Lecture 9 of 47C5 Social Research Process I:
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Transcript of Lecture 9 of 47C5 Social Research Process I:
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Lecture 9 of 47C5 Social Research Process I:
Using Secondary Datasets Paul Lambert, 8.10.03, 9-10am
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47C5: Survey research lectures
Lecture 8: The Survey Method
Intro. to & qualities of survey method
Lecture 9: Using Secondary Datasets
Data access and issues
Lectures 11/12: Sampling
Sample design, data collection / analysis
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Resources for lectures 8,9,11,12
• Lecture slides on WebCT site
• 2 Reading lists: – Initial list in 47C5 unit outlines– Some additions on further list at WebCT site
Also: http://staff.stir.ac.uk/paul.lambert/teaching.htm
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L9: Using Secondary Datasets
1) Introduction and background
2) Accessing secondary datasets
3) Qualities of secondary datasets
4) Data analysis / management issues
5) Key variables in survey research
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1) Introduction and Background
• Vast quantity of surveys conducted
• An efficient step would be to analyse existing data (secondary) rather than personally collect your own (primary)
• Data archives collate survey datasets and supply them for secondary analysis
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Large scale data
Lecture 8: Modern social survey analysis most often either large scale secondary or small scale primary
• Several assets of large scale surveys: – Generalise – Multivariate (more variables and more cases)
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Large surveys’ high expenses:
• Government funds many large surveys
(also EU; LA’s; charities; commercial)
• Often made available freely or at low cost An ideal research tool (see ESRC):
– Quick to access– Methodological rigour– Falsifiable – others can access also
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Secondary analysis of surveys
• Makes particular sense when large scale datasets are desirable
• Also often applies to smaller surveys
• Involves particular issues of data analysis, management and interpretation
• …Is a highly marketable skill!
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2) Accessing Secondary datasets
• Internet and computing developments have revolutionised delivery of data resources
• Three steps to data access:1. Find out survey details / documentation
2. Apply for access from archive or collectors
3. Obtain and analyse the data
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2.1) Finding Details
• The modern way: Internet search, eg UK data archive, UK
Question Bank, many others (reading list)
• The old fashioned way: Look out for research reports using datasets
and contact authors / data collectors directly
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The UK data archive www.data-archive.ac.uk
• ESRC Efforts to encourage usage
• ‘Athens’ authentication
• Survey descriptions and lists of research
• Variable lists
• ‘NESSTAR’ to browse data
• Links to more sources for secondary data
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2.2) Applying for access
• The modern way: Email / webpage forms, agree to conditions
of access (anonymised data to reduce ‘disclosure risk’)
• The old fashioned way: Personal contacts and requests to original
data collectors
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2.3) Obtaining / analysing data
• The modern way: Download data from supplier (usually compressed
and portable format), use with documentation and variable lists in data analysis package (eg SPSS)
• The old fashioned way: A plain text computer file on disk, and copy of
original questionnaire, arrive by post: good luck!
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3) Qualities of Secondary data
• Efficient: cheap & quick to access / analyse
• Scale of data larger than most can afford
• Methodological rigour of major suppliers: – Sampling – Questionnaire and variable design – Trained interviewers and data entry
• Falsifiable nature of analysis
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Some drawbacks
• Distance from data collection – Harder to assess reliability / validity– Many variables already pre-coded – Can’t change / add anything in study
• Time delays in accessing to results
• Data analysis / management complex
• May be bracketed with survey originators
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Analytical possibilities vary by survey data type
One division: Mirco-social v’s Macro-social most social survey analysis uses former
• Macro-social data– Government statistics www.statistics.gov.uk– Cross-national statistics (UN, OECD)– Macro-economic time series (trends / forecasts)– Beware: many critiques of ‘official statistics’
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Types of micro-social data
• Census’s– General overview of whole population– Disclosure risk issues
• Cross-sectional surveys – Most widely used sources– Huge range of topic coverage– May be used to study small / rare populations
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..more types of micro-social data
• Longitudinal datasets– Repeated cross-sections– Panel datasets– Cohort studies – Retrospective studies – Strengths: understand process and causality– Problems: sampling and attrition; complexity
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..more types of micro-social data
• Cross-nationally comparative datasets– Focussed surveys (IPUMS census’s; ISSP;
World Values Survey; European Social Survey)– Longitudinal studies (LIS; ECHP; CHER)– Many analytical attractions, but issues of
comparable analysis are complex
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Some major UK social surveys
• Cross-sectional:
OPCS Census British Crime Survey
Labour Force Survey British Social Attitudes
New Earnings Survey British Election Studies
Family Expenditure S. Policy Studies (Ethnicity)
General Household Survey Social Mobility enquires
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Some major UK social surveys
• Longitudinal:
OPCS Census Longitudinal Study
Labour Force Surveys (repeated X section)
British Household Panel (Scottish, W, NI extensions)
Cohort studies: 1946, 1958, 1970, 2001, YCS
British election panel studies
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4) Data analysis & management
• ..become core skills in using secondary surveys…
• Software packages – SPSS, SAS, STATA, .. – with wide capabilities
• Good and bad practice – should only do sensible things with data… (see 47C6)
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Data Analysis
• Good practice– Reflects properties of variables– Describes output in appropriate context
• Bad practice (..is widespread)– Forcing data into style of analysis – Attributing false properties to data– Over zealous conclusions
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Data AnalysisAssessing appropriateness of data analysis
techniques is inherent to assessing survey research findings (need to learn about
statistics and analysis..)
• Secondary data analysis misuses common – too easy to get data & run (bad) analyses
• Primary theme: must remember social context and theories throughout analysis
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Data management
• Matching data files
• Coding / transforming variables
• Dealing with ‘missing’ data
Secondary dataset management tends to be:
• More complex • More error prone • Subject to external scrutiny
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5) Key variables in social investigations
• Variable operationalisation key to surveys
• Choices: - in initial data collection
- in data recoding / analytic treatment
• In secondary analysis, researcher can only influence latter
• Here: Comment on some widely used variables (cf Burgess 1986, others)
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Age and gender:
• Age– Linear or grouping or quadratic.. - which has
most social significance?– Age / Period / Cohort confusion
• Gender: – Deceptively simple, politically sensitive– Concepts of sexuality; masculinity
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Education and occupation:
• Education– Changing ‘levels’ of education over time– Education as proxy for ability, intelligence?
• Occupation– Contested meanings of labour market status– Occupational indicators of stratification– Occupational gender segregation
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Ethnicity and Health:
• Ethnicity– Existence of groups or racist language?– Identity v’s nationality v’s religion v’s ..
• Health– Subjective nature of self-reports– Changing terminology and social stigmas
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Income and crime
• Income– High non-response and recording errors– Current income general well-being?
• Crime– Most crimes not reported– Categories of crimes arbitrary / debated /
changing
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Key variables: summary
• Methods guidelines on appropriate handling
‘Harmonised concepts and questions’; textbooks; papers / debates specific issues
• Choices / approximations always used
• Research reports and methods appendices must explain and justify position taken
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Summary: Secondary datasets
• Wealthy resource for survey analysis
• Issues and problems in use – but benefits outweigh disadvantages
• To understand, best tactic is to read social science research reports based on relevant secondary datasets