Chapter 3Chapter 3

Ecology of the FamilyEcology of the Family

In my very own self, I am part of In my very own self, I am part of my family.my family.

D.H. LawrenceD.H. Lawrence

Family SystemsFamily Systems

Family StructuresFamily Structures Nuclear familyNuclear family

Husband, a wife, and their childrenHusband, a wife, and their children Extended familyExtended family

Relatives of the nuclear family who are Relatives of the nuclear family who are economically and emotionally economically and emotionally dependent on each otherdependent on each other

Family StructuresFamily Structures Family of orientationFamily of orientation

The family into which one is bornThe family into which one is born Family of procreationFamily of procreation

The family that develops when one The family that develops when one marries and has childrenmarries and has children

Family StructuresFamily Structures Matriarchal familyMatriarchal family

A family in which the mother has formal A family in which the mother has formal authority and dominanceauthority and dominance

Patriarchal familyPatriarchal family A family in which the father has formal A family in which the father has formal

authority and dominanceauthority and dominance Egalitarian familyEgalitarian family

A family in which both sides of the extended A family in which both sides of the extended family are regarded as equalfamily are regarded as equal

Family FunctionsFamily Functions ReproductionReproduction Socialization/educationSocialization/education Assignment of social rolesAssignment of social roles Economic supportEconomic support Nurturance/emotional supportNurturance/emotional support

Family TransitionsFamily Transitions

StructuralStructural Divorced familiesDivorced families Single-parent and joint custodySingle-parent and joint custody Kin custodyKin custody StepfamiliesStepfamilies Single-parent families Single-parent families Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender

familiesfamilies Adoptive familiesAdoptive families

DivorceDivorce Effect on children depends onEffect on children depends on

Age and genderAge and gender Custody arrangementsCustody arrangements Emotional supportEmotional support

Binuclear familyBinuclear family A family pattern in which children are A family pattern in which children are

part of two homes and two family part of two homes and two family groupsgroups

CustodyCustody Single-Parent CustodySingle-Parent Custody

Single-parents can experience Single-parents can experience economic, emotional, physical straineconomic, emotional, physical strain

Joint CustodyJoint Custody Kin CustodyKin Custody

Children raised by relatives other than Children raised by relatives other than parents, the most common being parents, the most common being grandparents raising grandchildrengrandparents raising grandchildren

Functional Family Functional Family ChangesChanges

Changes Over TimeChanges Over Time ReproductionReproduction Socialization/educationSocialization/education Assignment of social rolesAssignment of social roles Authority patternsAuthority patterns Economic supportEconomic support Dual-earner familiesDual-earner families Nurturance/emotional supportNurturance/emotional support

Macrosystem Macrosystem InfluencesInfluences

Socioeconomic StatusSocioeconomic Status Ascribed statusAscribed status

Social class, rank, or position Social class, rank, or position determined by family lineage, gender, determined by family lineage, gender, birth order, or skin colorbirth order, or skin color

Achieved statusAchieved status Social class, rank, or position Social class, rank, or position

determined by education, occupation, determined by education, occupation, income, and/or place of residenceincome, and/or place of residence

Socioeconomic StatusSocioeconomic Status Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status

Rank or position within a society, based Rank or position within a society, based on social and economic factorson social and economic factors

Upper classUpper class Middle classMiddle class Lower classLower class UnderclassUnderclass

Socioeconomic EffectsSocioeconomic Effects

Children’s socialization experiences Children’s socialization experiences vary by socioeconomic class.vary by socioeconomic class.

Different socialization experiences Different socialization experiences result in different outcomes.result in different outcomes.

Family Stress ModelFamily Stress Model Extended Investment ModelExtended Investment Model

Social Causation Theoretical Social Causation Theoretical ModelModel

Family Stress Model-negative Family Stress Model-negative influence on socializationinfluence on socialization

Extended Investment Model-higher Extended Investment Model-higher socioeconomic status promotes well socioeconomic status promotes well beingbeing

Cultural OrientationCultural Orientation

Parents socialize children to adapt to Parents socialize children to adapt to life in their particular society by life in their particular society by encouraging the development of encouraging the development of those qualities and characteristics those qualities and characteristics required for their expected adult required for their expected adult roles according to their specific roles according to their specific cultural orientation.cultural orientation.

Religious OrientationReligious Orientation ReligionReligion

A unified system of beliefs and practices A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred thingsrelative to sacred things

Religion provides an ideology that Religion provides an ideology that enables individuals to comprehend enables individuals to comprehend events.events.

Chronosystem Chronosystem InfluencesInfluences

Chronosystem Chronosystem InfluencesInfluences

Sociopolitical ChangesSociopolitical Changes Immigration PoliciesImmigration Policies Foreign PoliciesForeign Policies Domestic PoliciesDomestic Policies

Economic ChangesEconomic Changes Technological ChangesTechnological Changes

Family EmpowermentFamily Empowerment

Family EmpowermentFamily Empowerment EmpowermentEmpowerment

Enabling individuals to have control over Enabling individuals to have control over resources affecting themresources affecting them