QUAKE
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A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, cyclones,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
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Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
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THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
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TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
TOWARDS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE
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HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
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ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• QUAKE HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
EARTHQUAKE RISK EARTHQUAKE RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
QUAKE DISASTER QUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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ITALY: RELATIVE GROUND SHAKING HAZARD (50 YEAR EXP.T. )
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INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY GROUND SHAKING IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
WHAT WILL HAPPEN?EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
(AKA THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
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EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL
EARTHQUAKEHAZARDS MODEL
SEISMICITYSEISMICITY TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
TECTONICSETTING &
FAULTS
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ITALY: SEISMICITY
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ITALY
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PGA MAP: 10 % EXCEDANCE IN 50 YEAR EXPOSURE TIME
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ITALY: EARTHQUAKE ZONES
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EXPOSUREMODEL
EXPOSUREMODEL
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF STRUCTURE
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF
STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS
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UNREINFO
RCED MASO
NRY, BRIC
K OR S
TONE
REINFORCED C
ONCRETE WIT
H UNREIN
FORCED WALLS
INTENSITYINTENSITY
REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS
STEEL FRAME
ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME
VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX
3535
3030
2525
2020
1515
1010
55
00
MEA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
M
EA
N D
AM
AG
E R
ATIO
,
%
O
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
EO
F R
EPLA
CE
MEN
T V
ALU
E
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND
SHAKING
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VULNERABILITYMODEL
VULNERABILITYMODEL
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY OF DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE
RESISTING SYSTEM
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HIGH POTENTIAL LOSS EXPOSURES IN AN EARTHQUAKE
A communities people, property, essential and critical infrastructure, business enterprise, and government centers.
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL EARTH-QUAKES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
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SOME OF ITALY’S MANY NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES
M6.9 IRPINIA: NOVEMBER 23, 1980
M6.3 L’AQUILA: APRIL 6, 2009
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IRPINIAEARTHQUAKE
M6.9SUNDAY MORNING
NOVEMBER 23, 1980
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EPICENTER: IRPINIA QUAKE
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THE IRPINIA EARTHQUAKE
• Known in Italy as Terremoto dell'Irpinia, the M6.9 earthquake took place on Sunday, November 23, 1980.
• The quake, centered near the village of Conza, killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless.
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Building damage was distributed over more than
26,000 km², including Naples and Salerno
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DAMAGE
OLD, POORLY DESIGNED AND POORLY CONSTRUCTED BUILDINGS SITED ON SOFT SOILS WERE HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO STRONG GROUND
SHAKING
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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED
• The towns of Lioni, Conza Di Campania (near the epicenter), and Teora were destroyed.
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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED
• Eighty percent of Sant’Angelo Dei Lombardi was destroyed.
• 300 died, including 27 children in an orphanage.
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FAR TOO MANY GRAVES
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE: A GHOST TOWN
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE
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DAMAGE TO ROAD
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PROVINCE OF AVELLINO DEVASTATED
• In Balvano, 100 were killed when a medieval church collapsed during Sunday services.
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COLLAPSED BUILDINGS IN NAPLES
• Dozens of structures in Naples were levelled, including a 10-story apartment building.
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THIS DISASTER EXPOSED POLICY FLAWS
• UN—PROTECTED
• UN—PREPARED
• UN--ABLE TO RESPOND EFFECTIVELY
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FACT: VILLAGE HOUSES WITH LITTLE OF NO EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE COLLAPSED,
INCREASINGING DEATHS AND INJURIES
The 5 pm occurrence (instead of a 10 pm occurrence) likely reduced the
number of deaths.
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INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE DURING RECONSTRUCTION
• The Italian government spent 59,000 billion lire on reconstruction.
• Other nations sent contributions: West Germany contributed 32 million USD and the USA 70 million USD.
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2013
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ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE
ITALY’S NEXT EARTHQUAKE IS INEVITABLE
• BUT, EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!