Lecture+9+ +Emotion+and+Cognition+2

8/13/2019 Lecture+9+ +Emotion+and+Cognition+2

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REMINDER:

PLEASETURNOFFYOURPHONES


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PSYCHOLOGYOFEMOTION:

EMOTION

AND

COGNITION

2Wesley G. Moons, Ph.D.

University of California, Davis

Department of Psychology


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INFORMATIONPROCESSINGMODELS

! Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM; Petty & Cacioppo)! Continuum of elaboration

! Elaboration = generating thoughts in response to information! Elaborations = the thoughts generated while processing

! Central Route Processing! Careful, deliberate, resource-intensive analysis of info

! Peripheral Route Processing! Quick, cursory, low-resource consideration of info

- - - - - - - - -PeripheralRoute

CentralRoute


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INFORMATIONPROCESSINGMODELS

! Heuristic Systematic Model (HSM; Shelly Chaiken)! Two main modes of processing

! Mixture of two are possible! Systematic processing

! Careful, deliberate, resource-intensive analysis of info! Heuristic processing

! Quick, cursory, low-resource consideration of info! Systematic processing until Sufficiency Threshold

reached

- - - - - - - - -SYSTEMATICPROCESSING

Sufficiency Threshold

HEURISTIC PROCESSING


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DETERMINANTSOFPROCESSING

! Paradigm for identifying analytic processing! Analytic = central route or systematic! Non-analytic = peripheral route or heuristic

! Two main ingredients needed for analytic processing:!

Motivation! Capacity

! Motivation to process! Relevance! Accountability! Need for Cognition (personality variable)

! Capacity to process! Cognitive resources! Distraction! Fatigue


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TESTINGANALYTICPROCESSING

! Examine how different information is processed! From research on persuasion:

! Provide strong and weak persuasive messages! Commonly used Comprehensive Exam messages:

! Weak! A member of the Board of Regents has stated publicly that his brother

had to take a comprehensive exam while in college and now he is the

manager of a large restaurant. He said that he realized the value of theexams since their father was a migrant worker who didn't even finishhigh school.

! Strong! Data from the University of Virginia, where comprehensive exams

were recently instituted, indicate that the average starting salary of

graduates increased over $4000 over the two-year period in which theexams were begun. At comparable universities without comprehensiveexams, salaries increased only $850 over the same period.

! Inferences! Differential agreement indicates analytic processing! Similar agreement indicates non-analytic processing


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HYPOTHETICALRESULTS

0

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1.2

Analytic Processing Non-analytic Processing

AgreementwithMessage

Weak

Strong


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HYPOTHETICALRESULTS

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Weak

Strong


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HYPOTHETICALRESULTS

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Weak

Strong


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MOODEFFECTSONMESSAGEPROCESSING

! Sadness vs. Happiness! Sadness increases analytic processing! Happiness decreases analytic processing

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Sad Neutral Happy

Agreement

withMessage

Weak

Strong


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MOODEFFECTSONANALYTICPROCESSING

! Emotional states can bias processing! Valenced organization of information in memory! Biased retrieval of congruent information

!Affect effect:! Positive mood: Favorable elaborations! Negative mood: Unfavorable elaborations

! Moreanalytic processing doesnt always mean better


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HEURISTICPROCESSING

! Hallmark of peripheral route/heuristicprocessing:

! Influenced by heuristics (aka. peripheral cues)

! Examples of Heuristics! Expertise cues (e.g., Dr.)! Rate of speech! Lab coat! Glasses! Stereotypes! Attractiveness


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EVIDENCEOFHEURISTICSUSE! Source expertise manipulation (Mackie & Worth, 1987)

! Low expertise: Message written by high school students! High expertise: Message written by panel of Princeton

professors

! Results! Neutral participants insensitive to source! Happy participants relied on source heuristic

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Neutral Happy

Agreementw

ithMessage

Non-expertExpert


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SIMULTANEOUSPROCESSING

!Analytic and heuristic processing may co-occur! Analytic processing of information! Consideration of cue as information

! What is beautiful is good heuristic (Lambert et al., 1997)! Induced neutral and sad moods! Participants reviewed applicants for flight attendant job

!Always accompanied with photo of attractive woman

! Two job descriptions! Emphasized problem-solving skills (attractiveness irrelevant)! Emphasized social skills and grace (attractiveness relevant)

! Sad people relied on relevant cue more than neutral people


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LAMBERTETAL. RESULTS

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Neutral Sad

LikelihoodofHi

ring

Emotional State

Irrelevant

Relevant

Relevance ofBeauty for Job


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LAMBERTETAL. RESULTS

6.75

5.835.8

7.73

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Neutral Sad

LikelihoodofHiring

Emotional State

Irrelevant

Relevant

Relevance ofBeauty for Job


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MOODASINFORMATIONMODEL(SCHWARZ& CLORE, 1983)

! Model explains how affect:1. Affect works as informational input2. Affect changes how we process information

1. Mood as input! People reference how they are feeling to judge something

!Affect functioning as direct heuristic input! Misattributing affective experience to thing being judged

! Does weather (i.e., mood) influence life satisfaction reports!Yes: When not salient to person making judgment! How satisfied are you with your life?

! No: When weather made salient to person making judgment! Nice/bad weather your having there. How satisfied are you?

! Salience eliminates ability to misattribute mood to life satisfaction!Affect was already attributed to the weather


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FEELINGASINFORMATIONMODEL(SCHWARZ& CLORE, 1983)

2. Mood influences processing! Negative mood indicates something is wrong

! Better off processing more:! Can better identify problem/threat! Can better resolve problem/threat

! Positive mood indicates safe environment! Less processing can preserve cognitive resources

! Remain cognitive misers

! Less processing can avoid potentially depressing things! Helps maintain positive mood


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POSSIBLEEXCEPTION

! Mood as Information Model! Predicts that all negative affect increases processing

! Intuitively, anger seems like an exception!

Poor decisions! Violent outbursts

! Some evidence consistent with this (Bodenhausen et al., 1994)! Angry people more likely to rely on heuristics

!Expertise cue

! Racial stereotype

! However, reliance on heuristic cue does not precludeanalytic processing


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ANGERANDPROCESSING

! Does anger inhibit analytic processing?! Specific test(Moons & Mackie, 2007)

! Weak/strong message paradigm! Induced anger vs. neutral emotion

! Angry people responded differently to weak/strong! Neutral people responded similarly to weak/strong

!Anger increased analytic processing

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Neutral Angry

Agreem

ent

Weak

Strong


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ANGERANDCUEUSE

! Subsequent study:! Induced anger and neutral emotion again! Provided weak or strong message

! Message about college students financial habits

! Three cue conditions1. No cue2. Relevant expertise cue

! Agency for Financial Responsibility3. Irrelevant expertise cue

! Agency for Medical Responsibility

! Results!

No cue: Anger increased analytic processing! Relevant cue: Cue influenced processing! Irrelevant cue: Angry people ignored cue

! Conclusion! Angry people selectively use cues as information! Inconsistent with anger impeding extensive processing


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THENWHYTHECONSEQUENCESOFANGER

! Other aspect of anger may lead to negative outcomes:

! Cognitive factors! Biasing appraisals

! More perceived control! Less perceived risk

! Behavioral factors! Behavioral/action tendencies

! Motivation to seek punishment/retribution

! Physiological factors! Physiological arousal itself (e.g., running on treadmill):

! Reduces analytic processing of information! Increases reliance on heuristic cues


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THEEND!

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