Lecture in GenPsych CHAPTER 5 Learning and Memory

8/2/2019 Lecture in GenPsych CHAPTER 5 Learning and Memory

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CHAPTER 5LEARNING AND MEMORY

MS. CELESTE RODERNO-DESINGAO


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What is Learning???

Defined as the relatively permanentchanges in behavior that results from

exposure or practice provided that thebehavioural change is not caused bynative response tendencies, maturatio

or temporary states.


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Theories of Learning

Classical Conditioning(Associative Learning)

Connectionism

(Trial and Error Learning)Operant Conditioning

(Instrumental Conditioning)

Social Learning(Learning by Observation)


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Classical Conditioning

(Ivan Pavlov)

An accidental discovery by Ivan Pavlovsexperiment

Terminology:

1. Neutral stimulus (NS)2. Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

3. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

4. Unconditioned response (UR)5. Conditioned Response (CR)


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(Ivan Pavlov)

Stages of Classical Conditioning1. Before conditioning Stage 1: NS is the Bell ----no response

UCS is Food ----salivation (UCR)

2. During conditioning CS is the Bell ----UCS is food ---salivation (UCR)

3. After conditioning CS is the Bell ------------------------- CR is salivatio


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(Ivan Pavlov)

Phenomena about Classical Conditioning1. Stimulus Generalization occurs when something

similar to conditioned stimulus creates the same respo

2. Stimulus Discrimination occurs when one new

stimulus is too different from our original conditionedstimulus to cause the effect we want.

3. Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus ispresented a number of times without the unconditioned

stimulus.

4. Spontaneous Recovery occurs when there is re-appearance of an extinguished conditioned response aa rest period.


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Connectionism

(Edward Thorndike)

Law of EffectReinforcement/satisfier

Law of ReadinessMotivation, preparation and propermind-set

Law of ExercisePractice makes perfect


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Operant Conditioning

Burrhus F. Skinner

The conceptual framework of B.F. Skinners

theory is largely based on Thorndikes Law o

Effect

Learning happens when organism operateson something or do something to the

environment in order to produce a result


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Burrhus F. Skinner Discriminative Stimulus This stimulus gives the organism the option of whether to respond to

or not.

Response The action

Reinforcement Is that which increases the probability of a response to the same

stimulus.

DiscriminativeStimulus (Hunger)

Response

(LeverPressing)

Reinforcement(Food)


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Burrhus F. Skinner

Types of Reinforcement1. Positive Reinforcement Which when given

increases the probability of a response.

2. Negative Reinforcement which whenremoved increases response probabaility.

Note: Reinforcement is very important in shapbehavior


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Social Learning

Albert Bandura

Derived from B.F. Skinners operant conditionitheory

Theory of observation and imitation.

4 Conditions that should be present for learningoccur

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Motor Reproduction


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Memory

An active system that receives, stores,organizes, alters and recovers information

There are two types of memory: Short termmemory(STM) and Long term memory

IncomingInformation

SensesSelectiveProcess

STMRehears

alLTM


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Short term Memory

George Miller found that short termmemory is limited to only 7-bits ofinformation (2)

STM has seven slots or bins into whichseparate items can be placed.

When all slots are filled, there is noroom for new data.

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Process/technique to increase capacity

recall more information bits

RecodingGrouping of information

Maintenance RehearsalSTM appears to weaken and disappear very

fast (18-30 seconds), but it can be prolongedby silently repeating it until it is needed.

Elaborative Rehearsal

Technique that links new information withinformation already in the LTM to makeinformation more meaningful.


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long term Memory

Information in LTM is relativelypermanent

As new long term memories areformed, older memories are oftenupdated, changed, lost or revised.


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long term Memory

Classification of Long Term Memory1. Skill memory Memory for doing learned tasks Associated with the lower centre of the bra

2. Declarative memory Facts like names, data, address, place,

dates and ideas

Expressed in symbols and words Associated with the higher brain centre


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Division of Declarative Memory

Semantic MemoryMental dictionary of basic knowledge

Episodic MemoryRecord of personal experiences and lievents

Easily forgotten than semantic memory


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forgetting

According to Herman Ebbinghaus, forgettinghappens very rapidly after learning.

Type of memory affect the rate of forgetting

Causes of Forgetting

1. Neural Decay

2. Interference3. Forgetting is cue-dependent


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Mnemonics

Memory aids that help in remembering dataaccurately.

Ways to avoid rote learning or learning by

repetition.

Use mental pictures

Make things meaningful

Make information familiarForm bizarre, unusual or exaggerated mental

.associations

Lecture in GenPsych CHAPTER 5 Learning and Memory

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