Lecture 4: Monitoring the state of forests and its importance in Europe (and beyond) - Tanja Sanders
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Transcript of Lecture 4: Monitoring the state of forests and its importance in Europe (and beyond) - Tanja Sanders
25/11/2016 Page 0 Tanja Sanders
FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
After the forests the
humans die
25/11/2016 Page 1 Tanja Sanders
FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Monitoring the state of forests and its importance in Europe (and beyond) Tanja Sanders
Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems
25/11/2016
25/11/2016 Page 2 Tanja Sanders
FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Outline
• What is forest monitoring?
• What is ICP Forests?
• Who is working in forest monitoring?
• What do we do?
• Where do we work?
• Why do we do it?
• What do we learn?
Thermo-Hydro-Measurement Unit (Picture: Lehmann)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory) 25/11/2016
Forest inventory vs. monitoring
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Monitoring/ inventories/ growth studies
De Vries, W., et al., 2014: Impacts of acid deposition, ozone exposure and weather conditions on forest ecosystems in Europe: an overview. Plant Soil: 380:1-45
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Inventories in Europe
National Forest Inventory (NFI):
1) Rolling programme (10-15 year intervals) to provide accurate information about tree diameter and species occurrences;
2) Policy relevant information on growing stock used;
3) Sample points are evenly distributed in a systematic grid;
Height measurement at an NFI plot in Germany (TI-WO)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Inventories in Europe
4) Plots and trees are not visibly marked to prevent forest owners changing their management scheme on these plots;
5) Calculation of forest area, tree species diversity, age structure of forests, growing stock, and timber harvesting;
6) integral part of international reports such as the Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The diameter at breast height (dbh) is recorded for all mature trees within a sampling transect as one of the most important parameter (Picture: Waitkus)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Monitoring in Europe
Level I:
1) annual overview on forest condition
2) based on a 16x16 km grid net covering around 6000 plots in Europe;
Crown condition assessments - Defoliation (% of leaf or needle loss) - Discolouration - Damages visible on the trees
Soil condition assessments
Foliar survey
Permanent markers at a Level I plot (Picture: Koltay)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Monitoring in Europe
Soil solution measurements (Picture: Sanders)
Level II: Intensive monitoring is the key for providing insight into causes affecting the condition of forest ecosystems and into effects of different stress factors.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory) 25/11/2016
Organisation and structure
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Political context
EMEP (European Monitoring and
Evaluation Programme)
UNECE CLRTAP
EXECUTIVE BODY (EB)
ICP Forests
ICP Integrated Monitoring
ICP Modelling & Mapping
Task Force on Health
ICP Vegetation
JEG, Joint Experts Group on Dynamic Modelling
ICP Waters
ICP Materials
WGE (Working Group on Effects)
WGSR (Working Group on
Strategies and Review)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
ICP Forests: Structure
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory) 25/11/2016
Surveys
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Surveys
Litter and deposition collectors on a Level II site
Crown condition annually
Foliar chemistry every 2 years (Level II)
Soil and soil chemistry every 10 - 15 years
Tree growth every 5 years
Ground vegetation every 5 - 10 years
Stand structure incl. deadwood test phase ongoing
Epiphytic lichens test phase ongoing
Soil solution chemistry continuously
Atmospheric depostition continuously
Ambient air quality continuously
Meteorology continuously
Phenology several times per year
Litterfall continuously
Remote sensing preferably at installation
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Surveys
http://icp-forests.net/page/icp-forests-manual
The manual documents the harmonized methods for sampling and analysis as adopted by the participating countries of ICP Forests. A general revision of the ICP Forests monitoring manual is currently been carried out. The updated parts of the manual have been or will be adopted by the programme Task Force.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Level I - international
Distribution of broadleaves and conifers Percentage of damages
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Level II - international
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Level I - national
http://www.lasy.gov.pl/informacje/publikacje/informacje-statystyczne-i-raporty/raport-o-stanie-lasow/raport-o-stanie-lasow-w-polsce-2014/view
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Level II - national
Mean NH4-N deposition
Deposition measurement are one of the most important surveys at the Level II sites; they are necessary for the calculation of Critical Loads and are reported at different political levels. Furthermore they are used as calibration values for e.g. EMEP data;
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory) 25/11/2016
Results and applications
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Model calibration
High 2847 eq ha-1 a-1
Low 0
Measured deposition is higher than modelled
Modelled deposition is slightly higher or equal
Modelled deposition is higher than measured
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Model calibration
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Tota
l N [
kg N
/ha*
a]
Year
UBA 299 42 210UBA 204 63 252MAPESIPINETIEMEP (v2013)ICP-Forests Level IILinear (EMEP (v2013))Linear (ICP-Forests Level II)
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Scientic papers
Tipping, E., et al., 2014: Atmospheric deposition of phosphorus to land and freshwater. Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, DOI: 10.1039/c3em00641g.
No generally significant temporal variations in P deposition, over periods of up to 19 years, were evident.
The data revealed no systematic spatial variation in P deposition, except for high rates at 11 sites in an area of Germany, probably due to local agricultural emissions from live-stock farming.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Ground level ozone concentrations and exposures
April-September mean O3 concentrations ranged from 19 to 64 ppb.
The AOT40 threshold of 5 ppm h set to protect forests from adverse O3 effects was exceeded on 75% of the plots.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
A range of benchmark values of C densities and stocks, readily available for use in forest SOC (soil organic carbon) models operational from plot to continental scale could be provided.
De Vos, B., Cools, N., Ilvesniemi, H., Vanguelova, E., Carnicelli, S., 2015: Benchmark values for forest soil carbon stocks in Europe: Results from a large scale forest soil survey. Geoderma 251-252: 33-46.
Scientific papers
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Scientific evaluations
Micro Meso Macro Scale
Estimation of tree specific crown defoliation
Calculation of mean plot defoliation
Calculation of European defoliation for each species
Mean annual defoliation for Northern, Central, and Southern Europe
Aggregation
CARNICER, Jofre, et al. Widespread crown condition decline, food web disruption, and amplified tree mortality with increased climate change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108. Jg., Nr. 4, S. 1474-1478.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Trends in forest responses
Plot mean defoliation (points) and trend (regional Sen’s slope, red line) for pedunculate and sessile oak
Tree species (group) Mann-
Kendall Tau
Regional
Sen’s slope
P Overall mean
[%]
Mediterranean deciduous oaks* 0.205 + 0.333 < 0.0001 23.05
Mediterranean evergreen oaks** 0.216 + 0.263 < 0.0001 21.71
Mediterranean lowland pines*** 0.205 + 0.333 < 0.0001 19.26
Pedunculate/sessile oak 0.221 + 0.400 < 0.0001 24.58
European beech 0.134 + 0.200 < 0.0001 19.21
Norway spruce 0.098 + 0.075 <0.0001 20.79
Scots pine -0.006 0.0000 0.3430 18.18
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Damaging agents
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fagus sylvatica
Quercus petraea
Quercus robur
Abies alba
Picea abies
Pinus sylvestris
broadleaved
broadleaved-mixed
broadleaved-coniferous-mixed
coniferous-mixed
coniferous
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Defoliation and the influence on growth D
efo
liati
on
[%
]
Growth [cm2/a]
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Integrating Information
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
“Global Challenges of Air Pollution and Climate Change to Forests”
Contributions from ICP Forests (*: presenting, ** EMEP MSC-W. ***: ICP M+M)
• M. Nicolas : Global challenges of air pollution and climate change to the public forest management in France.
• M Ferretti*, K Hansen, V Calatayud, M Camino-Serrano, N Cools, B De Vos, TM Nieminen, N Potocic, P Rautio, M Schaub, V Timmermann, L Ukonmaanaho, P Waldner: Monitoring and modelling the long-term impact of air pollution on forest health and growth in Europe.
• T Sanders, W Seidling*: Accumulating influences on individual tree parameters: Focus on crown condition.
• M. Schaub*, M. Haeni, M. Ferretti, E. Gottardini, D. Simpson**, V. Calatayud: Ozone risk assessment for European forests - a ten-year study on permanent monitoring plots.
• O. Badea*, I. Popa, S. Leca, D. Silaghi: Effect of climate change on tree growth from intensive forest monitoring network in Romania.
• W. de Vries*, S. Etzold, M. Posch***, G. Jan Reinds***, L. Bonten, S. Solberg, P. Waldner, M. Schaub, D. Simpson**: Assessment of impacts of nitrogen deposition, ozone exposure and climate change on carbon sequestration by monitoring and modelling.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Reports and Tasks
• “State of Europe’s Forests 2016” - an initiative of the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forest in Europe (MCPFE process located at EEA).
• Chapters within the WGE/EMEP Trends Report
• Annual Executive Report
• Annual Technical Report
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Scientific publications
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Panic for nothing?
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
Panic for nothing? No!
1) Forest decline became one of the main drivers for negotiations for Europe wide air pollution control within the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP).
2) Responding to the threats of acidification to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the CLRTAP agreed on the terms for air pollution control throughout Europe based on scientific information and evidence.
3) Emission reductions have been achieved through changes in energy and industrial production means and processes, such as conversion from coal to natural gas and use of nuclear power.
4) Energy conservation and efficiency have also contributed to emission reductions.
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FOR 1412H: Natural Resource Management I (Module III Forest Inventory)
www.thuenen.de
www.icp-forests.net
We gratefully acknowledge the member states of ICP Forests with their numerous staff for collecting, financing, analysing, and submitting their data.