LEGAL FRAMEWORK BRIEFING ON CONTAMINATED · PDF filemanagement in malaysia & leaking...
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Manggala Resort & Spa, Kuantan, Pahang27 September 2016
LEGAL FRAMEWORK BRIEFING
ON CONTAMINATED LAND
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
&
LEAKING UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANK GUIDELINES
Hazardous Waste DivisionDepartment of Environment Putrajaya
Hosted by the Department of Environment State of Pahang 1
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• Introduction 1
• Legislation2
• Contaminated Land Management Framework
3
• Guidelines for Contaminated Land Management and Control in Malaysia
4
• Guidelines for Leaking Underground Storage Tank
5
• Conclusion6
OUTLINEOUTLINE
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VISSION
Environmental Conservation for the Well-being of the People
MISSION
To ensure sustainable development in the process of nation building
FUNCTION
To administer and enforce the Environmental Quality Act 1974, and Section IV of the Economic Exclusive
Zone Act 1984
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT MALAYSIA
1975-1986,MUI Plaza, KL
1986-2001,Wisma Sime Darby, KL
2001-2006,Presint 1, Putrajaya2010-current, Presint 4, Putrajaya
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“Quite simply, Love Canal is one of the most appalling
environmental tragedies in American history. But that's not the
most disturbing fact. What is worse is that it cannot be
regarded as an isolated event. It could happen again -
anywhere in this country - unless we move expeditiously to
prevent it” Eckardt C. Beck, 1979.
Historical Cases of Land Contamination – Love Canal
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Overview of the Canal area, 1927. The canal is again marked by the arrow. The northern branch of the Niagara River and GrandIsland, New York, are visible at the bottom of the photo. North is at top.(Source: http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/lovecanal/aerial_photos/aerial_1927.html)
LOVE CANAL
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First developed by William T. Love, meant to be a dream community,
in 1892;
Love‟s idea was to tap into hydroelectric power by digging a short
canal between the upper and lower Niagara Rivers;
1910 - Love‟s project was abandoned;
1930 - 1950‟s Hooker Chemical (Occidental) used ditch to dump
chemical wastes in barrels (over 80 different chemicals, 20,000 tons);
1953 Land sold to city for $ 1;
In the late 50‟s, about 100 homes and a school were built at the site;
Aug 1, 1978, New York Times front page said the Hooker Chemical
Company using the Love Canal as an industrial dumpsite;
End of August 1978, all the residents in the Love Canals were
evacuated
LOVE CANAL – THE DREAM CITY
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Chemicals Present at Love Canal
More than 80 compounds
Including, e.g., benzene, chlorobenzenes, thionyl
chloride and trichlorophenol (TCP)
Also present: dioxin – by product of TCP manufacture
Consequences: birth defects, miscarriage, high white-
blood-cell counts (pre-cursor of leukemia)
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BACK HOME IN MALAYSIA
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Mamut Copper Mine, Sabah
Illegal Dumping, Kelana Jaya
Scheduled Waste Drums, Tronoh Perak Oil Terminal, Pasir Gudang, Johor
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INTRODUCTION
• Malaysia has not inherited such a frighteninglegacy of contaminated land as in otherdeveloped countries.
• Many sites such as motor workshops, petrolstations, fuel depots, railway yards, landfills,industrial sites and ex-mining land can bepotential contaminated sites.
• Little work carried out in identifyingcontaminated sites.
• A study on ‘Criteria and Standard for Managingand Restoring Contaminated Land in Malaysia’was commissioned under Night Malaysia Plan.
• Contaminated land is slowly gainingimportance in Malaysia.
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WHY LAND CONTAMINATION IS A CONCERN?
– Groundwater is a precious natural resource.
• Used to be: groundwater = drinking water
• Now, groundwater drinking water
– Where have all the wastes gone?
• Kualiti Alam started its operations in 1996.
– Land is considered one of the limited resources – contaminated land depletes our land resources for other usages
– Land contamination normally goes unnoticed.
– Severe land contamination will have significant impacts on human health and the environment
– Significant liability issues associated with land contamination – unlike wastewater discharge or air emission, land contamination stays long after chemicals releases.
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WHAT IS CONTAMINATED LAND?
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ContaminatedContaminated LandLand means a site at which a substances occur atconcentration:
Above the concentration at which the substance is normallypresent in or on the land in the same locality and pose orare likely to pose an immediate or long term hazard tohuman health or the environment; or
Exceed concentration specified in the Site Screening Levels(SSLs).
Industrial Area
Toxic & Hazardous Waste Storage
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o Environmental Quality Act (EQA) being gazettein 14 March 1974 & came into force on 15 April1975.
o Objective - To prevent, abate, control pollutionand to enhance the quality of the environment,and for purpose connected therewith.
o Rationale - To address possible impact onhuman health as a result of increasingindustrialisation process in the early seventies& To establish a comprehensive legalframework to deal with environmentalproblems.
o Application - EQA is applicable to the whole ofMalaysia
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ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (ACT 127)
LEGISLATION
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o Approach
• Remedial through Enforcement of EQA.
• Preventive such as:-
▫ land use planning;
▫ Environmental input to resource ®ional planning; and
▫ Environmental Impact Assessment.
o Control Pollution through:-
• Standards
• Written permission
• Licensing
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (ACT 127)
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IS SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL BY EQA , 1974 ?
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(2) Not withstanding the generality of subsection (1), a person shall be deemed to pollute any soil or surface of any land if –
(1) No person shall, unless licensed, pollute or cause or permit to be polluted any soil or surface of any land in contravention of the acceptable conditions specified under section 21.
Section 24 of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 states that;
(a) he places in or on any soil or in any place where it may gain access to any soil any matter whether liquid, solid, or gaseous; or
(b) he establishes on any land a refuse dump, garbage pit, soil androck disposal site, sludge deposit site, waste injection well orotherwise used land for the disposal of or a repository for solid orliquid wastes so as to be obnoxious or offensive to human beingsor interfere with underground water or detrimental to anybeneficial use of the soil or the surface of the land.
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Compounding of offence shall not exceed RM 2,000
Any person who contravenes this section shall be
guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not
exceeding one hundred thousand ringgit or to
imprisonment for a period of not exceeding
PENALTY
EQA, 1974 – Section 24
five years or both and to a further fine not
exceeding one thousand ringgit a day for
every day that is continued after a notice
by the Director General to cease the act
specified therein has been served
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Section 31 – require of a premises to install pollutioncontrol equipment, conduct a study on environmental risk,and maintain a monitoring program;
Section 33A - request for an environmental audit forpremises perceived to be polluting;
Section 34B - No person may deposit or dispose ofscheduled wastes except at prescribed premises;
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations2005;
Scheduled Wastes code SW408 – Contaminated soil,debris or matter resulting from cleaning-up of a spillof chemical, mineral oil or scheduled wastes.
Require specific way to adequate treat and disposeof the waste.
EQA, 1974 - RELEVANT SECTIONS
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SCOPE OF APPLICATION
Framework applies to:-
1. Any land that are currently being used or werepreviously used, to perform potential polluting activities
Polluting activities define as any activities involvingmanufacture, store, use, handle and dispose ofchemicals and hazardous waste.
Activities with the potential to cause soil andgroundwater contamination.
2. Any land that will involve in a change of land use frompolluting activities to non polluting activities
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LAND CATEGORIES
1.1. LandLand withwith identifiedidentified responsibleresponsible partyparty
Contaminated land will require site assessment andremediation in accordance with the three guidelinesproposed by Department of Environment (DOE).
2.2. LandLand withwith nono identifiedidentified responsibleresponsible party/party/ExludedExluded LandLand
Contamination that is not possible for clean up under thecurrent conditions due to technology and resourceavailability is economically not feasible to be assessedand remediated under the contaminated landmanagement (CLM) framework due to the scale ofeconomic impact on the country;
Applies for only agricultural land, municipal domesticwaste landfill, former mining land and orphan land; and
Requires a proposed risk management plan.
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GENERAL GUIDING PRINCIPLES
1.1. PolluterPolluter PayPay PrinciplePrinciple
Define the responsibility for performing a siteassessment and remediation.
Polluter can be the land owner or land occupier or anypolluter of any land.
2.2. RiskRisk--BasedBased ApproachApproach
Highlights potential current and future risk associatedwith the presence of contaminants in the soil andgroundwater matrix.
recommended corrective actions to mitigate or controlincremental risk to the level acceptable from the humanhealth and ecological perspectives.
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POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE
The regulations to be promulgated will be retrospectively applied,
eg: identified responsible parties will responsible for clean-up despitethe regulations only comes into effect at a later date
Possible Scenario Responsibility
1. Land owner is the polluter Land owner.
2. Occupier is the polluter Land owner to relinquish, occupier to report &
clean up.
3. Previous occupier is the polluter and
still exist
Land owner to relinquish, previous occupier to
report and clean up.
4. Previous occupier is the polluter and do
not exist anymore
Land owner to resume all responsibilities under
CLMCG.
5. Multiple previous and current occupiers
including land owners are the joint
polluter
Land owner should take the lead in reporting and
carrying out the clean-up on behalf of all other
stakeholders.
6. Contamination by 3rd party (off-site
activities) and 3rd party is still in
operation
Land owner to relinquish and 3rd party to resume
all clean up responsibilities
7. Contamination by 3rd party (off-site
activities) that is no longer in existence
The respective land owner(s) are to be
responsible.20
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GUIDELINES FOR CONTAMINATED LAND
MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL IN MALAYSIA
Three (3) series of guidelines were developed and published underthe Ninth Malaysia Plan (2006-2010) a study on the ‘Criteria andStandards for Managing and Restoring Contaminated Land inMalaysia’.
Download from DOE website ‘http://www.doe.gov.my/webportal/en/info-untuk-industri/contaminated-land-management-and-control-guidelines/
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CONTAMINATED LAND
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Exceeding SSLs indicates potential subsurface contamination
Be noted that SSLs are not the national cleanup standards, it
is use in the process of identifying and defining areas,
contaminants, and conditions at a particular site.
Responsible parties need to justify clean up target levels
known as Site Specific Target Levels (SSTLs) that are
protective of human health and ecological well being.
Prescribed in the „Contaminated Land
Management and Control Guidelines No. 1:
Malaysian Recommended Site Screening
Levels for Contaminated Land‟
US EPA Regional Screening Levels has been
referred to as Site Screening Levels (SSLs)
SSTLs can be derived through scientifically
defensible risk assessment approach. 22
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CONTAMINATED LAND
MANAGEMENT (CLM) FRAMEWORK
No
Contaminated Land
Management and Control
Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian
Recommended Site Screening
Levels for Contaminated Land
Contaminated Land
Management and Control
Guidelines No. 2:
Assessing and Reporting
Contaminated Sites
Contaminated Land
Management and Control
Guidelines No. 3:
Remediation of
Contaminated Sites
YesExceed
SSLs?
Project Closure
No
YesNo
Implement or
incorporate risk
control measures
Assessment and
reporting
contaminated land
Qualitative Risk
Assessment
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Is it an excluded land?
Yes
Yes Ready for
typical CLM
cycle?
No
No
Yes
Yes
Implement risk control
measures
Yes
No
Continue with risk
control measures
Remediation & reporting
of contaminated sites
Need further
assessment?
Meet clean up goals
SSTLs?
Further remediation?
Risk control
measures needed?
Ready for proper
closure?
Ready for Closure?
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SITE SCREENING LEVELS (SSLs)
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SITE INVESTIGATION & ASSESSMENT
Prescribed in the „Contaminated Land
Management and Control Guidelines No. 2:
Assessing and Reporting Contaminated Sites‟
Site assessment activities, i.e.:-
Initial Assessment (or Phase I ESA)
Detailed Assessment (or Phase II ESA)
Risk Assessment
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Proceed to remediation
(Refer to Contaminated Land Management
and Control Guidelines No. 3: Remediation
of Contaminated Sites
SITE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
PROCESS
No Further Action
Initial Assessment
[Phase I ESA]
Desktop Study
Site Reconnaissance
Develop Conceptual Site
Model (CSM), if applicable
Design Site Investigation
Program, if applicable
Reporting
Yes
No
Potential
contamination
identified?
Conduct a Baseline
Environmental Site
Assessment (BESA)
Data Quality Objectives
Safety and Health Concerns
Site Investigation Program
Field Measurement and
Laboratory Analysis
Data Interpretation
Revise CSM and Reporting
Note:
The detailed assessment can
be done as a one time exercise
or may be done in stages in
order to delineate the extent of
the contamination.
Exceed SSLs?
Yes
Need risk
assessment?
Tier 2 or Tier 3 Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification
Toxicity Assessment
Exposure Assessment
Risk Characterization
Objective: Determine if risk is
exceeded and establish site specific
clean up target level if there are
unacceptable risk encountered.
Exceed risk level?
Yes
No
Yes
No
Detailed Assessment
[Phase II ESA]Risk Assessment
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SITE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
Initial Assessment (Phase I ESA)
Historical Site Survey/desk top study
„Walkover‟ Assessment (site visits) to identify hazards, receptors etc
Formulation of initial Conceptual Site Model (CSM) (preferably diagrammatic for clarity)
Detailed Assessment (Phase II ESA)
Carried out after Phase 1 ESA when findings has shown that land is potentially impacted by onsite or offsite activities
Intrusive sampling (boreholes, trenches, sampling)
Chemical analysis of contaminants
Further refinement of CSM
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Unsat. Soil
Zone
Affected Soil Capillary Retention /
Sorption / Biodegradation /
Volatilization
Surface Runoff
STUFF1 Spill partitions to air, water, soil.
Saturated Soil
Zone
Affected Groundwater
3 Spill can reach groundwater if sufficient fluidinfiltration.
2 Spill mass retained in soil.
Contaminant migration in the subsurface
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CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL (CSM)
Example:
1. UST leakage
2. Tanker
accident
3. Container
spillage
Example:
1. Leaching to soil
& groundwater
2. Dispersed by
wind
3. Flow into
surface water
Example:
1. Human
2. Ecology
3. Flora &
fauna
Source
Transport
Receptor
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CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL (CSM)
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Risk Assessment
Land properties which are detected with subsurfacecontamination at concentrations higher than the SiteScreening Levels (SSL)
Process of estimating potential impact of contaminant onecosystem or human population under a specific set ofconditions
Allows most significant risks to be identified andaddressed and the more significant pathways to beidentified, facilitating effective targeting of risk mitigationstrategies
SITE ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
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BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SITE
ASSESSMENT (BESA)
For land properties which are not identified with any
potential subsurface contamination during the initial
assessment, it is recommended to conduct minimum
baseline environmental site assessment to establish the
background level of subsurface soil and groundwater
quality for future reference, this is especially applicable for
land properties that will be used for activities of polluting
industries.
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REMEDIATION
Remediation processes would apply for the
following scenarios:-
Site(s) with soil and groundwater
concentration detected above the SSLs
Site(s) that are concluded to pose unacceptable risk to
human health based on the findings of human health risk
assessment performed in accordance with the
„Contaminated Land Management and Control
Guidelines No. 2: Assessing and Reporting
Contaminated Sites‟
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REMEDIATION PROCESS
Project Closure
Remediation Action
Plan
Review site information Establish clean
up targets and objectives Determine
remediation strategy Remediation
technology evaluation Reporting
Determine scope for RI/FS
Conduct RI/FS
Remedial Design
Pre-remediation
preparation
Remediation
Implementation
Determine post
remediation
program
Meet SSTL/
remedial
goal?
Yes
No
Remedial Investigation/
Feasibility Study/ Remedial
Design
Remediation
Implementation
Post Remediation
Evaluation
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CONTAMINATED LAND CLOSURE
Submit the Closure Report to DOE, consists of:-
Objective - to summarize project information into a
single, succinct, summary report
Documents what was planned, what was actually
completed and what remains outstanding
Identifies any post-remediation requirements for the site:
o Long-term monitoring
o Risk management features
o Permanent site features that need to be protected and
maintained
Restrictions to site use
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LAND TRANSACTIONS
It is the duty of the seller or owner of a land property to
disclose all soil and groundwater information related to
the subject land.
It is the responsibility of the buyer of a land property to
perform soil and groundwater assessment as part of the
due diligence process prior to the transaction.
Agricultural Land Oil Tank
underground storage tank
Illegal Dumping of Scheduled Waste
Oil Terminal
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QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS
All consultants or individual involved in the assessment and
remediation of the contaminated land management shall
fulfill the qualification requirements and registered with the
DOE.
All consulting firms performing any activities under the
contaminated land management framework shall be
registered with the DOE.
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LEAKING UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
GUIDELINES
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SCOPE OF APPLICATION & DEFINITION
Only limited to Underground Storage System installed at
retail service station for petroleum hydrocarbon;
Tank owner/occupier‟s responsibility to ensure UST Systems
are in good condition;
„Underground Storage Tank‟ - as tank and any underground
piping connected to the tank;
„Underground Storage System‟ - all underground storage
facilities that comprises of tank and the associated piping
and fixture which are completely or partially buried in the
ground, and contain or intended to contain hazardous
chemical or petroleum hydrocarbon.
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OHT 40
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OHT 41
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OHT 42
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Bahagian Bahan Berbahaya OHT 43
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Bahagian Bahan Berbahaya OHT 44
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Bahagian Bahan Berbahaya OHT 45
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DEFINITION
USTs are susceptible to corrosion and may often lead to soil
and groundwater contamination when it leaks
Undetected accidental leaks may pose a significant risk to
surrounding water, groundwater resources and human
receptors living in close proximity to the UST
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APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONS/CODE OF PRACTICES
Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984
Environmental Quality Act 1974
[Section 24: Pollution of soil is prohibited (which can be applied in the case of
a leaking UST) and a fine not exceeding RM 100,000 or imprisonment not
exceeding 5 years can be imposed to the offender]
Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005
[Regulations 14: Addresses spill or accidental discharge during the transport
of scheduled waste. The waste contractor has the responsibilities to contain,
clean up, recover and conduct further studies to determine impact of spillage
or accidental discharge. Contaminated soil is classified as Scheduled Wastes
code SW408]
Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines 2009
[Guidelines No. 1, Section 2.3: It specifies that it is the responsibility of the
land owner(s) to notify DOE on any subsurface contamination (Leaking UST)
related to its land property]
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APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONS/CODE OF PRACTICES
MS 761:1982 - Code of Practice for the Storage and Handling
of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
[Covers all petroleum storage and handling facilities, ie. containers & portable
tank storage, industrial plants, bulk plants, service stations, processing plants,
refineries: chemical plants & distilleries, storage on farms & isolated
construction projects]
MS 761:1982 - Tanks and piping technical specifications
(generally reference to international tank specifications)
Tank features for pollution prevention:-
• Corrosion prevention
• Overfill protection
• Limited details on leak detection – manual gauging
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LUST MANAGEMENT FLOWCHART
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Leak Detection
NotificationSite
InvestigationCorrective
ActionClosure
Leak Detected
Rapid
Assessment
Notify DOE
Immediate
action?
Stop & contain
releases
Emergency
Response
Notify BOMBA &
DOSH
Determine impact to soil
and groundwater
Need for
Corrective Action?
LUST
Deregistration
LUST
Registration
Implement Corrective
Actions
Meet SSTL?
Prepare Closure Report
Approved?
DOE
Within CLMCG framework
Alternative step
Yes
No
Yes
No
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Publish three (3) series of ‘Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines’
- Reviewing the three (3) series of ‘Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines’;
- Strengthening the Draft Regulation of contaminated land
- The Gazzetement of Environmental Quality (Contaminated Land) Regulations 201X
DECISION- Advocacy- Enforcement
2018
2015
2017
2010
Introduction /
Implementation
Evaluation
& RIA
Authorization
ROAD MAP - IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL
FRAMEWORK ON CONTAMINATED LAND
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
2016
Reviewing
Guidelines
& Draft
Regulation
- Adoption of the three (3) series of ‘Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines’
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CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES UTILISED BY OTHER AGENCIES
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Published by Federal Department of Town
and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia,
Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and
Local Government;
Approved by the Cabinet on October 7, 2011
and the 65th Council Meeting for Local
Government on March 21, 2012;
GP023 – Garispanduan Perancangan
Pengenalpastian Bagi Pembangunan Semula
Kawasan Brownfield
Legally binding with the Town and Country Planning Act
1976 (Act 172);
Used in Planning Development / Local Physical Plan;
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GP023 – Garispanduan Perancangan
Pengenalpastian Bagi Pembangunan
Semula Kawasan Brownfield
52
Definition of brownfield area - an
abandoned developed area or an
area that have abandoned structure
or partially developed abandoned
area. This land area may or may not
be contaminated.
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GP023 – Garispanduan PerancanganPengenalpastian Bagi Pembangunan Semula Kawasan Brownfield
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Categories of Brownfield Areas:-
Category Types of Brownfield
A Former mining / quarrying land
BFormer landfill site that is already full / no longer
used on a permanent basis
CIndustries / business / housing / institutions area
that have been left for more than 10 years
D
Abandoned development projects that are not
completed within the period of implementation
for more than 10 years
ERow / lots of buildings that been completed but
abandoned for more than 10 years
FFormer depot / transport station, infrastructure and
utilities
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CONTAMINATED LAND MANAGEMENT
GUIDELINES UTILISED BY OTHER AGENCIES
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Published by Department of Standards Malaysia
MS 2547:2014 – Malaysian Standard„Landfill Safe Closure – Requirements‟
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The environmental implication of contaminated land isa potential problem and DOE is now taking initiative todeal with it.
There is a need for Malaysia to develop its own criteriaand standards as a means for the protection andenhancement of contaminated land as well asdeveloping technologies to meet local needs.
There is a need to raise general awareness amongstthe public and overall capacity amongst professionals.
DOE looks forward to playing an important role, inpartnerships with others, in supporting, encouragingand promoting the importance of identifyingcontaminated land, managing and bringing back thesesites into beneficial uses that would eventuallycontribute to the overall betterment of ourenvironment.
CONCLUSION
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Level 1 - 4, Podium 2 & 3,
Wisma Sumber Asli,
No 25, Persiaran Perdana, Precint 4,
Federal Government Administrative Centre
62574 Putrajaya, MALAYSIA
www.doe.gov.my
THANK YOU / TERIMA KASIHIjan Khushaida Binti Mohd Jan
e-mail: [email protected]
Tel: 03-8871 2137