INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Lesson 2: COMPUTER TECHNOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERSLesson 2. Computer TechnologyFrom Analog to Digital AgeOur ancestors did not have any computing device. They simply used their fingers and toes, stones, pebbles, bones to perform simple addition and subtraction. They used different objects to represent the numbers or quantities. Lesson 2. Computer Technology1200 AD ABACUSIt is the first computing device developed by the Chinese. The Abacus is made up of beads or pebbles arranged in rows that represent values to facilitate calculation. Up tot the present some Chinese merchants still use the abacus.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1614 NAPIERS Bone Invented by John Napier, it can perform multiplication and division. It contains set of 11 sticks, which were bones, and used by placing them side by side.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1632 OUGTHREDS SLIDE RULEDeveloped by William Ougthred, it consists of 2 movable rulers placed side by side. Sliding the rulers can do multiplication and division.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1642 PASCALINE MACHINE Blaise Pascal, a French Mathematician, invented this machine. He used the principle of abacus, but instead of moving the beads manually, it worked mechanically and can add and subtract by means of rotating ten-toothed wheels and cogs.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1694- FIRST CALCULATORGottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz improved the work of Pascal. He made a machine that can perform the 4 fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and even extract square root.

Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyAnother Frenchman invented the first automatic weaving loom that introduced the use of punched cards. He prepared a stiff card in which the pattern of weave was encoded using punched holes that indicated where the thread was to pass or skip in the weave.1780 JACQUARD LOOM

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1833 BABBAGES DIFFERENCE ENGINECharles Babbage invented the first automatic calculator. He developed an idea of creating machine that can store numbers and perform arithmetic computations and logical operations.

9Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyMID 1800 BOOLEAN ALGEBRAContributed much in the design of switching circuits for ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) of computes. 1876 WILLIAM THOMPSONHe introduced the concept of automatic analog computer which was designed to solve complex differential equations.Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyHe invented the first electro-mechanical system; machine helped in the completion of 1890 census. He adapted Jacquards punched card device but his version involved the use of stiff paper punched with holes. Electricity was use for the first time in data processing.1887 HERMAN HOLLERITH

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1930 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYZERIt has the first reliable analog computer and was developed by Vannevar Bush.

Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyThe first electro-mechanical digital computing machine called MARK I was developed by Howard Aiken. He revised the idea of Babbage, he thought that the analytical engine could be built using electromechanical power. He proposed his work to IBM, which led to birth of MARK I.1944 MARK I

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1945 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)It was the first general-purpose and programmble electronic computer. Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert introduced it. ENIAC was a very powerful machine with the ability to perform a single arithmetic operation in less than a second. It utilized 18,000 vacuum tubes that worked simultaneously. The size of the machine required a huge room. However, the performance cannot program simultaneously. The storage capacity is quite small and could only process one program at a time.

14Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyIt was the first stored-program digital computer. The machine was more powerful than ENIAC. This was capable of storing programs inside the computer itself. It can immediately read the next program from the computer storage; therefore was able to perform more than one operation at a time. 1949 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1951 UNIVAC IRemington Rand manufactured the UNIVAC. It was the first computer specially built for data processing application. This marked the development of most advanced electronic digital computer. This computer correctly predicted the election of Eisenhower as US President. Lesson 2. Computer Technology UNIVAC I

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1963 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed at Dartmouth. 1964 IBM SYSTEM/360 was introduced.1967 The first handled calculator was produced. 1969 ARPANET was established that led to the development of internet. Lesson 2. Computer Technology1970 Microprocessor chips came into use; floppy disk was introduced for storing data.1975 First pocket calculator was introduced. 1977 First microcomputer (MITs ALTAIR 8800) was developed. Lesson 2. Computer Technology1977 1978 APPLE II was unveiled.The first personal, in assembled form computer was sold.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1978 The 5 floppy disk and Atari Home videogame were developed.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1981 IBM (International Business Machine) introduced personal computers.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1984 Apple Macintosh, first personal laser printer, desktop publishing were introduced.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1993 Multimedia desktop computer; personal digital assistants (PDA) proliferated.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1994 - APPLE and IBM introduced PCs with built in full-motion video, wireless data transmission for small portable computers; Web browser Mosaic was invented.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1997 Computer Network was introduced.

Lesson 2. Computer Technology1998 2000 - Home video computers are used. Teleconferencing replaces a good portion of business travel. 2001 Present Better, faster PCs are made more affordable. Technological convergence has greatly changed lifestyles. Communications technology dominates development at almost quantum leap speeds with introduction of text messaging, internet surfing, video streaming, on-line gaming interactive televiewing, and more about cellphones. Lesson 2. Computer Technology

Lesson 2. Computer TechnologyEnd of Lesson 2