Lesson 3 Sentence Expansion
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Transcript of Lesson 3 Sentence Expansion
Lesson ThreeSentence Expansion
Neijiang Normal University - Week Three - Brent A. Simoneaux
Dimensions of Language
Cultural
Dimension
Syntagmatic Dimension
Paradigmatic Dimension
1. Formal \ Informal2. Standard \ Nonstandard3. General \ Specific4. In Group \ Out Group
Word Categories
The Writing AssignmentWrite one or two paragraphs in which you describe and/or explain to one of your classmates your like
or dislike for writing in English.Length: 100 - 200 words
Due at the beginning of next week’s class.
Writing AdviceWhen asked wether I like writing in English or not, I
will probably say: "That depends". And for most of the time, the answer is "no".
whether
Page 9 ,
But
No
When asked whether I like writing in English or not, I will probably say, "That depends". But most of the time, the answer is “No".
Writing Advice Many foreign teachers may feel surprised for the first
time they teach in China. And I also heard some of them complaining. They want us to write whatever we can think of, anything, any style. And that is what most of us want. because they -- Page 12
usas well.
have
Many foreign teachers feel surprised the first time they teach in China. I have also heard some of them complaining because they want us to write whatever we can think of--anything, any style. And that is what most of us want as well.
Writing AdviceBut just have a look at what we are doing here. The
compositions we write are always consist of three paragraphs, the beginning, the body and the end. For the body, we begins like this: firstly... secondly... thirdly... last but not least... as a whole...
Page 9 :
But just have a look at what we are doing here. The compositions we write always consist of three paragraphs: the beginning, the body and the end. For the body, we begin like this: firstly... secondly... thirdly... last but not least... as a whole...
Sentence Expansion
A sentence base is the minimum required for a sentence. The most basic sentence contains a
noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP).
Sentence Bases
Brent moved.NP + VP
Sentence Base
Sentence Base
We can also add the following optional third elements to the clause:
an object (O)
a complement (C) and/or an adverbial (AV).
We add these elements to the clause to make a more informative sentence
Sentence Base
ObjectBrent met Olivia.
Sentence Base
ComplementOlivia was a year older.
Sentence Base
AdverbialBrent fell in love the first time he saw her.
Sentence Expansion
1. Coordination 2. Subordination
Sentence Expansion
Coordination means “being of equal structural rank.”
Coordination occurs when we use a coordinator (or, and, but, nor, yet, so) to connect parts of a
sentence together.
Sentence Expansion
We can use coordination to connect words or phrases:
1. Brent was happy but nervous.2. He was happy with having met a beautiful girl but nervous because of his personality.
Sentence Expansion
We can use coordinated elements in the subject or the predicate.
Her beauty and popularity was too much to resist.
The opportunity was new and exciting.
Sentence Expansion
Subordination means ‘being of lower structural rank.’
Words that are added to the bare sentence base are said to be subordinate because they are
grammatically secondary to the main elements.
Sentence Expansion
Subordinating elements modify the meaning of the sentence base.
We call theses subordinating elements modifiers. Modifiers are absolutely essential to writing
effectively because they provide vital, substantial, and specific information.
Sentence Expansion
Subordination 1. Relative Clauses
2. Appositive Phrases 3. Adverbial Clauses 4. Participial Phrases 5. Absolute Phrases
Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses
Relative clauses enable the writer to embed a complete subject/predicate into a noun phrase.
Relative = relationship
Relative Clauses are introduced by either a relative pronoun (that, who, or which) or a
relative adverb (where, when, why)
Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses
Example:1. Brent cautiously took Olivia out on a date.2. The date consisted of dinner and a movie.
What is the relationship between these two sentences? How can we make the
relationship more clear?
Sentence Expansion 1. Relative Clauses
Combining the sentences requires the use of a relative clause:
Brent cautiously took Olivia out on a date which consisted of dinner and a movie.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
An appositive phrase is a reduced sentence headed by a noun, functioning, just like a relative clause, to define or restrict the noun by adding definition-like
details to it.
Appositive phrases rename nouns or noun phrases.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
Example:
1. Brent cautiously took Olivia on a date which consisted of dinner and a movie.
2. Brent was an extremely nervous boy when around girls.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
‘Appositive’ simply means being ‘positioned’ next to something, generally a noun. Therefore, the
most common and expected sentence position for the appositive phrase is immediately after the noun
it expands.
Brent, an extremely nervous boy when around girls, took Olivia on a date which consisted of
dinner and a movie.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
However, we can also place them at the beginning or the end of a sentence.
These are fairly unusual sentence patterns (especially the latter) and are considered fairly
dramatic, so they will usually come as a surprise to the reader and will send the message that the writer
has taken pains in crafting the sentence.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
An extremely nervous boy when around girls, Brent cautiously took Olivia on a date which
consisted of dinner and a movie.
At the beginning of the sentence the appositive phrase will tend to put more stress on the subject.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
Brent cautiously took Olivia on a date which consisted of dinner and a movie, an extremely
nervous boy when around girls.
At the end of the sentence the appositive phrase will be the focus of the sentence.
Sentence Expansion 2. Appositive Phrases
Introductory Appositive Series Upset stomach, sweaty palms, dizziness—all these
symptoms caused Brent to act very strangely.
The subject of the sentence is all these symptoms; the list of appositives names the symptoms.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses (subordinating) are clauses that modify verbs using a subordinator.
Examples of subordinating words:
if, since, while, although, even though, after, before as if, as long as, as soon as
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
Example:When Olivia allowed me to, I wanted to kiss
her.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
Two frequent problems with adverbial clauses:
1. The wrong idea gets subordinated2. The meaning of the subordinator is imprecise
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
1. The wrong idea gets subordinated
Example:1. When Olivia allowed me to, I wanted to kiss her.
2. Olivia allowed me to when I wanted to kiss her.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
2. The meaning of the subordinator is imprecise
Example:1. When Olivia allowed me to, I wanted to kiss
her.
2. If Olivia allowed me to, I wanted to kiss her.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
Adverbial clauses can be placed in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
At the beginning of a sentence, adverbial clauses can function as a cohesive link
between known and unknown information.
When Olivia allowed me to, I wanted to kiss her.
I wanted to kiss Olivia when she allowed me to.
Notice the change in focus when we change the position.
Sentence Expansion 3. Adverbial Clauses
Placing an adverbial clause in the middle of a sentence will interrupt the flow of the sentence and slow the reader down.
They add stress and length to the words they modify and changes the rhythm.
I wanted, when Olivia allowed me, to kiss her.
Next Week:Sentence Expansion & Sentence Combining
The Reading AssignmentPreview Chapter 3, pgs 57-74 for next week’s class
The Writing AssignmentWhat is your opinion of the new McDonald’s that recently opened in our city? What negative effects
will this have? What positive effects will this have? Write two paragraphs in which you state and support your opinion. I am your audience.
You must use all of the sentence patterns that we learned today at least one time each.
Please underline and label all sentence patterns.
Length: 200 – 300 words
Office HoursEvery Tuesday 1:00 – 3:00 pm
Building 5, Second Floor
Websitehttp://njtcwriting.wordpress.com
Radio showEvery Thursday 12:30 – 1:30 pm
Turn in your writing notebook.
Class 1
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Class 2
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Class 3
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Class 4
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Class 5
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Class 6
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