The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics P. H. MATTHEWS

Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

Book by P. H. Matthews; Oxford University Press, 1997. 410pgs.

lexicography. The writing of dictionaries, for practical use or for any other purpose; distinguishable as such from *lexicology.

lexicology. Branch of linguistics concerned with the semantic structure of the lexicon: hence e.g. with *semantic fields and *sense relations. Treatments are often inspired by practice in *lexicography, which in turn is sometimes presented, especially in continental Europe, as an application of it.

lexicon. That aspect of a language, or of a linguist's account of a language, that is centred on individual words or similar units. Its scope varies enormously from one theory to another: in some a simple subcomponent of a generative grammar; in others the basis, in itself,

-207- for most if not all specific grammatical patterns; in some seen as an unstructured list; in others as an elaborate network of entries related by *lexical rules and by features shared at various levels.

Usually distinguished, as a theoretical concept, from a dictionary, as part of a practical description: hence e.g. a posited *mental lexicon, not 'mental dictionary'. Cf. lexicology vs. lexicography.

lexicostatistics. The statistical study of vocabulary; sometimes applied specifically to *glottochronology.

lexis. 1. Used generally of the vocabulary of a language. 2. Distinguished by Halliday in the early 1960s as an account of *collocations across open classes of words, as opposed to that of closed systems within what was to become *Systemic Grammar.

Wordword. Traditionally the smallest of the units that make up a sentence, and marked as such in writing. In practice, words are established by various criteria. They are generally the smallest units that can form an utterance on their own: in Bloomfield's terminology, they are *minimal free forms. There are often restrictions on their phonetic make-up: e.g. words in English cannot begin with [] (-ng-) or [3]. The position of a stress or other accent is often *fixed (1): i.e. it is determined by the boundaries of words or their syllabic structure. Elements within them show greater *cohesion (2) than larger units: thus *stems and *affixes cannot be separated except by other affixes. Nor does the order of their elements tend to vary. These criteria sometimes conflict, but no other unit shows such near agreement in such different respects.

Distinctions are often drawn: 1. Between a *phonological word or word as seen from the viewpoint of phonology, and a *grammatical

-404- word (2), established by grammatical criteria only; 2. Between *lexemes as words distinguished in the lexicon (e.g. the verb 'to sing') and the individual *word forms that they subsume (past tense sang, present participle singing, etc.).

Word and Paradigm. One of three models of morphology first distinguished by C. F. Hockett in the 1950s. Usually conceived as any account in which the primary focus is on the oppositions between words as wholes within a *paradigm, rather than their internal structure. E.g., in Italian, cantavo 'I was singing' is characterized as a whole by its oppositions, as first person, to the second and third persons cantavi, cantava; as singular, to the plural cantavamo 'we were singing'; as imperfect, to the present canto 'I am singing'; as indicative, to the subjunctive cantassi. Any division of the word into smaller elements (say, cant-a-v-o) is secondary.

Distinguished by Hockett from *Item and Arrangement, *Item and Process.

word class. Any class of word established by similarities in syntax or in grammar generally. Often specifically of *major word classes, such as the *parts of speech.

word form. The form of a specific word, either phonetic or orthographic. Distinguished as such from the word as a lexical unit or *lexeme: e.g. ran or [ran] is one of a set of word forms (run, runs, ran, running) each of which is a 'form of' the lexeme '(to) run'. Also distinguished from a *morphosyntactic word or word as characterized by grammatical categories: e.g. ran or [ran] realizes a unit that is morphosyntactically the past tense of '(to) run'; run or [rn] either one that is morphosyntactically its past participle (in It has run out) or one that is present or infinitive (in They run fast or Make them run).

word-formation. 1. The formation of words in general. 2. Specifically of the formation of words as lexical units, subsuming *compounding and *derivational morphology. 3. = derivational morphology.

Word Grammar. Model of grammar developed in the 1980s by R. A. Hudson. Basically an integrated account of syntax and the lexicon, in which all syntactic relations other than coordination are reduced to ordered *dependencies of one word on another. E.g., in Sensible people ride bicycles, sensible depends on and precedes people, people depends on and precedes ride, bicycles depends on and follows ride. Dependencies are determined by the interaction of the lexical properties of individual words (e.g. rideis a finite or 'tensed' verb, people a plural noun) with general rules that state e.g. that finite verbs take a subject, that a subject precedes and depends on a verb, and so on. Similarly ride, as an individual word, can take an object, which, by a general rule, will depend on and typically follow it.

-405- One of various models whose origins lie in a reaction against *transformational grammars in the late 1970s. With others, such as *Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, it proposes a single level of syntactic structure; but no other treatment has rejected the concept of constituency, or developed those of dependency and of a syntax grounded in the lexicon, with such thoroughness.