Lectutre on Environment-f082

7/28/2019 Lectutre on Environment-f082

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CE107:IntroductiontoCiviland

EnvironmentalEngineering

CourseTeacher

Dr.M.

R.

Kabir

Spring2009

Classstartedon19.04.2009

January 12, 2010


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LecturePlan

Lecture12

Introduction,ImportanceofCiviland

EnvironmentalEngineering,Branchesofcivil

EngineeringLecture 3 WaterandEnvironment,ManandEnvironment

Lecture 45 Basicpopulationdynamics

ClassTest 1

Lecture

67

Water

Resources,

River

system

in

Bangladesh

Lecture89

WaterPollution

Lecture10

ComponentsofEnvironment,Ecosystem

Lecture1112

Flowofmatter&energythroughanecosystem

Lecture

13

Biodiversity

ClassTest

2

Lecture1415

Urbanairpollution

Lecture1617

Acidrain,Globalwarming,renewableand

nonrenewable

energy

January 12, 2010


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3

ReferenceBooks

IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineering

andScience

GilbertMMasters EnvironmentalScience:EarthasalivingPlanet

(Third

Edition)

Botkin Keller Environmental Science(FifthEdition) WilliamP.CunninghamandBarbaraWoodworthSaigo

January 12, 2010


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Assessment

Credithours:2.0

Classassessment 30%(attendance:10,Min.3Classtest,Homework:20)

MidTerm

Examination 20% FinalExamination 50%

January 12, 2010


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5

DefinitionofEnvironment

Definedasthatwholeouterphysicalandbiologicalsysteminwhichmanandotherorganismlive isawhole, albeit a complicated one with manyinteractingcomponents.

The

wise

management

of

that

environment

depends

upon an understanding of those components: of itsrock, minerals and waters, of its present andpotential vegetation, of its animal life and potentialfor

livestock

husbandry

and

of

its

climate.


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Introduction

Civil Engineering is aprofessional engineering

discipline

that

deals

withthe design, construction

and maintenance of thephysical and natural built

environment,

including

works such as bridges,roads, canals, dams, and

buildings.

It

is

the

oldest

engineeringdiscipline

after

militaryengineering.

Petronas

Twin

Towers

were

the

world's

tallestbuildingfrom1998to2004.January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers


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BranchesofCivilEngineering

StructuralEngineering Windengineering

GIS

MaterialsEngg.

CoastalEngg

Surveying

ConstructionEngg.

TransportationEngineering

GeotechnicalEngineering

WaterResources

Engineering


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Civil

Engineering

EducationCivilengineerstypicallypossessanacademicdegreewithamajorincivilengineering.Thelengthofstudyfor

such

adegree

is

usually

four

years

and

the

completeddegreeisusuallydesignatedasaBachelorofEngineering,thoughsomeuniversities

designatethe

degree

as

aBachelor

of

Science.

The

degreegenerallyincludesunitscoveringPhysics,Mathematics,Projectmanagement,Designandspecifictopicsincivilengineering.Initiallysuchtopics

cover

most,

if

not

all,

of

the

sub

disciplines

of

civilengineering.Studentsthenchoosetospecializeinoneormoresubdisciplinestowardstheendof

thedegree.

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Careers

Thereisnoonetypicalcareerpathforcivilengineers.Mostengineering

graduates

start

with

jobs

of

low

responsibility,andastheyprovetheircompetence,theyaregivenmoreandmoreresponsibletasks,thedetailsofacareerpathcanvary.Moresenior

engineerscan

move

into

doing

more

complexanalysisordesignwork,ormanagementofmorecomplexdesignprojects,ormanagementofother

engineers,

or

into

specialized

consulting.

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Environmentalengineeringdealswiththetreatmentofchemical,biological,and/or

thermal

waste,

the

purification

of

water

and

air,andtheremediationofcontaminatedsites,duetopriorwastedisposaloraccidentalcontamination.Environmentalengineerscanbeinvolvedwithpollutionreductionand

greenengineering.

Environmentalengineeringalsodealswiththegatheringofinformationontheenvironmentalconsequencesofproposed

actionsand

the

assessment

of

effects

of

proposedactionsforthepurposeofassistingsocietyandpolicymakersinthedecisionmakingprocess

Afilterbed,

apartofsewagetreatment

January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment


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11Burj Dubai,theworld'stallestbuilding,

currentlyunderconstructioninDubai

Petronas

Twin

Towers

were

the

world's

tallest

buildingfrom1998to2004.Designedby

ArchitectCesarPelli

January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Pellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_tallest_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai


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Hooverdam CliftonSuspensionBridge,designedbyIsambard

Kingdom

Brunel,inBristol,UK

January 12, 2010
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_damhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_Suspension_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_dam


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BasicEnvironmentalIssues

HumanPopulation:Allenvironmentalproblemsaredueto

increasinghumanpopulation.

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Sustainability:

meansthat

aresourceisusedinsucha

waythatitcontinuestobe

available.

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AGlobalPerspective:Humanactivitycausesglobal

environmentalchange.

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TheUrbanWorld:Qualityofurban

environmenthassufferedduetoevergrowing

numberof

people

are

living

in

urban

areas.

Values,KnowledgeandSocialJustice:Solutionstoenvironmentalproblemsinvolvesmorethansimplygatheringfactsandunderstandingthescientificissuesofa

particularproblem.

It

also

has

much

to

do

with

oursystemsofvaluesandissuesofsocialjustice

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DifferentSocieties

Hunterandgatherersocieties

Agriculturalsocieties

Importantimpactsduefoodsurplusduringagricultural

societiesare

Withoutthe

threat

of

starvation

population

began

to

increase

Peopleclearedmoreandmorelandandbegantoshapethesurfaceoftheearth

Urbanizationbegan

Industrialsocieties


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MathematicsofGrowth

ExponentialGrowth:N0=

initial

amount

Nt

=amountaftertyears

r

=

growth

rate

(fraction

per

year)ThenNt+1

=Nt

+rNt

=Nt

(1+r)

Forexample,N1

=N0

(1+r);N2

=N1

(1+r)=N0

(1+r)2;

andingeneral,Nt

=N0

(1+

r)t

January 12, 2010


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ContinuousCompounding

RateofchangeofquantityNisproportionaltoN

dN/dt=rNN=N0ert

DoublingTime

Thedoublingtime(Td

)ofaquantitythatgrowsata

fixedexponentialrateriseasilyderivedfrom

N=N0ertJanuary 12, 2010


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DoublingTime

DoublingtimecanbefoundbysettingN=2N0 att=Td2N0 =

N0e

rt

N0 appearsonbothsidesoftheequationandcanbecanceledoutandtakingthenaturallogofbothsidesgives ln 2=rTdTd=ln2/r=0.693/rIfthegrowthrisexpressedasapercentageinsteadofasafraction,wegetthefollowingimportantresult

Td=69.3/r(%)=70/r(%)January 12, 2010


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Problem

Ittooktheworldabout 300yearstoincreasein

population

from

0.5

billion

to

4.0

billion.

If

we

assumeexponentialgrowthataconstantrateover

theperiodoftime,whatwouldthatgrowthratebe?

Doit

using

both

approach.

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MaximumSustainable

Yield

AgeStructure

January 12, 2010


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WaterResourcesinBangladesh

WaterBudget:1000to5000mmofrain.Over200

large

and

small

rivers,

discharge

about

175

billion

cubicmeterofwaterand2.4billiontonsof

sedimenttotheBayofBengal.

Totalcatchment

=1.7

million

sq.

km,

8%

in

Bangladesh

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Crossboundaryinflow(81%)

Precipitation(18.92%)

TotalInflow(100%)

Streamflowtothesea(88.82%)

ET/deeppercolation(11.18%)

Schematic water balance for average year

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WaterUsage

Watersupply

Agriculturaluse

Fisheries

Navigation

Hydropower

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WaterIssues

Flood

Drought Bankerosion

Waterlogging

Wetlandconversion

Waterquality

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WaterPollution

Pollution:Degradationofwaterquality,howfaritdepartsfromthenorm(standard),itseffectsonpublichealthorits

ecologicalimpacts.

Pollutant:Biological,physicalorchemicalsubstancethatinidentifiableexcessisknowntobeharmful.Exp.:Excessive

amountsof

heavy

metals,

certain

radioactive

isotopes,

fecal

coliform

bacteria,phosphorous,nitrogen,sodium,certain

pathogenicbacteriaandviruses.

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SourcesofWaterPollution

SurfaceWater:

Urbanrunoff,Agriculturalrunoff,Accidental

spillsofchemicalsincludingoil,Radioactivematerials,Runoff

fromindustrial

sites,

Leaks

from

surface

storage

tanks,

Sedimentfromvarioussource,Airfalloutintorivers,lakesetc.

Groundwater:

Leaksfromwastedisposalsites,buriedtanks

andpipes,

Seepage

from

agricultural

activities,

acid

rich

water

frommines,septicsystems,pesticides,herbicidenutrients,accidentalspillsand Saltwaterintrusion

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CategoriesofWaterPollutants

Deadorganicmatter

Pathogens

Organicchemicals

Nutrients

Heavymetals

Acids

Sediments

Heat Radioactivity

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Ecosystem

Biotarefertoalllivingthings(animalsandplantsincludingmicroorganisms)withina

givenarea.

Forlifetopersisttheremustbeseveralspecieswithinanenvironment thatincludesfluidmedia airandwater totransportmaterialsandenergy.

Lifeon

earth

is

sustained

by

ecosystems

that

allowtothemtosustainlife.

Sustaininglifeonearthrequiresmorethanindividualsorspecies.Theflowofenergyandcyclingofchemicalelements.

Componentsof

ecosystem:

Producer Consumer Decomposer Energyandchemicalelements

January 12, 2010
http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/duckslake.jpg','Ducks%20on%20a%20lake')


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Ecosystemisanopensysteminregardtoenergyandaclosedsysteminregardtomaterial.

Biodiversityinvolvesthreedifferentconcepts:geneticdiversity(thetotalnumberofgeneticcharacteristics),habitat

diversity(thediversityofhabitatinagivenunitarea),andspecies

diversity.

Species

diversity

involves

three

ideas:

speciesrichness,speciesevennessandspeciesdominance.

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EnvironmentalissuesinBangladesh

Population:40%peoplelivingbelowpovertyline. 140millionwillbecome200millionsoon.Forthelast

15years

we

had

less

attention

on

population

growth.

Consequentlypressurewillbuiltonournatural

resources wet

land

and

forest.

Tomeetthebasicneed food,clothing,shelter,healthcareetc.populationwillbeabigchallenge.

Villagersdue

to

lack

of

job

specially

in

agricultural

sectormovingtowardsurbanarea.Somearesellingtheirlastpropertytogetbetterjobinthemiddle eastorelsewhere.

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Urban

AirPollution

NoisePollution

Solidwaste

Hospitalwaste

WaterPollution

Encroachmentofopenspace

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Rural

Arsenic Agriculturaloutput

Industrialoutput

Indoor(Kitchen)

air

pollution

Lackofsanitation

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NaturalHabitat

Existing 5-7% forestcoverage whereas 20-25% recommendedAffect in Bio-diversity:

450 species wereavailable now which willbe reduced to 250.

January 12, 2010
http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/frog1.jpg','Frog')http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/deer.jpg','Deer')http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/sunflower.jpg','flowers')


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GlobalWarming

Increaseintemperature

Extremeeventslikefloodanddroughtwill

occur

more

frequently

with

high

intensity.By2050about50mpeoplewillbeaffectedduetofloodandabout20mpeoplewillbeaffectedduetodrought.

6%

low

lying

land

will

go

under

water

andabout6millionpeoplewillMigrateandwillcreateenvironmentalrefugee.

Transboundaryissue:75%ofglacierintheHimalayaswillvanishby2030:

Foodsecurity/Navigation/Agriculture

January 12, 2010
http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/sunlight.jpg','sunlight')


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Adaptation

Government,NGO,CivilSocieties,Media

Institutionalweaknessesmustbe

removed,more

resources

must

be

Diverted:DOE,interagencycooperation

mustbeimproved.

Needregionalcooperationlikebuilding

reservoirin

Nepal.

Cropdiversity,FloatingGarden,Changeprofessionetc.

January 12 2010
http://h/javascript:popImage('graphics/water.jpg','water')

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