Lesson 04 - Sonicor Incsonicorinc.com/images/Web_Lesson_04_2014.pdf · Lesson 04: Resolution and...
Transcript of Lesson 04 - Sonicor Incsonicorinc.com/images/Web_Lesson_04_2014.pdf · Lesson 04: Resolution and...
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Accompanying text for
the slides in this lesson
can be found on pages 15
through 21 in the
textbook:
Lesson 04:
Resolution and Attenuation
This lesson contains 16 slides
plus 18 multiple-choice
questions.
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Resolution and
Attenuation
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GOOD
GOOD POOR
Interfaces not closely spaced
Closely spaced
RESOLUTION
Closely spaced
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AXIAL RESOLUTION
SCANNED STRUCTURE DISPLAYED IMAGE
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AXIAL RESOLUTION
SPATIAL PULSE LENGTH AXIAL RESOLUTION
4 mm 2 mm
3 mm 1.5 mm
2 mm 1 mm
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LATERAL RESOLUTION
SCANNED STRUCTURE DISPLAYED IMAGE
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LATERAL RESOLUTION
BEAM-WIDTH
BEAM-WIDTH LATERAL RESOLUTION
4 mm 4 mm
3 mm 3 mm
2 mm 2 mm
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LATERAL RESOLUTION
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LATERAL RESOLUTION
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HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS
BETTER RESOLUTION
GREATER ATTENUATION
POORER PENETRATION
LOW-FREQUENCY TRANSDUCERS
POORER RESOLUTION
LESS ATTENUATION
BETTER PENETRATION
RESOLUTION vs. PENETRATION
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(in tissue)
a = - 0.5 dB per cm per MHz
ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT
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HALF INTENSITY DEPTH
(in tissue)
H.I.D. = 6 divided by frequency
TRANSDUCER FREQUENCY ATTENUATION PENETRATION HALF INTENSITY DEPTH
Increase Increase Decrease Decrease
Decrease Decrease Increase Increase
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ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS IN TISSUE (based on - 0.5 dB per cm per MHz)
Frequency -dB per cm Half-Intensity-Depth
2 MHz 1 3 cm
2.25 MHz 1.125 2.67 cm
2.5 MHz 1.25 2.4 cm
3 MHz 1.5 2 cm
3.5 MHz 1.75 1.71 cm
4 MHz 2 1.5 cm
5 MHz 2.5 1.2 cm
7 MHz 3.5 0.86 cm
7.5 MHz 3.75 0.8 cm
10 MHz 5 0.6 cm
15 MHz 7.5 0.4 cm
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2 MHz 2.25 MHz 2.5 MHz
TRANSDUCER FREQUENCIES
5 MHz 7 MHz 7.5 MHz
10 MHz 12 MHz 15 MHz
3 MHz 3.5 MHz 4 MHz
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ADULT LIVER
2.5 MHz 4 MHz
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3.5 MHz 5 MHz
ADULT LIVER AND RIGHT KIDNEY
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7.5 MHz
THYROID BREAST VASCULAR OPHTHALMIC
7 MHz 12 MHz 10 MHz
SMALL PARTS
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Answers to the following
EIGHTEEN practice
questions were derived
from material in the
textbook:
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What is the minimum reflector separation required to
produce separate echoes?
the spatial resolution of the ultrasound system
the dynamic range
the attenuation coefficient
the reflection coefficient
Question 1
Page 15
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Question 1
What is the minimum reflector separation required to
produce separate echoes?
the spatial resolution of the ultrasound system
the dynamic range
the attenuation coefficient
the reflection coefficient
Page 15
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What affects lateral resolution?
damping
spatial pulse length
intensity
focusing
Question 2
Page 16
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What affects lateral resolution?
damping
spatial pulse length
intensity
focusing
Question 2
Page 16
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Question 3
Pages 17 and 18
What can be done to reduce the far field beam
diameter on a single-element transducer?
use adjustable focusing
use a transducer with a smaller aperture
select a higher frequency transducer
select a lower frequency transducer
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Question 3
What can be done to reduce the far field beam
diameter on a single-element transducer?
use adjustable focusing
use a transducer with a smaller aperture
select a higher frequency transducer
select a lower frequency transducer
Pages 17 and 18
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What is the area between the face of an unfocused
single-element transducer and the point where the beam
starts to diverge?
fraunhofer zone
focal plane
far zone
near field
Question 4
Page 17
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Question 4
What is the area between the face of an unfocused
single-element transducer and the point where the beam
starts to diverge?
fraunhofer zone
focal plane
far zone
near field
Page 17
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Question 5
Page 18
Assuming a fixed frequency, what occurs when the
diameter of an unfocused transducer is increased?
far field divergence increases
penetration decreases
length of the near field increases
length of the near field decreases
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Question 5
Assuming a fixed frequency, what occurs when the
diameter of an unfocused transducer is increased?
far field divergence increases
penetration decreases
length of the near field increases
length of the near field decreases
Page 18
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What is the fresnel zone?
the focal zone of a focused transducer
the far field of a transducer
the distance from the face of a non-focused
transducer to the beginning of the far field
the fraunhofer zone
Question 6
Page 17
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Question 6
What is the fresnel zone?
the focal zone of a focused transducer
the far field of a transducer
the distance from the face of a non-focused
transducer to the beginning of the far field
the fraunhofer zone
Page 17
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Question 7
Assuming no losses due to attenuation, which reflector
provides the strongest echo?
A
B
C
D
E
Page 18
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Question 7
Assuming no losses due to attenuation, which reflector
provides the strongest echo?
A
B
C
D
E
Page 18
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What is a characteristic of a focused, curved, single
piezoelectric element?
it can be used for CW Doppler
it can be dynamically focused
it produces a beam pattern that is determined during
manufacturing
it can be electronically focused
Question 8
Page 18
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Question 8
What is a characteristic of a focused, curved, single
piezoelectric element?
it can be used for CW Doppler
it can be dynamically focused
it produces a beam pattern that is determined during
manufacturing
it can be electronically focused
Page 18
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What affects axial resolution?
focusing
beam width
element diameter
spatial pulse length
Question 9
Pages 16 and 17
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Question 9
What affects axial resolution?
focusing
beam width
element diameter
spatial pulse length
Pages 16 and 17
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What is produced with higher frequency transducers?
improved lateral resolution
improved axial resolution and reduced attenuation
increased penetration
poor axial resolution
Question 10
Pages 15 and 19
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Question 10
What is produced with higher frequency transducers?
improved lateral resolution
improved axial resolution and reduced attenuation
increased penetration
poor axial resolution
Pages 15 and 19
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Which of the following does not contribute to attenuation?
beam divergence
scattering
absorption
constructive interference
Question 11
Pages 4 and 19
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Question 11
Which of the following does not contribute to attenuation?
beam divergence
scattering
absorption
constructive interference
Pages 4 and 19
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What occurs as the frequency of sound increases?
the amount of scatter decreases
attenuation decreases
penetration increases
the number of specular reflectors increases
Question 12
Page 19
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Question 12
What occurs as the frequency of sound increases?
the amount of scatter decreases
attenuation decreases
penetration increases
the number of specular reflectors increases
Page 19
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Question 13
Pages 19 and 20
Which of the following transducers provides the maximum
penetration?
10.0 MHz
7.5 MHz
2.25 MHz
3.5 MHz
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Question 13
Which of the following transducers provides the maximum
penetration?
10.0 MHz
7.5 MHz
2.25 MHz
3.5 MHz
Pages 19 and 20
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Which transducer would likely be used to image superficial
structures?
2 MHz
2.5 MHz
3 MHz
10 MHz
Question 14
Page 21
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Question 14
Which transducer would likely be used to image superficial
structures?
2 MHz
2.5 MHz
3 MHz
10 MHz
Page 21
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What is the average attenuation of ultrasound energy in the
patient?
10.0 dB per cm per MHz
20.0 dB per cm per MHz
5.0 dB per cm per MHz
0.5 dB per cm per MHz
Question 15
Page 19
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Question 15
What is the average attenuation of ultrasound energy in the
patient?
10.0 dB per cm per MHz
20.0 dB per cm per MHz
5.0 dB per cm per MHz
0.5 dB per cm per MHz
Page 19
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What is the amount of attenuation of sound from a 5 MHz
transducer after traveling through 1 cm of tissue?
1 dB
2 dB
2.5 dB
3 dB
Question 16
Page 19
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Question 16
What is the amount of attenuation of sound from a 5 MHz
transducer after traveling through 1 cm of tissue?
1 dB
2 dB
2.5 dB
3 dB
Page 19
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What is the half-intensity-depth?
the depth where the intensity is 50% of the originally
transmitted intensity
the depth where the frequency is 50% of the originally
transmitted frequency
the thickness of the matching layer in an array
the range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound
pulse
Question 17
Page 19
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Question 17
What is the half-intensity-depth?
the depth where the intensity is 50% of the originally
transmitted intensity
the depth where the frequency is 50% of the originally
transmitted frequency
the thickness of the matching layer in an array
the range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound
pulse
Page 19
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What mainly determines lateral resolution?
beam diameter
pulse duration
bandwidth
spatial pulse length
Question 18
Page 17
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Question 18
What mainly determines lateral resolution?
beam diameter
pulse duration
bandwidth
spatial pulse length
Page 17
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END OF LESSON 04
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