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Lesson 62. The Alphabet. - Chitrapur 17 Level... · Lesson 62. The Alphabet. - A) Evolution of...
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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Level 1, Month 17, Lesson 62-64
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Lesson 62. The Alphabet. वण ��-�िवचारः
�A) Evolution of Sound.
As sadhaka-s, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds.... श�ूप�� |The
cause of the world of things.... अथ �ू प� .... is परम�ेर�| In the context of sound,परम�ेर�is�श�ॄ�न ्� | The entire world is said to be born of श�� ... श�ूाभव�| Evolution is the
result of the self movement ��न of Shiva-Shakti. The line of evolution is from the
subtle to the gross. There are five stages to the emanation of sound.
1. The first is परा which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can best be described
as the storehouse from which inspirations would first emerge.
2. The second is पँय�ी�which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated. This would
be the inspiration that would eventually give rise to a thought or an idea.
3. The third is म!मा� which is grosser and undifferentiated, though not articulate.
This is actual thought process which goes into concretizing the idea.... a plan of
action.
4. Articulate sound is called वखैरी�which further takes two forms: subtle and gross. It
is from that that all the letters वण �, words पद�and sentences वा%�are manifested. The
subtle forms of these letters are the mantras. The gross takes the form of the
language we use.
वण �ः�is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smaller parts. It is
therefore also called अ&रम ्�|�न�&रित�इित�अ&रम ्�|�नाद�or )िन�....sound .....can never be
destroyed. That अ&रम ्, when it is in a written form is called the वण �ः�|�Over a period
of time both words have now become interchangeable.
अ&र�-s, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings is called the
पद� | A group of पद� s form a वा%� ; and वा%� s put together so that another may
understand what one wishes to express, then becomes language भाषा�|The Sanskrit
script, is called दवेनागरी�|
B) वणा �ः
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Let's go over the list of वणा �ः�again. The divisions that you see below have been made
by Panini and described in his 'Ashtadhyayi.' We need to study this so that we are
better able to understand how Panini worked at his grammar.
,राः
अ� ,इ� ,उ� ,ऋ� , लृ� (॑,,राः) are pronounced in one matra ( a measure of time almost
equal to one second )
आ�,ई�, ऊ,�ॠ,�ॡ , ए�,�ऐ�,�ओ�,�औ�(दीघ �,राः) are pronounced in two matras
अ३� ,� इ३� ,� उ३� ,� ऋ� ३� ,लृ३� ,� ए३� ,� ऐ३� ,� ओ३� ,� औ३� (?तु,राः).... used when calling out to
someone and take more than two matras to be pronounced.
अयोगवाहाः so named by Panini.
अ�ं (अन,ुार)
अः (िवसग �ः) (I've spent about a trillion hours trying to find a symbol that looks like two smilies
put together, one on top of the other, the top looking like a smile and the one below
looking like a frown in the place of the visargas for the four alphabets listed below.
Sorry. Don't have the software to create an image even. But I'm sure you'll be able
to figure out what I mean. If any of you has; and can create an image, please will you
send it to me at 'Queries' so that I may replace these four visargas with those? )
: क� : ख (िजGामलूीयः) : प� : फ�(उपJानीयः)
KLनािन
वगMयKLनािन
1 2 3 4 5
कु�इित�पािणिनः (कवग �) क ् ख ् ग ् घ ् ङ ्
च�ुइित�पािणिनः (च�वग �) च ् छ ् ज ् झ ् ञ ् टु�इित�पािणिनः (ट�वग �) ट ् ठ ् ड ् ढ ् ण ् त�ु�इित�पािणिनः (तवग �) त ् थ ् द ् ध ् न ् प�ुइित�पािणिनः (पवग �) प ् फ ् ब ् भ ् म ्
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(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25 KLनािन column-wise too. For
example क�्च ्�ट�्त ्�प ् etc. )
अवगMयKLनािन
य ्,�र,्�ल,्�व ्�(अ�Yाः) श ्,�ष ्,�स ्,�ह�्(उZाणः) ळ�्,�& ् ळ,्�& ्�and ॡ�are not included in Panini's work, who dealt with only the language in
use and not what is originally in the Vedas. But we shall keep them in anyway.... just
so that we do not forget them.
उ\ारणम ्�|
Your teacher will help you pronounce the ,राः,�अयोगवाहाः� and the KLनािन�|
I'll just supply a table that you can refer to. The beauty here is that this classification
works in various ways. It helps making and breaking sandhis, writing out words with
अननुािसक -s and understanding the relationships of each "family group" ... how one
letter can be substituted for another and ideas like that…. For example, you would
have often seen both तत ् and तद�् | It also helps us understand why Parama Pujya
Swamiji pronounces ]^कं�यजामह ेthe way He does.
वणा �ः उ_ि`Yानािन Yानजaवण�नामािन
अ�आ�अ३
क�ख�ग�घ�ङ
ह�िवसग ��(:)�&
कcठे कcdः
इ�ई�इ३
च�छ�ज�झ�ञ
य�श
ता तालKः
ऋ�ॠ�ऋ३
ट�ठ�ड�ढ�ण
र�ष�ळ
मधूा � मधू �aः
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लृ�ॡ�लृ३
त�थ�द�ध�न
ल�स
द�ाः दfः
उ�ऊ�उ३
प�फ�ब�भ�म
उपJानीयः�(:प��:फ�) (actually� the two
smilies I've
mentioned earlier)
औjौ� औl�
ङ�ञ�ण�न�म नािसका�कcdािदः अननुािसक
ए�ऐ कcठताः कcठतालKः ओ�औ कcठोmम ् कcठोlः व द�ोjम ् द�ोl
िजGामलूीयः�(:�क��:�ख�) ( smilies again.)
िजGामलूीयम ् �िजGामलूीयः
अन,ुारः नािसका -
& is a वण �ः� that has been given a position of equal standing in the वण �माला in the
Vedas. Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as क ् + ष ् and
you will therefore find it in the dictionary in the क ् section.
However, we have retained all the वणा �ः that are in the original वण �माला�|
This has an important effect on pronunciations.
Originally, the िवसग � was pronounced as the expulsion of breath.
Over the years, the pronunciation of the िवसग � has changed. It now carries forward
the sound of the letter just before it.
वण �ः� is pronounced वण �ह�, वणा �ः is pronounced वणा �हा�,�वणnः� is pronounced वणnिह
गoुः�is pronounced गoुp�and so on and so forth.��
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When the िवसग �� is followed by a क,्� ख ्,� प ्� or a फ ् the िवसग � is forcefully expressed.
Going by this, if the िवसग ��were to be followed by & ् which, according to grammar a क ्
+ ष ्� the िवसग � should have been forcefully expressed. But it is not. In this case, the
िवसग ��does what it now does....it carries forward the sound of the letter just before
it.
C) Maheshwara Sutra-s.
माह�ेर�-�सऽूािण
महrषः�पािणिनः�सsृंतKाकरणt�ूधानाचाय �ः�|�पािणनःे�पवू �मिप��अनकेे�वयैाकरणाः�आसन ्�|�िक��ुतषेा�ंमvाः�अwx�ेअyाताः�अलzा{�|�ल|मानषे�ुमvषे�ुमहामनुःे�पािणनःे�मvः�ूाचीनतमः�|
पािणिनः� बा}काले� महाम�बिु~ः� आसीत ्� इित� मaत|े� बालकः� सः� िवwाज �नाय� कमिप� आचाय �म ्�उपाग�त ्�|�िक��ु�अिचरं�सः�आचाय �गहृात ्�िन�ािसतः�अभवत ्�|�तने�अपमानने�अतीव�िखतः�पािणिनः अरcय�ंगxा�कठोरा�ं�तपtाम ्�अकरोत ्�|�तऽ�अa�ेकेचन�िस~पoुषाः�भगवतः�श�रt�उपासना�ंकुव �ि���� |� तषेा�ं सव�षा�ं तपtया� सतंmुः� महादवेः� आिवभू �य� सव�|ः� वरयाचनाय� अकथयत ्� |� ू�कंे� तप,ी�,कीय�ं मनोरथ�ं aवदेयत ्� |� सव�षा�ं मनोरथ�ं एकसाथ�� परूियत ु�ं मह�ेरः� चतदु �शवारं� डमoम ्� अवादयत ्� |��पािणिनः�चतदु �शवारं�डमoनाद�ं�xा�चतदु �श�सऽूािण�अरचयत ्�|�ू�केनादः�अ�इ�उ�ण ्�इ�ािद�सऽु�पणे�तt�कण �कुहरं�ूिवmः�|�तािन�सऽूािण�माह�ेर-सऽूािण�क���े|�एतािन�सऽूािण�Kाकरणt�आिदसऽूािण�मa��े|
1. अ�इ�उ�ण ् 2. ऋ�लृ�क ्
3. ए�ओ�ङ ्
4. ऐ�औ�च ् 5. ह�य�व�र�ट ्
6. ल�ण ् 7. ञ�म�ङ�ण�न�म ् 8. झ�भ�ञ ्
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9. घ�ढ�ध�ष ् 10. ज�ब�ग�ड�द�श ् 11. ख�फ�छ�ठ�थ�च�ट�त�व ् 12. क�प�य ् 13. श�ष�स�र ् 14. ह�ल ्
Panini has based his entire grammatical work on these sutras. To avoid a detailed
recital of the letters, he used what is called the ू�ाहार| It is very much what you
would see advertised in a shop window " A-Z available here." Rather than list what
he has, the shopkeeper, in his A-Z, has conveyed the fact that he stores all that you
need.
Similarly, when Panini wished to list only the ,राः , he just said अच ्� and no more.
Look at the sutras again. Which sutra has the�अ ? The first. Which sutra ends in च ् ?
The fourth. Ignore every वण � with the हल� . They are called इत ्� वणा �ः�and are only
indicatory letters which disappear the minute the purpose of indication has been
fulfilled.
List all the letters that are in the four sutras and hey presto, you have a list of all the
,राः�|
Let's take another example. �झश ्�would be a�वण � in the 3rd and 4th column. Gottitt??
The peculiarity of the ू�ाहार�s is that they can start from any वण �| They may begin
with a वण �� coming from the middle of the group, but they must end with an इत ्�वण �ः�|
Panini then worked on 41 such ू�ाहार s in his अmा!ायी�|�ण ्�comes twice as an इत ्�वण �ः�| Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written against the ू�ाहार� |
Whenever you have to choose the second, (2) will be written against that ू�ाहार�|
Shall we try work with ू�ाहार�s as a home assignment? Please refer to Lesson 62 A.
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D) गणु,�विृ~,�दीघ �,�स�सारण changes.
You would have heard of स�ुरम ् and it's relative सौ�य �म ्�| It is apparent that the उ
and औ are connected. What has happened here is a विृ~� | . It is often difficult to
remember these terms…. गणु,�विृ~,�दीघ �,�स�सारण | So here is a list you can refer to
when foxed by sandhis. The idea is to see the correlation amongst alphabets.
,र अ
आ
इ
ई
उ
ऊ
ऋ
ॠ
लृ ए ऐ ओ औ
� � � � � � � � �
दीघ � आ ई ऊ ॠ - - - - -
गणु अ ए ओ अर ् अल ् ए - ओ -
विृ~ आ ऐ औ आर ् आल ् ऐ ऐ औ औ
यण ् - य ् व ् र ् आल ्
अयािद अय ् आय ् अव ् आव ्
स�सारण य ्
�
इ
व ्
�
उ
र ्�
ऋ
ल ्�
लृ
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Lesson 62 A B- Exercises with the Maheshwara-Sutrani
Worksheets
List all the वणा �ः in the ू�ाहार�s below.
1. अण ्� (1)
2. अक ्
3. इक ्
4. उक ्
5. एङ ्
6. अच ्
7. इच ्
8. एच ्
9. ऐच ्
10. अट ्
11. अण ्�(2)
12. इण ्
13. यण ्
14. अम ्
15. यम ्
16. ञम ्
17. ङम ्
18. यञ ्
19. झष ्
20. अश ्
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21. हश ्
22. वश ्
23. जश ्
24. झश ्
25. बश ्
26. छव ्
27. यय ्
28. मय ्
29. खय ्
30. चय ्
31. यर ्
32. झर ्
33. खर ्
34. चर ्
35. शर ्
36. अल ्
37. हल ्
38. वल ्
39. रल ्
40. झल ्
41. शल ्
You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson is
named 62 A B.
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Lesson 63 KLन�-�सि�ः Vyanjana Sandhi.
"Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain…. till I realized that a sandhi was exactly
what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.'
Okay…. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a plenty?
Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in every language
as well. Just have a look at this….Shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger
Generation, not mine.) An example of झला�ंजशोऽ��े|
It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of
something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studies the
science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have here tried to
provide the smelling salts.
It's not so bad….. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one stepatatime.
To make KLन�-�सि�ः easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's go over how
the consonants are classified again.
क ् ख ् ग ् घ ् ङ ्
च ् छ ् ज ् झ ् ञ ् ट ् ठ ् ड ् ढ ् ण ् त ् थ ् द ् ध ् न ् प ् फ ् ब ् भ ् म ्
य ् र ् ल ् व ्
श ् ष ् स ् ह ्
The shaded consonants are the कठोर�-�KLनािन�| The hard consonants.
The rest are मृ�-�KLनािन�| The soft consonants.
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Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants specified
by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will help you
tremendously.
Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems practical to
just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhis into 40 sections of
which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives you examples of the ones
you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you are studying specific details of
the sandhis given after the table on page 8 of this lesson. There are plenty of
examples, especially from the Bhagavad Gita, for you to work with.
KLन�-�सि�ः काय �म ् उदाहरणम ् Name of the
sandhi
Effect Example
1 {xु
a (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु�) स ् /त ु in close
proximity
with श ्�/च ु
श ् च ु(यथास�म ् ..respectively)
Concrete
examples… स ् च ् { ् मनस ् + चलित =
मन{लित�|
स ् श ् ँश ् रामस ् + शते े =
रामँशते े
त ् च ् \ ् सत ् + चिरऽम ् =
स\िरऽम ्�|
द ् ज ् � ् सत ् + जनः =
स�नः�|
न ् ज ् L ् शाrगन ् + जयः = शाrगLयः�|
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b शँछोऽिट झय ् first four of
a वग �
followed by
श ् श ् optionally
converts into
छ ् if it is a त ् /
द ् converts
into च ्
concrete
examples… त ् श ् � ् ौीमत+्
श�राौमाः =
ौीम��राौमाः
2 mxु
mनुाmःु स/्त ु in close
proximity
with ष ् / टु
ष ् टु (यथास�म ् ..respectively)
concrete
examples
…
स ् ष � ् रामस ् + षjः =
रामषjः�|
स ् ट ् m ् रामस ् + टीकत े
= रामmीकत े
त ् � ट ् � ् तत ् + टीका =
त�ीका ष ् त ् m ् इषः + तः = इmः
ष ् त ् m ् कृष ् + तः = कृmः ष ् न ् � ् कृष ् + नः = कृ�ः
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3 जशx
a झला�ंजशोऽ��े|
This generally
happens
between two
different
words.
झल ्( all the
consonants
minus the
अननुािसक�KLनािन,�य ्�र�्ल�् and व)्
any ,र�or a
मृ�KLन
corresponding
जश ्
Concrete
examples… क ्
ई गी वाक ् + ईशः =
वागीशः�|
च ् अ ज अच ् + अ�ः =�अज�ः
ट ् आ डा षट ् + आननः =
षडाननः�|
त ् आ दा एतत ् + आदाय =
एतदादाय
त ् ई दी जगत ्� + ईशः =
जगदीशः त ् ध ् ~ ् yानात ् + !ान=ं
yाना�ानम ्��|
b झला�ंजश ्�झिश�|
This generally
happens in the
middle of the
word.
झल ् ( all the
consonants
minus the
अननुािसक�KLनािन,�य ्�र�्ल�् and व)्
a मृ�KLन corresponding
जश ्
Concrete
examples… भ ् ध ् z ् लभ ् + धः =�
लzः
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ध ् ध ् ~ बधु ् + िधः =
बिु~ः�|
4 चx�
खिर�च�|
झल ् ( all the
consonants
minus the
अननुािसक�KLनािन,�य ्�र�्ल�् and व)्
कठोर�KLन
corresponding
चर ् ( first five of
each वग �ः + श ्��ष ्�स ् )
Concrete
examples… द ् स ् � ् आपद ् + स ु =
आप� ु
द ् त ् ` ् छदे ्+ ता = छे̀ ा द ् त ् ` ् भदे ्+�ता= भे̀ ा
5 तोrल त ु ल ् तवग � is replaced
by ल ्
न ् ल ् न ् is replaced by
a nasal ल ्
concrete
examples… त ् ल ् ल ् दaैात + लोभः =
दaैा�ोभः न ् ल ् nasal ल ् ौ~ावान ् + लभत े
= ौ~ावा�ँभत|े
6 अननुािसकसि�ः
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a यरो� ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा��|
यर ् includes all
the consonants
excepting ह�् |
यर�्occurring at
the end of a पद
followed by
a nasal
(ञ ्,�म ्,�ङ,्�ण ्,�न ् )
Is replaced by
its own
corresponding
nasal,
optionally.
Concrete
examples… त ् म ् � ् बोधात +मोहः =
बोधा�ोहः
/बोधाद�्मोहः
b ू�य�े भाषाया�ंिन�म ्
यर ् ू�य ending
in म ्
is replaced by
its own
corresponding
nasal,
compulsorily
concrete
examples… द ् ू�याननुािसकः अननुािसकः िचद ् + मयम ् =
िच�यम ्
7
. अन,ुार
No need for a
tabular note.
All details at
the end of this
Sandhi chapter.
Reminders
… म ् व हिरम ्�+व� े=
ह�र�व� े
म ् प पाठम ्�+पठित =
पाठं�पठित
8 नँछKूशान ् न ् occurring
at the end of
a पद
followed by
a छव ्�(छ�्ठ�्थ ्�ट�्त ् ) and then
is replaced by
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by an अम ् (,राः + ह�्य ्�व ्�र�् ल ् +
अननुािसकाः|
concrete
examples… न ् च/्छ ् श ्/ँश ्�ं तान ् + च�= ता{ँ
/ता{ं
न ् ट�्/ठ ् ष ्�ँ/��ष ् ं तान ् + ठ�ारान ् =ताjँ�ारान/्
ताjं�ारान ् न ् त ्�/�ध ् स ्�ँ/स ् ं अ�ान ् + तारय
= अ�ा�ँारय�/�अ�ा�ंारय
अपवादः ूशान ् This rule
does not apply
to ूशान ्
सि�ः�न�भवित� ूशान ्� + तनोित
= ूशान ्�तनोित
1) {xु�सि�ः a) (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु) स ् and a वण �� belonging to त,ु in close proximity with श ्�and a वण ��belonging to च�ुare
replaced by श ्�and a वण ��belonging to च�ु|
Whenever there is a combination of स ् or त ्�वग �� (त ्� ,�थ ्� ,� द�् ,�ध ्� ,�न ्� ) WITH (either
before or after) श ्�or with the चवग � (च ्�,�छ�्,�ज ्�,�झ ्�,�ञ ्� ) the�स ्� changes into श ्�and the
त�वग � changes into its corresponding च�वग �� (यथास�म ्�….that is respectively.) ,
मामात ् + चिलतः = मामा\िलतः�|
सद�् + जनः = स�नः तान ्� + जयित�=�ताLयित
Here are a few examples:
Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Level 1, Month 17, Lesson 62-64
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1. न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|
अवा �भमूावसप¡म~ृम ् रा¢�ंसरुाणामिप�चािधप�म ्��||�गी�०�२-८�||
ममापनwुा�-�w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ् मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्� -�शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ् ( To figure out why श ् has become छ ् ,
look at the next sandhi… शँछोऽिट�|)
2. yान�ंतऽेहं�सिवyानिमद�ंव¦ा§शषेतः�|
य¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ाय¨ाxा�नहे�भयूोऽa¨ातKतKतKतKममममविश©त�े||�गी�०�७-२�||
यत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxायत ्�yाxा�न�इह�भयूः�अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्अaत ्�yातKम ्�अविश©त े
3. आ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�- मा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|
आ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaःआ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित
�xा ने�ंवदे�न�चवै�कि{त ्�||�गी�०�२-२९�||
आ{य�व\�आ{य �व\�आ{य �व\�आ{य �व\�=�=�=�=�आ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�चआ{य �वत ्�च
4. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ानाyानाम|ासा¨ाना~ ्~ ्~ ्~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|
!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||
अ|ासाअ|ासाअ|ासाअ|ासा¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ं�=�अ|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्|ासात ्�yानात ्
b) शँछोऽिट�|
Fully stated, झयः�शः�छः�अिट�| Here, in this sutra, the झयः� is drawn from a previous
sutra. If झय ् (first four of a वग ��) is followed by श ्� then that श ्� is optionally replaced
by छ�्|
If the श ्� is followed by अट ् , then if the झय ्�वण � is a द ् , it will be converted into a ज ्�(�ोः�{नुा�{ःु) and then that ज ् is converted into a च ्� (खिर�च ....Refer to Sandhi No. 4 ).
If it is a त ् , then it is replaced by च ् (�ोः�{नुा�{ःु ) |
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In त ु+ श ् , the त ुchanges to च ुand the श ् changes to छ�् OR remains श ्�|
ौीमत ् + श�राौमः�=�ौीम��राौमः�|
महत ्�+ शकटम ्�=�मह�कटम ्�|
1. न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोw�ोw�ोw�ोकम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|
अवा �भमूावसप¡म~ृम ् रा¢�ंसरुाणामिप�चािधप�म ्��||�गी�०�२-८�||
ममापनwुा�-�w�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ् मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोयत ्�शोयत ्�शोयत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�कम ्�उत ्�----����शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ् This could have been written as
ममापनwुा�-�w²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्²शोकम²ुशोषणिमि�याणाम ्
2. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना�ान�ंिविश©त�े|
!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||
�ागा�ाि���=��ागात ्�शाि�
2) mxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ःmxु�सि�ः
mनुाmःुmनुाmःुmनुाmःुmनुाmःु
Fully stated, �ोः�mनुाmःु | Here, in this sutra, the �ोः� is drawn from a previous sutra.
स ् and a वण � belonging to त,ु in close proximity with ष ् and a वण � belonging टु are
replaced by ष ् and a वण � belonging to टु�|
Whenever there is a combination of स ् or त�वग ��(त ्�,�थ ्�,द�्,�ध ्�,�न ्� ) WITH ष ् or with the
ट� वग � (ट�् ,� ठ�् ,� ड�् ,� ढ�् ,� ण ्� ) the स ्� changes into ष ् and the त� वग �� changes into its
corresponding�ट�वग � |
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रामस ् + षjः�=�राम�jः�|
इष ्��+��तः�=�इmः�|
िवष ्�+�नःु�=�िव�ःु�|
कृष ्��+�नः�=�कृ�ः�|
3) जशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ःजशx�सि�ः
a) झला�ंजशोऽ��े|
Fully stated, पदt�अ��ेझला�ंजशः�|
Whenever there is a combination of झल�् ( all the consonants {minus the
अननुािसकKLनािन�},�य ्�र�् �ल�्�and�व ्� ) WITH any ,र or a मृ�KLन, it changes into its
corresponding जश ्�( the third वण ��of each वग � ) , This happens only if the sandhi taking
place is between two different words. If the sandhi is in the word itself then झला�ंजश ्�झिश is followed. (Basically it is the same sandhi but given a different name.)
ह ् having the same place of utterance as क� वग �� (कcठ ) will be replaced with that
corresponding वण ��|
श ्� having the same place of utterance as च� वग �� (ता ) will be replaced with that
corresponding वण ��|
ष ्� having the same place of utterance as ट� वग � (मधूा � ) will be replaced with that
corresponding वण ��|
स ् having the same place of utterance as त� वग �� (द�ाः ) will be replaced by that
corresponding वण ��|
िदक�्+�अ^रः�=�िदग^रः�|
1.��न�िह�ूपँयािम�ममापनwुा�- w�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|
अवा �भमूावसप¡म~ृम ् रा¢�ंसरुाणामिप�चािधप�म ्��||�गी�०�२-८�||
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ममापनwुापनwुापनwुापनwुाw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोw�ोकम�ुोषणिमि�याणाम ्�|
मम�अपनwुात ्�यत ्�शोकम ्�उत ्�शोषणम ्�इि�याणाम ्�|
2. मन©ुाणा�ंसहॐषे�ुकि{wतितकि{wतितकि{wतितकि{wतित�िस~य�े|
यततामिप�िस~ाना�ंकि{�ा�ंविे`�तºतः�||गी�०�७-३||
कि{wतित�कि{wतित�कि{wतित�कि{wतित�=�=�=�=�कि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतितकि{त ्�यतित
3. आ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�कि{दने�कि{दने�कि{दने�---- मा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दितमा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|
आ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित
�xा ने�ंवदे�न�चवै�कि{त ्�||�गी�०�२-२९�||
कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�कि{दनेम ्�=�=�=�=�कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ्कि{त ्��एनम ् आ{य�व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��आ{य �व«दित��=�=�=�=�आ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदितआ{य �वत ्��वदित
4. य¯रोिष�यद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिषयद»ािस�य�हुोिष�ददािस�यत ्�|
य`पtिस�कौ�ये�त¯ुo¼�मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्�||गी�०�९-27||
यद»ािसयद»ािसयद»ािसयद»ािस��������=�=�=�=�यत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािसयत ्�अ»ािस
य�हुोिषय�हुोिषय�हुोिषय�हुोिष��������=�=�=�=�यत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिषयत ्�जहुोिष
मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ्मदप �णम ् = मत ्मत ्मत ्मत ् अप �णम ्अप �णम ्अप �णम ्अप �णम ्
5. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|
!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||
¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~ ्¨ाना~्◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान ं◌ान�ं���=�=�=�=�yानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ंyानात ्��!ान ं
b) झला�ंजश ्�झिश
Whenever there is a combination of झल ् (KLनम ्) WITH any झश ्� (मृK¿जनम ्� ) it
changes into its corresponding जश ्�( third consonant) , This generally happens in the
middle of the word.
बधु ्� + िधः� = बिु~ः�|
लभ ् + धः� = लzः
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4) चx��सि�ःचx��सि�ःचx��सि�ःचx��सि�ः
खरी�च�|
Fully stated, खरी�पर�ेझला�ंचर�्| Here, in this sutra, the चर ् (first consonant of each वग �ः +
श ्�,�ष ्�,�स ्�) is drawn from a previous sutra.
Whenever there is a combination of झल ्WITH a कठोर�Kजन�, it changes into its corresponding चर�्|
आपद�्+�स�ु=�आप��ु|
1. आ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयित�कि{दने�- मा{य �व«दित�तथवै�चाaः�|
आ{य�व\नैमaः��णोित
�xा ने�ंवदे�न�चवै�कि{त ्�||�गी�०�२-२९�||
आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� �आ{या �त ्� � +� �+� �+� �+� � पँयित� �पँयित� �पँयित� �पँयित� � =�=�=�=� आ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयितआ{या �_ँयित���� (त ्�त ्�त ्�त ्� does not get converted into द ् because it is
followed by a कठोरKLनम ्� )
2. य¯रोिषय¯रोिषय¯रोिषय¯रोिष�यद»ािस�य�हुोिष�ददािस�यत ्�|
य`पtिसय`पtिसय`पtिसय`पtिस�कौ�ये�त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼त¯ुo¼�मदप �णम ्�||गी�०�९-27||
य¯रोिष���य¯रोिष���य¯रोिष���य¯रोिष���=�=�=�=�यत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिषयत ्�करोिष
य`पtिस���य`पtिस���य`पtिस���य`पtिस���=�=�=�=�यत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिसयत ्�तपtिस
त¯ुo¼���त¯ुo¼���त¯ुo¼���त¯ुo¼���=�=�=�=�तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼तत ्��कुo¼
3. ौयेो�िह�yानाम|ासा¨ाना~्◌ान�ंिविश©त�े|
!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ा!ाना¯म�फल�ाग°ागा�ाि�रननतरम ्�||�गी�०�१२-१२�||
!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��!ाना¯म�फल��=��=��=��=��!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल!ानात ्��कम �फल
5) तोrलतोrलतोrलतोrल
Fully stated, तोः�तोः�तोः�तोः�((((षÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ुषÀ��त�ु)�)�)�)�िल�िल�िल�िल�((((लकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�ेलकार�ेपर�े)�)�)�)�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�परसवण �ः�||||
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A consonant of तवग �� followed by ल�्�is replaced by one homogenous with the latter -
परसवण ��-� in this case�,�ल�्|
दaैा�ोभः�-�दaैात ्�लोभः�|
आॄ�भवुना�ोकाः�-�भवुनात ्��लोकाः�|
न ्�is replaced by a nasal ल�्|
ौ~ावा�ँभत�ेyानम ्��-�ौ~ावान ्�लभत�े|
1. मढू�जहीिह�धनागमत�ृा�ंकुo�सÁ�ु~�मनिस�िवत�ृाम ्��|
य�भसेय�भसेय�भसेय�भस�ेिनजकमÂपा`�ं,�िव`�ंतने�िवनोदय�िच`म ्��|�(भज�गोिव�म ्��-�२) य�भस�े�य�भस�े�य�भस�े�य�भस�े�=��=��=��=��यत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस ेयत ्��लभस े
6) अननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ःअननुािसकसि�ः
a) यरो�ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा�|
Fully stated, पदा�t�यरः�अननुािसके�पर�ेअननुािसकः�वा�|
यर�् includes all the consonants excepting ह�्|
यर ् occurring at the end of a पद� followed by a nasal (ञ ्�,�म ्�,�ङ�्,�ण ्�,�न ्�) is replaced by
its own corresponding nasal, optionally.
बोधात�मोहः�=�बोधा�ोहः�/�बोधाद�्मोहः�|
एतत ्��म�े/�एतद�्म�े�=�एत��ेसशंय�ंकृ���|
िदक�्नागः�=�िदÃागः�/�िदÄागः�|
र�् remains as it is, it has no corresponding nasal.
पनुर�्मोहः�=�पनुमÂहः
1. य�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅो�ि«जत�ेलोको�लोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोि«जत�ेच�यः�|
हषा �मष �भयो«गेमै ु�Æो�यः�स�च�म�ेिूयः�||�गी०�१२-१५�||
य�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅोय�ाÅो�=��य�ाय�ाय�ाय�ात ्त ्त ्त ्��������नोनोनोनो लोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅोलोकाÅो �=�लोकालोकालोकालोकात ्�नोत ्�नोत ्�नोत ्�नो
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b) ू�य�ेभाषाया�ंिन�म ्��||�(वाrतक�) The rule यरो�ऽननुािसके�ऽननुािसको�वा� is compulsory if the ू�य that is added ends in म ् िकयत ्�+�माऽम ्��=��िकय�ाऽम ्��- of little value.
7) अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�अन,ुार�सि�ः�||||
a) मोऽन,ुारः�|
Fully stated, मः�अन,ुारः�हिल�पर�े-� (हिल� is drawn from a previous सऽू ) - म ्�, at the end
of a पद is :
1 ) replaced by an अन,ुार� if it is followed by a consonant.
2) when it appears at the end of a पद�or at the end of a sentence, it remains as it is.
1. मढू�जहीिह�धनागमत�ृा�ंकुo�सÁ�ु~�मनिस�िवत�ृाम ्��|
य�भस�ेिनजकमÂपा`�ं,�िव`�ंतने�िवनोदय�िच`म ्��|�(भज�गोिव�म ्��-�२) 2. �क�तÈ��िकम!ाÉ�ं�क�कम�पoुषो`म��|
अिधभतू�ंच��क�ूोÆमिधदवै�ंिकमÊुत�े�||�(गी�०�८-१)
b) वा�पदा�t�|
At the end of a पद� , the अन,ुार can be replaced by an अननुािसक� वण �� which is
homogenous to the वण �� which follows it.
�क�करोिष�/�िक�रोिष�|�च�ं�पँयित�/�च�Ëँयित��|
c) न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��न{ापदा�t�झिल��||||
न ्� and म ्� not at the end of a पद� are replaced by an�अन,ुार�when followed by
झल�्-�यशािंस�|
d) अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�अन,ुारt�यिय�परसवण �ः�||||
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When अन,ुार� is followed by a यय ्� वण �� it is replaced by an अननुािसक which is
homogenous to the latter. प�जः�|�सि�तः�|�कcठः�|�का�ा�|
8) नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्नँछKूशान ्�| (Cracked it!!!! Here's why it is क��ि{त ्� and not कि�ि�त ्� !!!!) न ्� occurring at the end of a पद�is replaced by o� if followed by a छव ्� and then by an
अम ्�| This rule does not apply to ूशान ्� ( an avyaya meaning "tranquil") , ( Please
have a look at the table for clear examples.)
• अऽाननुािसकः�पवू �t�त�ुवा��|� The वण �� preceding o is optionally nasalised.
अननुािसका_रोऽ�न,ुारः�|
When it is not nasalised an अन,ुार�is added.
Thus
कि�न ्�िचत ्������� =�कि�र�्िचत ्��|�नँछKूशान ् �|
=�कÌ�र�्िचत ्�|� अऽाननुािसकः�पवू �t�त�ुवा or���� =�क��र�्िचत ्�|�अननुािसका_रोऽ�न,ुारः�|
This र ् is replaced by the िवसग ��and later by स ्�| Then the सि�ः rules are followed to
give either a कÌ�ि{त ्��|
or a क��ि{त ्��|
Similarly,�भवान ्��चरित��=��भवार�्�चरित
= भवारँ�्चरित�/�भवारं�्चरित�|
=�भवा{ँरित�/�भवा{ंरित��|
ूाणा°ंÏा�-�ूाणान ्��Ïा�||�गी�०�१-३३||
ूyावादा{ं��भाषस�े-�ूyावादान ्�च�||गी�०�२-११�||
But not in the case of ूशान ्��ितjित�|
1. अशोÊानÐशोचÑ�ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ं�भाषस�े|
गतासनूगतासू{ंनगतासू{ंनगतासू{ंनगतासू{ं�नानशुोचि��पिcडताः�||गी�०�२-११) ूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ंूyावादा{ं���=�ूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�चूyावादान ्�च
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अगतासू{ंअगतासू{ंअगतासू{ंअगतासू{ं���=�अगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�चगतासनू ्�च
***
You may not require to know any more sandhis than the ones listed in this lesson. If
you do come across undecipherable ones, please write. We'll respond to individual
requests.
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Lesson 64. Samasa Vichara. समास�-�िवचारः
A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed from generation to
generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only means of ensuring
that knowledge was protected. It may have been years since we've left school, but
who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the other hand, has been relegated to
the back alleys of our mind.
In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head. Sanskrit is
the only language in the classical world which makes use of ू�य. The use of ू�य�s
helps every single word to have an identity and a meaning of its very own. But fitting
the word + ू�य� into a metre in verse form was a difficult task indeed. "What to
do?" asked a poet. "No problem! Let's create a shortcut," said another. And समास
came into being. समास� ,�स�म�स� was the original SMS… Short Message Service. Be
proud guys, we created it!!!!!!
I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: अहं�समtािम� does indeed mean 'I am
creating a synopsis…. or in our layman terms… a shortcut.'
समास� allows a person to string two words together to form one single word. And
"ishortcut ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriate ू�य� | For
example instead of saying राyः�पऽुः��I'd say राजपऽुः�and still make complete sense.
Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have such a
beautiful face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say " अिय�च�मिुख" Devdas too, by
the way, is a समास� word. दवेt�दासः�,दवेदासः�| The difference between a सि�ः�and a
समासः would be that in the former, two letters combine to form a single whole letter
or a conjoined letter( either in the middle of a word or between words) and in the
latter, words are placed side by side with the vibhakti between the words dropped
but with the सि�ः�occuring if required, to form a single word.
In a समासः, the सम�पद is the compound word… दवेदासः�|�िवमह is when you break it
up into its components….. दवेt�दासः�|
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Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations these work
out, for example दासदवेः would not be correct. And it is with time that you will figure
out which words can be made a समासः�of. For example, वनूाÓः�is allowed and NOT
वनूाÓवान ्� | Not to worry. In this case at least …Time will wait for the Sanskrit
enthusiast!
Note:
This lesson is to help you figure out what समास words mean whenever you come
across them in your course of reading. You also now have the wherewithal to form
your own combination words intelligently.
Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a time you
will find that someone may have formed a समास in one way and you may prefer
another. Both may be correct. So just relax and enjoy learning something new.
समास can be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey when
dissolved.
«Ôौ�ि«गरुिप�चाहं�मÕहे�ेिन�मKयीभावः�|
त_oुष�कम�धारय�यनेाहं�tा�ंबpोीिहः||
For our convenience, I have divided them into 9 groups. I have been better able to
retain the information with a wider classification like that.
1. अKयीभाव�- A word which conveys a meaning, is a part of the समास which, after the
combination of the two words, becomes an अKय�| For example: add स ुto indicate _�सौभा×य� 'lots of goodness.'समुØलम ्���=�मØलाना�ंसमिृ~ः�lots of auspiciousness.
2. त_oुषः� In this समास, the second word of the समास� is given importance. For
example: दवेदासः��=�दवेt�दासः�| We are talking about the दासः�here and not the दवेः�|
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3. कम�धारयः� In this समास, one word is an adjective of the other. If a त_oुषसमास has both
words in the same vibhakti, it is called a कम�धारयः | For example: �नीलो_लम ्� = नीलम ्�उ_लम ्��|
4. ि«गःु� In this समास�, which is a part of the कम�धारयः�the first word is a number; how
many in a collection of things. For example : प�वटी�=�प�ाना�ंवटाना�ंसमाहारः|
5. «Ôः� Be sure to look out for the च between words in the िवमहः�of this समासः�!!! For
example: हिरहरगरुवः�/�हिरगoुहराः��=��हिर{�हर{�गoु{�|
6. बpोीिहः When two words are put together to imply something totally different,
बpोीिहः� is what you see. For example: च�मौिलः� = च�ः�मौलौ�यt�सः�| Here, we are
neither giving importance to the moon or to the forehead but the Person who is
adorned so: Shiva.
7. अÚमासः� is not really a different समासः�| Whenever, two words are put together
and the िवभिÆ� of the first word remains intact, then समासः� takes place. Depending
on the समासः� itself, it can be any of the above समासः�| For example: �यिुधिjरः�=��यिुध�िYरः�|
8. नÛसमासः� is not really a different समासः� | Whenever you wish to convey 'the
absence' of something, this समासः� is used. For example: अिवÜः��=�न�िवÜः�|
9. उपपदसमासः� see how the noun is described here.. अभय�रः��=��अभय�ंकरोित�इित|
समासः� is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need to be
practical about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let's go over a few
details to help us decode what we may most often come across. A tabular column
will help.
1. अKयीभावसमासः��|
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You will recognize the अKयीभावसमासः� in words
1. Where the first part of the word is an अKय or a िनपात� (िनपाताः� are particles which
possess no gender and number and the case termination after which is dropped or
elided. For example चादयः�(च� and others) and ूादयः (ू and others)
2. The second part of the word is a noun (सÝा). 3. The combined word is an अKय�and is नप ु.ं�एकवचनम ्�|
4. The combined word सम�पदम ्� is different from the िवमहः� , because the अKय
conveys a� special meaning to the noun.
Addition of
अKय� to mean
सम�पदाम ् िवमहः
अिध� in, on अिधहिर हरौ�इित
उप� closeness उपकृ�म ् कृ�t�समीपम ् िनस ् or िनर ् absence
िनज �नम ् जनानाम ्�अभावः
अन�ु behind/
following
अनरुथम ् रथt�प{ात ्
ूित every ूितिदनम ् िदन�ंिदनम ् यथा� in that
manner
यथाशिÆ no spelling
error here. There is
no visarga. All these
words are अKय� s
remember?
शिÆमनितब§
स with/
resembling
सजनकम ् जनकेन�सह�/जनकt�साँयम ्
आ beyond /
upto
आिहमालयम ् आमिुÆ
आबालव~ृम ्
आ� िहमालयात ् (चीनदशेः) आ�मÆेुः�(�मिुÆ�तक�,��मिुÆ� के� पवू �� ) a life
span ( !! )
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बिहः outside बिहमा �मम ् मामात ्�बिहः
अन�ु near/
towards
अनकूुलम ् towards the bank
ूित� a) away
from (opposite
of the meaning
in the above
row)
b) repetition
ूितकूलम ्
ूितिदनम ्
against the bank
िदन�ेिदन े
स�ु abundance,
prosperity
समुिम ् मिाणा�ंसमिृ~ः
र ् adversity,
poverty
य �वनम ् यवनाना�ंKिृ~ः
अित
destruction,
end of
अितिहमम ् िहमt�अ�यः
अित� inappropriate
अितिनिम ् िनिा�स�ित�न�य¢ुत े
इित� utterance
of sound
इित�हिर हिरश�t�ूकाशः
आ a) starting
from
b) uptil
a) आज�
b) आमरणम ् a) ज�नः�आर|
b) मरणपय ��म ्
2. त_oुषसमासः��|
त_oुषसमासः� is that समासः� wherein the first word-part's � िवभिÆ-ू�य� is dropped.
Depending on whichिवभिÆ-ू�य� that first part would have taken if broken into it's
िवमहः�, theत_oुषसमासः is given that particular name. For example: ि«तीयात_oुषः� |
Go over the short explanation ofत_oुषसमासःat the very beginning of this lesson.
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Note: The word �त_oुषः� itself will help you remember what �समासः�this involves.तt�पoुषः = त_oुषः!!
सम�पदम ् िवमहः : ि«तीयात_oुषः शरणागतः शरणम ्�आगतः
ःखातीतः ःखम ्��अतीतः
कृ�ािौतः कृ�म ्��आिौतः मामूाÓः माम�ंूाÓः शोकपिततः शोकं��पिततः
मघेा��ः मघेम ्��अ��ः भयमापÅः भयम ्��आपÅः
मामगमी माम�ं�गमी अÅबभु&ुःु अÅ�ंबभु&ुःु
ततृीयात_oुषः बाणाहतः बाणने��आहतः
खáहतः खáने�आहतः िशवाऽातः िशवया�ऽातः
िशवऽातः िशवने�ऽातः िवwाहीनः िवwया�हीनः yानशaूः yानने�शaूः मातसृशः माऽा�सशः
िपऽतु}ुः िपऽा�त}ुः
हिरऽातः हिरणा��ऽातः
त¯ृतम ् तने�कृतम ् कािलदासरिचतम ् कािलदासने�रिचतम ् मासपवू �ः मासने�पवू �ः ॅातसृमः ॅाऽा�समः
धाaोनम ् धाaने�ऊनम ्
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And that is the sole reason why you cannot have � दcडतेािडतवान ्� as a ततृीयात_oुषः�तािडतवान ्� is a Present active participle and doesn't fit with the rules stated above.
Instead, you may have a�दcडतािडतः� Gottit?
Note:
धाaिेवकलम ् धाaने�िवकलम ् वाãलहः वाचा�कलहः
आचारकुशलः आचारणे�कुशलः शक�रािमौम ् शक�रया��िमौम ् गडुयÆुम ् गडुने�यÆुम ् कु�नä&णम ् कु�नने�ä&णम ्
मासावरः मासने��अवरः
सम�पदम ् िवमहः चतथुMत_oुषः कुcडलिहरcयम ् कुcडलाय�िहरcयम ् यपुदाo यपुाय�दाo
कुåमिृ`का कुåाय�मिृ`का ि«जाथ �ः
for eg: सपूः ि«जाय�अयम ्
छाऽाथा � for eg: यवागःू
छाऽाय�इयम ्
िश�थ �म ् for eg: ×धम ्
िशशव�ेइदम ्
भतूबिलः भतू|ेो��बिलः
गोिहतम ् गव�ेिहतम ्
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The compoundगoुदि&णा��cannot be separated intoगरुव�े�दि&णा�The�िवमहः�has to be गरुोः�दि&णा��|
सम�पदम ् िवमहः प�मीत_oुषः चोरभयम ् चोरात ्�भयम ् वकृभीितः वकृात ्�भीितः Kामभीतः Kायात ्���भीतः
अयशोभीः अयशसः�भीः मामिनग �तः मामात ्��िनग �तः
अधम�जगुçुःु अधमा �द�्जगुçुःु
,ग�पिततः ,गा�त ्�पिततः
पापमÆुः पापात ्�मÆुः Exceptions अि�कादागतः अि�कात ्� आगतः�
(अि�क) रादागतः रात ्�आगतः�(र) �ोका�Æुः �ोकात ्�मÆुः�(�ोक)
सम�पदम ् िवमहः षjीत_oुषः राजपoुषः राyः�पoुषः
दवेपजूकः दवेt�पजूकः ई�रभÆः ई�रt�भÆः दवेालयः दवेt�आलयः
सव�महान ् सव�षा�ं�मह`रः सव��तेः सव�षा�ं�तेतरः
Exceptions - अÅt� पाचकः� (अक��ू�यः)
- धनt�हता ��(तचृ ्��ू�यः) - जगतः� ॐmा (� तचृ ्��
ू�यः
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सम�पदम ् िवमहः
ूािद���त_oुषः ूाचाय � ूगतः��आचाय �ः
ूिपतामहः ूगतः�िपतामहः
अितमया �दः अितबा�ः�मया �दम ्
ू�&ः ूितगतः�अ&म ् उ«लेः उÕतः�वलेाम ् िनगृ �हः िनग �तः�गहृात ्
- घटt� कता �� (� तचृ ्��ू�यः)
- ॄा�णt��कत �Kम ्� (तK�ू�य�)
- ॄा�णt�कृxा (अKय�) - राyा�ं�पिूजतः�(�Æ�ू�यः�
added to पजू ्�)
सÓमीत_oुषः वीणा�ूवीणः वीणाया�ं�ूवीणः वदेपिcडतः वदे�े�पिcडतः काKकुशलः काK�े��कुशलः शाéिनपणुः शाéषे�ु�िनपणुः काय �चपलः काय���चपलः
जललीनः जले�लीनः जलमÄः जले�मÄः
काय �चतरुः काय��चतरुः
Yालीपêः Yा}ा�ं�पêः
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3.कम�धारयसमासः This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of the
other, are combined, you have a कम�धारयसमासःSo you will have a combination of a
िवशषेणand a िवश©े� , an उपमान� and an उपमये�� �|� Since one is a िवशषेण of the other,
naturally, when a�िवमहः� is formed, both the words will be in the same िवभिÆः��|
You may see the words च��असौ��,�इव�,�एव� in the��िवमहः� to reinforce the relationship
between the two words.
स�ु meaning "beautiful/ good" and�कु� (कुि�त�) meaning "bad" are added to words to
form a �कम �धारयसमासः��|
Note:
Why has this particular �समासः� been calledकम�धारय�? Simple.
Let's look at an example…नीलो_लम ्� � |� उ_लं� � नीलवण�� � धारयित� � |नीलं� � becomes the
object in the sentence.
Similarly, �गoुदवेः�|�गoुः�दवेt��पद�ं�धारयित��|Alternatively it could be:दवेः�गरुोः��प�ंधारयित��
|�If you look at the examples in the tabular column, you'll begin to see how one of
the words "becomes" the object of the other.
Even if that may not be an authentic explanation, why must we reject it if it helps us
remember what the �कम �धारयसमासः��is?!!
कम�धारयसमासः सम�पदम ् िवमहः महादवेः महान ्�च�असौ�दवेः कृ�सप �ः कृ�ः�सप �ः नीलो_लम ् नीलम ्�उ_लम ् िदघ �र�ःु� दीघा ��र�ःु कुसमुकोमलम ् कुसमुम ्�इव�कोमलम ् च�मखुम ् च��इव�मखुम ्
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4. ि«गसुमासः
समसः� with numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure out what is
what!
� मखुपëम ् मखु�ंपëम ्�इव
मखुकमलम ् मखु�ंकमलम ्�इव
पoुष�सहः पoुषः��सहः�इव
कृ��तेः कृ�{��ते{�(both are
adjectives)
ìातानिुलÓः ìात{� अनिुलÓ{� (Æ�ू�या��िवशषेण�s)
चराचरम ् चर�� अच��(opposites)
गoुदवेः गoुः�एव�दवेः िवwाधनम ् िवwा�एव�धनम ् तपोधनम ् तपः�एव�धनम ् वदेसËत ् वदे�एव�सËत ् अयो!ानगिर अयो!ा�इित�नगरी आॆव&ृः आॆ�इित�व&ृः
कुपऽुः कुि�तः�पऽुः
कुमाता कुि�ता�माता
सपुoुषः शोभनः�पoुषः
सजुनः शोभनः�जनः
,ागतम ् शोभनम ्�आगतम ्
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5. «Ôसमासः Just take a look at the examples. Easy.
. ि«गसुमासः सम�पदम ् िवमहः प�गवम ् प�ाना�ंगवा�ंसमाहारः प�पाऽम ् प�ाना�ंपाऽाणा�ंसमाहारः िऽभवुनम ् ऽयाणा�ं�भवुनाना�ं��समाहारः
चतयु ु�गम ् चतणुा��यगुाना�ं�समाहारः सÓाहः सÓानाम ्�अîा�ं�समाहारः नवराऽम ् /नवराऽी नवाना�ंराऽीणा�ंसमाहारः िऽलोकी ऽयाणा�ं लोकाना�ं
समाहारः(अकारा�-लोक� –केवलं�–िéिलØे�)
प�मलूी प�ानामंलुाना�ं समाहारः�(अकारा��–�मलू�–केवलं�–िéिलØे�)
प�वटी प�ाना�ं वटीना�ं � समाहारः�(अकारा��–�वट��–केवलं�–िéिलØे�)
शता�ी शतानाम ्� आ�ाना�ं�समाहारः
षcमातरुः षcणा�ंमाऽणूाम ्�अप�म ् «मैतरुः «योः�माऽोः�अप�म ् प�गवधनः प��गावः�धन�ंयt�सः प�खðी�/ �प�खðम ् प�ाना�ं � खðाना�ं समाहारः�
(आकारा��खðा�)
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Between every word, be sure to add the च� . A compound of two words will be dual
and a compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to be noted is that
words beginning with a vowel and words ending in��अकारा�� should come first.
समः_दम ् िवमहः
हिरहरौ हिर{� � हर{� (� इकारा�� words before
अकारा��) ईशकृ�ौ ईश{�कृ�{
अ�रथ�ेाः� /इ�ा�रथाः अ�{�रथ{�इ�{
िशवकेशवौ िशव{�केशव{
मीZवस�ौ मीZ{���वस�{
हमे�िशिशरवस�ाः हमे�{���िशिशर{�वस�{� मातािपतरौ माता�च�िपता�च
पािणपादम ् पािण�च�पादौ��च�एतषेा�ंसमाहारः रिथका�ारोहम ् रिथका{�अ�ारोहा{�एतषेा�ंसमाहारः
काकोकम ् काक{��उक{�अनयोः�समाहारः पऽुपौऽम ् पऽु{�पौऽ{�अनयोः�समाहारः दासीदासम ् दासी�च�दास{�अनयोः�समाहारः
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एकाशषेः��a part of the «Ôसमासः
When similar things are put together and the entire compound is described by just
one of the words, either in the dual or plural,एकाशषेः� is seen.
सम�पदम ् िवमहः
व&ृौ व&ृ{��व&ृ{
िपतरौ माता�च�िपता�च
ॅातरौ ॅाता�च�,सा�च
पऽुौ पऽु{�िहता�च
हंसौ हंस{��हंसी�च
तौ सः�च�राम{
यौ सः�च�य{
भव�ः भव�{��भव�{
वयम ् ययू�ं�च�वय�ंच
रामौ राम{�राम{
6.बpोीिहः
Read our simple explanation again of this particular समासः� (given at the beginning
of the lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words of theिवमहः�in the
same �िवभिÆः� or they may be in different िवभकितः�s.
Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe the
compound by adding a य�ं�सः�, यने��सः�, यtाः��सा� and the like.
In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination of �सहwith the ततृीया�िवभकितः��|
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Note:
The word��बpोीिहः� itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In other words, a
wealthy man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in marriage to Mr. �बpोीिहः� who would have the capacity to look after their child well. It won't be
difficult now to connect this word to what the �समासः� implies.
सम�पदम ् िवमहः same िवभिÆ
ूÓोदकः ूाÓम ्��उदकं�य�ंसः�|
हतशऽःु� (राजा�) हता�शऽवः�यने�सः�|
कृतभोजनः कृत�ंभोजन�ंयने�सः�|
अधीतकाKा अधीत�ंकाK�ंयया�सा�|
धतृपóुा धतृािन��पóुािण�यया�सा�|
द�भोजनम ्� (�
िभ&कुः�)
द`�ंभोजन�ंय��ैसः�|
उ~तौदना��(Yाली�) उ~तः�ओदनः�यtाः�सा��|
पिततपण �ः�(व&ृः�) पिततािन�पणा �िन�य�ात ्��सः�|
गिलतपóुा�(लता) गिलतािन�पóुािण�यtाः�सा��|
oपवôाय � �पवती�भाया ��यt�सः�|
गØाभाय �ः गØा�भाया ��यt�सः
ढाभिÆः ढा�भिÆःयt�सः�|
similarly :
पीत^रः� ,दशाननः� ,
चतरुानन�,चतमु ु�खः,
पëयोिनः
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वीरपoुषः (मामः�) वीरः�पoुषाः�यि�न ्�सः��|
DifferentिवभिÆःs.
गदापािणः गदा�पाणौ�यt�सः��|�
गडुकcठः गडुः�कcठे�यt�सः�|
भालच�ः भाले�च�ः�यt�सः�|
च�मौिलः च�ः�मौलौ�यt�सः�|
िवषकcठः िवष�ंकcठे�यt�सः�|
कcठेकालः कcठेकालः�यt�सः�|
With�सह सपऽुः�/सहपऽुः पऽुणे�सह�वत �त�ेइित
(पऽुणे��सिहतः� )
सकुटु^ः/सहकुटु^ः कुटु^ने�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|
सकम�कः कम�णा�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|
सलोमकः लोõा�सह�वत �त�ेइित��|
महायशsः�
/महायशाः
महत ्� यशः� यt� सः(कप ् is
added because no other
rule is applied to � यश ्� when forming the
compound)
उदा`मनsः उदा`�ं मनः� यt� सः� (कप ्� is
added because no other
rule is applied to � मनस ्� when forming the
compound)
कप ्� is also added
when the last
ई�रकत ु�कः ई�रः�कता �� यt�सः� (�ऋकारा��
प�ू.)
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word is a
ऋकारा�� in any
gender, or is an
ईकारा�� or
उकारा�� éीिलØ� word
सशुीलमाऽकुः सशुीला� माता� यt� सः�
(ऋकारा�éी�.)
अÅधातकृः अÅ�ंधात�ृयt�सः�
(�ऋकारा�नप�ु.)
स�ुरवधकः स�ुरी� वध�ू यt� सः� (ऊकारा���
éी�.)
oपवöीकः �पवती� éी� यt� सः� (ईकारा��
éी�.)
7. अक�्�समासः��|
In cases where the िवभिÆः� remains in theसम�पदाम ्�अक�्�समासः�� is seen. It can be
any of the ones that we have studied in detail.
समः_दम ् िवमहः
यिुधिjरः यिुध�िYरः सÓमीत_oुषः
रादागतः रात ्�आगतः प�मीत_oुषः
दासीपऽुः दाtा�पऽुः षjीत_oुषः
गहेशेरूः गहेशेरूः सÓमीत_oुषः�
पर�पैदम ् पर��ैपदम ् चतथुMत_oुषः
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आÉनपेदम ् आÉन�ेपदम ् चतथुMत_oुषः
कcठेकालः कcठे�कालः Kािधकरणबpोीिह
वनचेरः वन�ेचरः उपपदसमासः
8. नÛसमासः
Add an अ� if it is followed by a KLनम ्� and an अन� if followed by a ,रः�|
समः_दम ् िवमहः अथ �
अस�हेः न�स�हेः
अिवÜः न�िवÜः
अन�ः न��अ�ः
अनागमनम ् न�आगमनम ्
अिववादः न�िववादः
अपटुः न�पटुः
अनपुलिzः न�उपलिzः
अपvाः�/अपvम ् न�पvाः
अपऽुः अिवwमानः�पऽुः�यt�सः
अनप�ः अिवwमानः� अप��ं यt�
सः
अपऽुीकः अिवwमानःपऽुी�यt�सः
अूजाः अिवwमानःूजा�यt�सः
अमधेाः अिवwमानःमधेा��यt�सः
असहायः न�िवwत�ेसहायः�यt�सः
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अनप�ा न� िवwत�े अप��ं यtाः�
सा
अनणृः न�अि��ऋण�ंयt�सः
9. उपपदसमासः
This is a _समासः�with �उपपदs. Here the word उपपद�stands for any noun.
सम�पदम ् िवमहः अथ �
कुåकारः कुå�ंकरोित�इित
िनशाकरः िनशा�ंकरोित�इित
त�ुपिरमजृः त�ु�ंपिरमाrm�इित
उ�भोजी उ��ंभ�ु÷े�इित
सोमयाजी सोमने�इmवान ्�इित
शाéकृत ्�/शाéकारः शाé�ंकरोित�इित
भा©कारः�/भा©कृत ् भा©�ंकरोित�इित
िूयवंदः िूय�ंवदित�इित
भय�रः भय�ंकरोित�इित
वशंवदः वशं�ंवदित�इित
अभय अभय�ंकरोित�इित
धनदः धन�ंददाित�इित
समागः साम�गायित��इित
पिcडतमaः� /�
पिcडतमानी
पिcडतम ्� (आÉान�ं
)मaत�ेइित
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Worksheets.
Just try and understand this:
समास�भगवÕीता�«ादशो!ायः
एव�ं�सततयÆुा��य�े�भÆाÑा�ं�पय ु�पासत�े�|
य�ेचा &रमKÆं�तषेा�ंके�योगिव`माः��||१||
१�)न��&रम ्���-��अ&रम ्��|�(�नञ ्��त_oुष��) २�)न�KÆम ्���-�अKÆम ्��|�(�नञ ्��त_oुष��) ३�) योग�े�िव`माः���-�योगिव`माः����|(�सÓमी�त_oुष�)
सिÅय§िे�यमाम�ं�सव �ऽ�समब~ुयः��|
त�ेूाøवुि��मामवे�सव�भतूिहत�ेरताः���||�४�||
१�) समा�बिु~ः�यषेा�ंत�े���-�समब~ुयः���|
२)��सव�|�िहतम ्��-��सव �िहतम ्�,��ति�न ्���-�सव �भतूिहत�े�(चतथुM��त_oुष�)
अथतैद शÆोऽिस��कत ु���मwोगमािौतः��|
सव�कम �फल�ाग�ं�ततः��कुo��यताÉवान_्�||�११�||
१�)�मम�योगम ्���-��मwोगम ्���|�(षjी�त_oुष�) मwोगम ्��आिौतः�–�मwोगमािौतः�|�(ि«तीया�त_oुष�) २�)�सवा �िण�कमा �िण�-सव�कमा �िण��|��(कम �धारय�) सव�कमा �णा�ंफलािन��-�सव �कम �फलािन���(षjी�त_oुष�) सव�कम �फलाना�ं��ागः��-��सव �कम �फल�ागः��,�तम ्�–�सव�कम �फल�ागम ्����(�षjी�त_oुष�)
अ«mेा�सव �भतूाना�ंमऽैः�कoण�एव�च��|
Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Level 1, Month 17, Lesson 62-64
www.chitrapurmath.net © Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e | 434
िनम �मो�िनरह�ारः�समःखसखुः�&मी��||१३�||
१)�सव��भतूाः��-�सव �भतूाः��,�तषेाम ्��-�सव �भतूानाम ्��|�(कम �धारय�) २) िनग �त�ं�ममx�ं�य�ात ्��सः��-��िनम �मः��|�(ूािद�बpोीिह�) ३�) िनग �त�ंअह�ारः�य�ात ्�सः��-�िनरह�ारः��|��(ूािद�बpोीिह�)
४�) ःखम ्�च�सखु�ंच��-����ःखसखु�े��|���(«Ôः�) समः�ःखसखुयोः��यः�सः��-��समःखसखुः���|��बpोीिह
स�mुः�सतत�ंयोगी�यताÉा�ढिन{यः���|
मúrपतमनोबिु~यÂ��मôÆः�स�म�ेिूयः���||�१४��||
१) ढः�िन{यः���-�ढिन{यः��|��(कम �धारय�) ढिन{यः��यt�सः���-���ढिन{यः��(�बpोीिह�) २)�मनः�च�बिु~ः��-�मनोबिु~��|��(«Ô�) अrपत�ंमनोबिु~�यने�सः�–�अrपतमनोबिु~ः��|��(बpोीिह�)
य�ाÅोि«जत�े�लोको�लोकाÅोि«जत�े�च��यः��|
हषा �मष �भयो«गेमै ु�Æो��यः�स��च��म�े�िूयः��||१५��||
१) हष �ः�च�अमष �ः�च�भय�ंच�उ«गेः�च����-��हषा �मष �भयो«गेाः��|�(«Ô)
अनप&ेः�शिुचद�&��उदासीनो��गतKथः����|
सवा �रåपिर�ागी��यो��मôÆः�स�म�ेिूयः��||�१६��||
१) न�िवwत�ेअप&ेा�यि�न ्�सः�-��अनप&ेः���|��(बpोीिह�) २)गता�Kथा�य�ात ्�सः���-��गतKथः��|���(बpोीिह�)
यो�न�ü©ित�न��«िेm��न�शोचित��न�काýित��|
Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme – Level 1, Month 17, Lesson 62-64
www.chitrapurmath.net © Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2017 P a g e | 435
शभुाशभुपिर�ागी�भिÆमाaः�स�म�ेिूयः���||�१७�||
१) शभु�ंच�अशभु�ंच���-��शभुाशभु�े��|��(«Ô�) शभुाशभुयोः��पिर�ागी��यः�सः��-��शभुाशभुपिर�ागी���|��(बpोीिह�)
समः�शऽौ�च�िमऽ�ेच�तथा�मानापमानयोः����|
शीतो�सखुःखषे�ु�समः�सØिववrजतः�����||�१८�||:
1) मानः�अपमानः�च���-�मानापमानौ��,��तयोः��-�मानापमानयोः��|��(«Ô��) २�) शीत�ंच�उ��ंच�सखु�ंच�ःख�ंच���-��शीतो�सखुःखषे�ु�|��(«Ô�) ३�)सØ�िववrजत�ंयने�सः��-��सØिववrजतः�|(बpोीिह�)
त}ुिन�ा�िुतमþनी�सतंmुो�यने�केनिचत ्��|
अिनकेतः�िYरमितभ �िÆमा��े�िूयो�नरः��||१९�||
1)�िYरा��मितः�यt�सः��-�िYरमितः�����| (�बpोीिह�)
***
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