Lecture 2 the Human Body
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Transcript of Lecture 2 the Human Body
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The Human Body: Anatomical
Regions, Directions, and Body
Cavities
Lecture 22013
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomythe study of the structure ofbody parts and their relationships to one
another
Gross or macroscopic Microscopic
Developmental
Physiologythe study of the function of thebodys structural machinery
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Gross Anatomy
Regionalall structures in one part of the
body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemicgross anatomy of the body
studied by system
Surfacestudy of internal structures as
they relate to the overlying skin
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Microscopic Anatomy
Cytologystudy of the cell
Histologystudy of tissues
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Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryologystudy of developmentalchanges of the body before birth
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Physiology
Considers the operation of specific
organ systems
Renalkidney function
Neurophysiologyworkings of the nervous
system
Cardiovascularoperation of the heart and
blood vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
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Physiology
Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains
electrical currents, blood pressure, and the
way muscle uses bone for movement
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Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form
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Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
6 Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth m uscle cel l
Smooth
muscle
t issue
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Bloodvessel
(organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Cardiovascular
system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Levels of Structural Organization
Chemicalatoms combined to form molecules Cellularcells are made of molecules
Tissueconsists of similar types of cells
Organmade up of different types of tissues
Organ systemconsists of different organs
that work closely together
Organismalmade up of the organ systems
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in an
ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
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Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the
bodys normal equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback
mechanisms allowing destructive positive
feedback mechanisms to take over
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Anatomical Position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward Thumbs point away
from body
Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms
Superior and inferiortoward and away
from the head, respectively
Anterior and posteriortoward the front
and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate
toward the midline, away from the midline,
and between a more medial and lateral
structure
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Directional Terms
Proximal and distalcloser to and
farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deeptoward and away
from the body surface
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Directional Terms Table 1.1
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Directional Terms Table 1.1
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axialhead,
neck, and
trunk
Appendicular
appendages
or limbs
Specific
regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes
Sagittaldivides the body into right and
left parts
Midsagittal or medialsagittal plane that
lies on the midline
Frontal or coronaldivides the body intoanterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal(cross section)
divides the body into superior andinferior parts
Oblique sectioncuts made diagonally
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Body Planes Figure 1.8
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Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both externaland internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures
match textbook descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be
somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing Extreme anatomical variations are
seldom seen
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
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Body Cavities
Thoracic cavityis subdivided into pleural
cavities, the mediastinum, and the
pericardial cavity
Pleural cavitieseach houses a lung
Mediastinumcontains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
Pericardial cavityencloses the heart
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Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separatedfrom the superior thoracic cavity by the
dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavitycontains the
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and
other organs Pelvic cavitylies within the pelvis and
contains the bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum
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B d C iti
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Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosalines internal body walls
Visceral serosacovers the internalorgans
Serous fluidseparates the serosae
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
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Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestivemouth and cavities
of the digestive organs
Nasallocated within and posterior to the
nose
Orbitalhouse the eyes
Middle earcontain bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations
Synovialjoint cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric Right and left iliac
or inguinal
Right and leftlumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac Figure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abd i l i Q d t
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower(RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12
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