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Lecture Notes Week 1 Electronic Charting

IHO Sylabus

E5.4 Data presentation

(a) Visualisation and presentation.Explain and perform manual and automatic plotting and contouring of hydrographic data. Describe the use ofVector and raster digitising and plotting systems. Describe the hydrographic applications of 3D modellingand visualisation.Display hydrographic data using 3D modelling and visualization methods. Use vector and raster digitisingand plotting systems.(b) Marine cartography.Describe the chart compilation process and flow line. Describe the characteristics of the GeneralBathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO).

(c) Electronic Chart.Describe Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC), and Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems

(ECDIS) (concepts, components, impact on hydrography).Describe the production process of ENC. Explain ENC distribution and maintenance methods.

E5.4a

E5.4b

E5.4c

am Electronic Charting

International Hydrographic Organisation http://www.ohi.shom.fr/

Historical Development

ENC, ECDIS & UAIS is a completely new approach to marine navigation.

1982 Canada proposed IHO establish a committee to develop an international format for

data storage & to exchange digital data between National Hydrographic Offices

(HOs).

CEDD formed Committee for the Exchange of Digital Data

1992 Adopted IHO DX-90 data structure adopted in S-57 Ver. 1 & 2.

Also required were the standards for the eventual ENC Display & Information System

ECDIS. S-52 published.

S-52 Is the reference document for the International Maritime Organisation IMO. IMO use

the document to formulate the international regulations for the carriage and use of ECDIS by

ships.

A change control procedures working group has been established to co-ordinate the changesproposed to S-57 and S-52.

1993 November, S-57 Edition 2. Released March 1994 and frozen for 2 years

1996 March, S-57 Edition 3. Released October 1996 and frozen for 4 years.

2000 November, S-57 Limited Edition 3.1, frozen until at least 2002.

2003 Limited New Edition 3.2

2009 ECDIS to become mandatory on certain ships

2012 S100

Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC)

IMO Definition: means the database, standardised as to content, structure and format, issued

for use with ECDIS on the authority of government authorised hydrographic offices. The

PLA / UCL MSc in Hydrographic Surveying Page 1
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ENC contains all the chart information necessary for safe navigation and may contain

supplementary information in addition to that contained in the paper chart (e.g. sailing

directions) which may be considered necessary for safe navigation.

Electronic Chart Display & Information System (ECDIS)

IMO Definition: means a navigation information system which with adequate back-up

arrangements can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by RegulationV/20 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, by displaying selected information from a system

electronic chart (SENC) with positional information from navigational sensors to assist the

mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and if required display additional

navigation-related information.

Performance Standards

The ECDIS Performance Standards, developed jointly by the IMO and IHO, were approved

by the IMO in November 1995. The Performance Standard references a number of IHO

standards, in particular S57 edition 3.1 and its associated Product Specification which defines

the content, structure and format of the ENC.

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)

Many ports have a Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) scheme, to improve the safety and

efficiency of traffic management and to protect the environment. Most VTS schemes are

aimed at commercial vessels which must comply with the laid down procedures. Many of the

larger ports will operate a regular VTS Traffic Information broadcast which provide

information about shipping movements, weather, works in progress, tidal information, etc.

The Port of London Authority is no exception to this and has two VTS schemes, which

broadcast information every half hour.

IHO Special Publications

S-44 IHO Standards for Hydrographic Surveys, 4th

Edition, April 1998Specifies the minimum standards for hydrographic surveys and the density of soundings;

accuracy, of horizontal position; accuracy of depth and other various measurements.

Includes classification criteria for deep sea soundings and procedures for eliminating

doubtful data.

S-52 Specifications for Chart Content & Display Aspects of ECDIS, 5th Edition,

December 1996.

Prepared by the IHO Committee on Hydrographic Requirements for Information Systems

(CHRIS), provides specifications and guidance regarding the issuing of Electronic

Navigational Charts (ENC), their display in an Electronic Chart Display and Information

System (ECDIS) and their updating. S-52 was developed in conjunction with the IMOPerformance Standards.

S-57 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data, Edition 3.1,

November 2000

Prepared by the IHO Committee on Hydrographic Requirements for Information Systems

(CHRIS), S-57 describes the standard to be used for the exchange of digital hydrographic

data between national Hydrographic Offices and for distribution to manufacturers,

mariners and other data users.

Part 1 General Introduction

Part 2 Theoretical Data Model description of the theoretical model on which

the Standard is based.Part 3 Data Structure Description of the actual data format to be used.



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Appendix A Object Catalogue Description of the feature coding schema to be

used. HTML Version available at http://www.caris.com/S-57/s57_enc_catalog.html.

Appendix B Product Specification Set of rules to be followed when developing S-

57 products, in particular ENCs.

Maintenance S-57 is maintained by means of a cumulative Maintenance Document

which is promulgated on the IHO web site after every release.

S-57 Ed. 3

Changes from Ver. 2 include

A binary implementation of the format in addition to the existing ASCII format

New cell structure concept

New updating mechanism

Inclusion in the object categories of time-varying objects

Description of 4 levels of topography for vector data

Advantages of ECDIS

Continuous position display

Combined display of both radar and chart information

Information alerts

Hazardous Warnings

Automatic computation of route information

Automatic chart updating

Use as a Marine GIS

Charting to be on a common datum, i.e. GPS must be adjusted to the local chart datum

ECDIS & VTS

Combining the traditional radar display of Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) and the digital chart

display of ECDIS (sometimes referred to as a Silent VTS).

IALA to address standardisation issues.

Ports

Use of ENC & ECDIS in Harbour manouvering & berthing.

Large Super Scale chart information

E.g. Canada ferries, extremely restricted area, difficult to manouvre, weather often severe and

visibility often restricted.

UAIS - Universal Automatic Identification Systems

This transponder technology makes it possible to identify and track ships from other ships and

from shore stations VTS.

At this time it is envisaged that UAIS transponders will be fitted to all vessels of 300GRT and

upwards and there is much work at the IMO to enable this technology to be formally adopted

IMO NAV 43 & NAV 44 Committees.

The demand from politicians and maritime authorities, to have control over movements of

shipping in their territorial waters is growing increasingly stronger. Coastal states are

responsible for traffic separation schemes, routing areas and fishing grounds in their territorial

waters.

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Benefits to Shipping

In congested, busy waterways, e.g. harbours, rivers and archipelagos

The ability tosee around bends in a channel or behind an island

Know thesize & draftof vessels in the vicinity

Detect a change in a ships movements in near-real time

Benefits to VTS

(Transponder information will be displayed as an S-57 style AIS Object)

Cover areas ofpoorradar coverage

Identification of ships

The ability to interrogate ships for additional information

Shore based Pilotage.

S-57 Test Data SetProduced by the UKHO and made available to manufacturers and developers of ENC and

ECDIS products.

ECDIS Data Bases

Commercial companies will develop the hardware systems to display the ENCs

There is no ENC data in a commercial ECS (Electronic Charting System)

IMO have issued a warning on the use of non-equivilent (to the paper charts of the National

HOs) electronic chart databases.

S-57 is a standard for digital data exchange and is not designed as an efficient display format.S-52 is the IHO presentation standard.

RENC

Regional Electronic Chart Centre (RENC), e.g. PRIMAR (Norway)http://www.primar.org/

orICENC (UKHO)

Also IHO Committee on WEND (World Wide Electronic Chart Database).

Other Issues

Systems need to operate on a truly international basis.

Copyright bilateral agreements. Liability

Up to date surveys using modern survey techniques & equipment.

Chart data should be of an accuracy comparable to that of the navigator, i.e. many surveys

were carried out using astronomical fixing. Electronic fixing came in the 1960s.

The Future

An urgent need for an ENC database that is updated by the national HOs.

Safer for all mariners (continually updated charts)

ENC, VTS & UAIS

Marine GIS

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Additional layers of information

Local tide & current info

Port details

Traditional sailing direction information

Nav Aids

Special Areas

i.e. to increase safety & improve our environment

Multibeam Surveys

Airborne laser sounding systems

Data for modelling

Electronic Charting Systems

Due to the lack of official ENC S-57 data these PC based charting systems have become

popular with both the professional mariner and leisure yachtsman. However, given that the

charting data is unofficial such systems cannot replace the official, printed charts.

UKHO have raster ARCS product, to be used asDuel-Fuelsystems with the official S-57vector charts.

Example Euronav, Seapro2000

One of a number of powerful Electronic Charting Systems on the market today which allows

the user to select multiple chart formats to aid real-time navigation and route planning.

Features include datum corrections, chart corrections, chart catalogues, unlimited routes &

waypoints, full track & position logging, graphical display of times & heights of tides and

creation of user overlays.

S-57 Data Production

Many companies now produce software products for the production of S-57 data. E.g. -

Universal SystemsCaris, Object Manager

DKart Inspector

SevenCs ENC Tools - Designer, Inspector, Optimiser, Analyser & See My ENC

SevernCs ENC Tools

1. Introduction to S-57 & S-52

2. S-57 Standard Explanation of the data model, object catalogue

3. S-52 Presentation Library Look-up tables; Display Generator Concept

4. S-57 Appendix B.1, Annex A ENC Product Specification and its use of the object

catalogue

5. ENC Tools Designer, Inspector & Optimiser.



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