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Somil Mishra
Technology ManagementLecture 20, 21
General Impact of Technological Change & Process
Impact of Technological Change on OrganizationalProductivity and Quality of Work Life (QWL)
Impact of Technological Change and Progress on
Environment
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Impact of Technological Change
& Progress
Lecture 1 discussed about the role of technology
development towards survival and growth of
nations and business firms. Technological
change and progress bring changes in every
sphere of activity.
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Impact of Technological Change
& Progress
This impact has been discussed along three
dimensions:
General Impact of Technological Change andProgress
Impact of Technological Change on
Organizational Productivity and Quality ofWork Life (QWL)
Impact of Technological Change and Progress
on Environment
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
ProgressTechnology development or change has hadsignificant impacts on human lifestyle throughout
human history. As the rate of technological
change and progress increases, the society and
nation must deal with the positive as well as
negative effects of both.
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
ProgressIn many ways, technology development /technological change simplifies human life as
under:
Treatment for diseases
Faster exchange of information
Facilitates education of students residing even inremote and non-accessible areas
Increases multi-tasking
Creates new types of jobs viz. IT professionals
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
Progress Leads to reduction in prices by improvingprocess efficiency
Creates denser social circles through moreconnectivity
Facilitates global networking of businesses,
entrepreneurs, researchers etc. A more informed society and nation can take
quicker responses to environmental events,
changes and trends
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
ProgressIn many ways, technology development /technological change complicates human life as
well:
Mankind is becoming a slave to technology;
there is dependence even for minor work. The
trend is to replace man by machine, wherever
possible
Sometimes technological progress leads to
reduction in the number of jobs (sometimes its
opposite also)
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
Progress There is increasing disparity betweentechnologically advanced societies and countries
and technologically backward societies and
countries
More people are currently starving now than at
any point in the history of mankind (though
population explosion may also be responsible for
the same)
The improvement in transportation technology
has brought congestion in some areas
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
Progress Too much flow of information may lead tostressful situations, creating new types of social
and behavioral problems
New forms of entertainment, such as gaming,
video games, and internet access are creating
adverse impact on academic performance,
family harmony etc.
Technological change has brought forth
increased pollution problems and health hazards
t
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
Progress Technology creates many major ethicalimplications, for example it challenges traditionalethical norms of society and nation
Fast technological changes are sometimespainful for old people as they find it difficult toadjust to the new technological environment
Technology development is aiding new types ofcrimes and terrorist activities viz. electronicmeters are being fixed by remote, terrorists andanti-social elements are making new explosives,
etc.
I f T h l i l Ch
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Impact of Technological Change on
Organizational Productivity and
Quality of Work LifeIntroduction or adoption of new technology, ortechnological change, can have both positive
and negative effects on organizational
productivity and quality of work life (QWL).
Productivity is the relationship between output (i.e.
final product) and inputs (used in providing them)
of a business system. Higher the ratio between
the two, more is the productivity.
t
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enera mpact oTechnological Change &
ProgressIt can be expressed on a total factor basis or on apartial factor basis as under:
Total productivity (total factor basis) measuredby ratio of outputs to all inputs
A partial measure of productivity, for example, is
output per labor hour
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Following strategies can be adopted for improvingproductivity:
Attaining increased output for same level of
inputs
Under this strategy, focus is on attaining more, orincreased output by using almost the same
quantum of inputs. For example, convertingwaste into a useful by-product, improvingprocess efficiency etc. Here, output willincrease at a much higher rate accompanied
by almost negligible increase in inputs.
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Using decreased or lower inputs for same level
of output
Under this strategy, focus is on attaining samelevel of output by using lesser quantum of
inputs. For example, finding low cost
substitutes, simplification of product design
etc. Here, consumption will decline, but
output level shall be maintained.
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Proportionate increase in output is more than
proportionate increase in input
Under this strategy, focus is on attaining increase inoutput in such a way that proportionate increase
in output is more than proportionate increase in
input. For example, offering additional varieties
of product or service, by using existing facilities.
Here more output can be generated by minor
adjustments in existing plants and capabilities
through minor expenditure.
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Proportionate decrease in input is more than
proportionate decrease in output
Under this strategy, focus is on ensuring decreasein output in such a way that proportionate
decrease in inputs is more than proportionate
decrease in the output. For example, dropping
an uneconomical product as it is loss making
i.e. its costs are more than revenues. Once an
uneconomical product is dropped, reduction in
costs will be more than decline in revenues.
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Attaining simultaneous increase in output with
decrease in inputs
Under this strategy, focus is on attaining increase inoutput in such a way that it is accompanied by
simultaneous decrease in input. For example, use
of automation, mechanization and computerization.
This will ensure lower wastages, lower resource
requirements, more process efficiency and more
productivity and thus help in attaining more output
accompanied by decrease in inputs.
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Strategies for Improving
Productivity
Most of the above strategies call for improvements
in current technology, use of new technologies,
innovations etc.
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Quality of Work Life (QWL)
Programs
QWL Programs are programs which aim at
creating work situations that enhance
employees'
Motivation
Satisfaction
CommitmentThese programs include attempts to humanize the
workplace and may contribute to higher levels of
organizational performance.
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QWL Approaches
Some of the commonly used QWL are:
Work RestructuringThis is usually carried out by simplifying and
routinizing the job to make it easy to perform
with high degree of safety and convenience.
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QWL Approaches
Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment
This is usually carried out by adding tasks, stimuli
etc. It helps in reducing boredom frommonotonous or repetitive tasks and variety of
skills of workers are used by enlarging scope of
the job.
Job Enrichment is brought through vertical change,
usually by adding higher level tasks. It gives
more satisfaction to the workers / employees.
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QWL Approaches
Quality Circles (QCs)
These are circles, i.e. groups, where small number
of employee meet regularly on a voluntarybasis to solve problems related to working
conditions and quality of work that they
perform. Quality circles lead to better working
conditions and better quality.
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Benefits of QWL Programs
Some of the benefits of these programs are:
Increased job satisfaction
Increased organizational commitment Reduced turnover of employees
Increased productivity and profitability
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWLIntroduction or adoption of new technology, ortechnological change, can have both positive
and negative effects on organizational
productivity and QWL.
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWL Introduction of new technology may increaseor decrease organizational productivity
It may increase organizational productivity if newtechnology facilitates lower consumption of
inputs, lower processing time, lower wastages,
lower defective or seconds generation, more
ease and safety in manufacturing, and moreefficiency.
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWLOrganizational productivity may decrease if newtechnology leads to suspicion of workers due to
likely adverse impact on employment level and
demoralization due to impending retrenchment,
deterioration of working environment, more
stress on workers, more accidents etc. New
technology may kill existing products as well,thus leading to decline in productivity.
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWL Introduction of new technology may increaseor decrease QWL.
It may increase QWL if safety at work increases,human convenience at work increases,
pollution decreases, ease in manufacturability
increases, change is properly managed etc.
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWLQWL may decrease if safety at work decreases,human convenience at work decreases, pollution
increases, ease in manufacturability decreases,
changes bring in uncertainties and there could
be resistance to change.
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWLProper management of the new technology callsfor:
1. Providing training to employees to handle newtechnologies and technological changes
2. Managing resistance to change i.e. managing
change
3. Offering incentives for creative and innovative
ideas
4. Seeking worker participation
anagement o ew ec no ogy
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anagement o ew ec no ogyin Relation to Organizational
Productivity and QWL5. Problem solving instead of avoiding problems6. Ensuring effective communication across the
organization7. Use of multifunctional teams
8. Bringing R&D closer to manufacturing and
marketing9. Seeking regular feedback
10. Continuous technological assessment
11. Regular technology audit
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
Environmental conditions are worsening day by
day and alarm bells are ringing across the globe.
The main reason for worsening environmentalconditions is technological progress. Most
technologies have negative environmental side
effects, such as pollution and lack of
sustainability.
Some technologies are designed specifically with
the environment in mind, but most are designed
first for economic or ergonomic considerations.
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
The negative effects of technology on the
environment are both obvious and subtle.
Immediately visible short-term negative effects
(obvious effects) are:
Depletion of non-renewable natural resources
(such as petroleum, coal, ores etc.)
Increase in pollution of air, water and land
Increase in noise pollution etc.
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
Long-term negative effects (subtle effects) are:
Global warming
Destruction of ozone layer Acid rains, smog
Sub-soil water pollution
Deforestation, natural habitat destruction,coastal wetland loss etc.
Depletion of natural resources due to water
shortage
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
Adverse impact on productive system-
substantial decline in numbers; many species
are becoming extinct
Destruction of flora and fauna
Imbalance in eco-system
Health and social problems Generation of new set of wastes that were
previously unknown to humans viz. toxic waste,
radioactive waste, electronic waste etc.
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
However, it is now being planned to utilize
technology to solve various environmental
problems and manage me environment as:
Using technology to seek cleaner rivers, cleaner
ponds, cleaner air etc.
Monitoring environmental changes and planning
for safety and growth of flora and fauna
Using technology to increase population of
endangered species viz. by cloning, monitoring
enetic variation and establishin ene banks
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Impact of Technological Change
and Progress On Environment
Development of technologies which enhance
natural resources i.e., which make them more
productive or richer
Development of technologies that turn waste into
useful products
Development of technologies which save natural
resources - developing renewable energy
technologies
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How to Seek Sustainable
Development ?
Sustainable development can be achieved by
taking the following measures:
Creating awareness and culture for protection of
environment
Adopting pro-active measures for protection of
environment instead of reactive measures
Providing strong legal setup for protection of
environment
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How to Seek Sustainable
Development ?
Seeking development and use of sustainable
technologies which reduce damages, enhance
and save natural resources, turn wastes into
useful byproducts. Research & development of
renewable energy technologies also needs to be
encouraged
Developing technologies that are mostappropriate to the environment and culture that
they intend to support
S S
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How to Seek Sustainable
Development ?
Adopting environmentally sound technology and
management methods, and encouraging use of
eco-friendly products or services
F K T l d
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Few Key Terms related to
Environment Management
Environmental Policy
Environmental policy is a written statement that
defines an organization's mission, attitude and
framework of action towards the environment. It
includes vision and core values of the
organization, compliances with legal and other
requirements and commitment to protect theenvironment.
F K T l d
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Few Key Terms related to
Environment Management
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
EIA refers to analysis and assessment of potential
impact of a proposed project, to be launched by
an organization, on humans beings, eco-system
and environment.
F K T l d
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Few Key Terms related to
Environment Management
Environmental Management System (EMS)
EMS refers to a system installed for managing an
organization's environmental programs in a
comprehensive, systematic, planned and
documented manner. It embraces organizational
structure, planning and resources for developing,
implementing and maintaining the policy forprotection of environment.
F K T l d
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Few Key Terms related to
Environment ManagementEMS incorporates the following activities:
Clearly defining objectives for EMS, in writing
Documented or written procedures involvingprocedures of the organization (which facilitatesstandardization of procedures)
Assigning responsibilities to employees for
environment management Conduct of regular environmental audit
Commitment of top management
Meeting legal requirements under various Acts.
F K T l t d t
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Few Key Terms related to
Environment Management
Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology is a part of business ecology. It
involves redesigning production methods on the
pattern of biological eco-system, which is self
regulatory and self sustaining. It calls for
developing such production methods that would
have considerably very less impact on theenvironment. Here every output of manufacturer
should be re-manufactured or re-cycled for
further production or sent back to eco-system.
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Environmental Audit
Environmental audit is a detailed periodic
evaluation of an organization's performance
against set objectives. It is an objective anddocumented verification of the process to obtainevidence to determine whether EMS of an
organization conforms to the criteria laid down
by it.
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Objectives of Environment Audit
Environment audit is usually carried out with the
following objectives:
To identify mass balance of various materials
used and the performance of various process
equipments so as to review rate of usage, rate of
wastages, and conversion efficiencies etc.
To identify the areas of water usage and waste-
water generation and determine the
characteristics of waste-water
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Objectives of Environment Audit
To determine emissions, their sources,
quantities and characteristics
To determine the solid wastes and hazardous
wastes generated, their sources, quantities and
characteristics
To identify the possibilities of waste
minimization, and recovery and recycling of
wastes
To verify compliance with regulatory provisions
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Objectives of Environment Audit
To determine the performance of existing wastetreatment / waste control systems so as tomodify additional / alternative waste treatment/
control equipment To determine the impact on surroundings
environment and 'accordingly' identifypreventive/corrective measures
To check
(a) effectiveness of organizational set up
(b) environment policy
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Environmental Accounting
It is a set of aggregate national data linking
environment to economy which will have a long
run impact on both economic and environmental
policy making.
Environmental accounting should not be confused
with the valuation of environmental assets,
goods or services (it is not merely a process ofarriving at monetary value) nor it is social cost
vs. benefit analysis
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Green Marketing
Green marketing goals may be summed up as:
Eliminate the concept of waste
Reinvent the concept of a product Make prices reflect actual and environmental
costs
Make environmentalism profitable
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Green Marketing
Green marketing includes the following diversified
aspects:
Ecologically safer products
Recyclable and biodegradable packaging
Energy-efficient operations
Better pollution controls