Lecture 2 IT

7/30/2019 Lecture 2 IT

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TCP/IP

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communicationsprotocols used for the internet and other similar networks.

It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its mostimportant protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networkingprotocols defined in this standard.

Internet Technologies 1


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TCP/IP Layers

Application Layer

Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interfacewith transport layer services to use the network.

Transport Layer

Provides communication session management between host computers.

Defines the level of service and status of the connection used whentransporting data.

Internet Layer

Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destinationaddress information that is used to forward the datagrams between hostsand across networks. Performs routing of IP datagrams.

Link LayerSpecifies details of how data is physically sent through the network,including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices thatinterface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, opticalfiber, or twisted-pair copper wire.



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Application Layer Protocols



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DHCP

DHCP:

The Dynamic Host ConfigurationProtocol (DHCP) is a networkconfiguration protocol for hosts on(IP) networks. Computers that areconnected to IP networks must be

configured before they cancommunicate with other hosts.The most essential informationneeded is an IP Address, and adefault route and routing prefix.DHCP eliminates the manual task

by a network administrator. It alsoprovides a central database ofdevices that are connected to thenetwork and eliminates duplicateresource assignments.



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Domain Name System (DNS) The Domain Name System (DNS) is a

hierarchical distributed naming system

for computers, services, or anyresource connected to the Internet or aprivate network. It associates variousinformation with domain namesassigned to each of the participatingentities.

A Domain Name Service translatesqueries for domain names (which aremeaningful to humans) into IPaddresses for the purpose of locatingcomputer services and devicesworldwide. An often-used analogy toexplain the Domain Name System is

that it serves as the phone book for theInternet by translating human-friendlycomputer hostnames into IP addresses.For example, the domain namewww.example.com translates to theaddresses 192.0.43.10

http://www.example.com/http://www.example.com/http://www.example.com/


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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

FTP:

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is astandard network protocol used totransfer files from one host toanother host over a TCP-basednetwork, such as the Internet. It isoften used to upload web pagesand other documents from aprivate development machine to apublic web-hosting server. FTP isbuilt on a client/serverarchitecture and uses separatecontrol and data connectionsbetween the client and the server.

FTP users may authenticatethemselves using a clear text sign-in protocol, normally in the formof a username and password, butcan connect anonymously if theserver is configured to allow it



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IMAP

The Internet MessageAccess Protocol(commonly known asIMAP) is anApplication Layer

Internet protocol thatallows an e-mail clientto access e-mail on aremote mail server.IMAP supports both

online and offlinemodes of operation.



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Telnet

Telnet is a networkprotcol used on theInternet or local areanetworks to provide abidirectional interactive

text-orientedcommunications facilityusing a virtual terminalconnection. User data isinterspersed in-bandwith Telnet controlinformation in an 8-bitbyte oriented dataconnection over theTransmission ControlProtcol (TCP).



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Transport Layer Protocols



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TCP

The Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP) is one of the coreprotocols of the InternetProtocol Suite. TCP is one of thetwo original components of thesuite, complementing the

Internet Protocol (IP), andtherefore the entire suite iscommonly referred to as TCP/IP.TCP provides reliable, ordereddelivery of a stream of bytesfrom a program on onecomputer to another programon another computer. TCP is theprotocol that major Internetapplications such as the WordWide Web, email, remoteadministration and file transferrely on this protocol.



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UDP

The User DatagramProtocol (UDP) is one ofthe core members of theInternet Protocol Suite, theset of network protocols

used for the Internet. WithUDP, computerapplications can sendmessages, in this casereferred to as datagrams,

to other hosts on anInternet Protocol (IP)network without requiringprior communications toset up special transmissionchannels or data paths.



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Internet Layer Protocols



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IP

The Internet Protocol(IP) is the principalcommunication protocolused for relayingdatagrams (also known

as network packets)across an internetworkusing the InternetProtocol Suite.Responsible for routing

packets across networkboundaries, it is theprimary protocol thatestablishes the Internet.



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ICMP

The Internet ControlMessage Protocol (ICMP)is one of the coreprotocols of the InternetProtocol Suite. It is chiefly

used by the operatingsystems of networkedcomputers to send errormessages indicating, forexample, that a

requested service is notavailable or that a host orrouter could not bereached. ICMP can alsobe used to relay querymessages.



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IPsec

Internet Protocol Security(IPsec) is a protocol suite forsecuring Internet Protocol(IP) communications byauthenticating and

encrypting each IP packet ofa communication session.IPsec also includes protocolsfor establishing mutualauthentication between

agents at the beginning ofthe session and negotiationof cryptographic keys to beused during the session.



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Link Layer Protocols



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NDP

The Neighbor Discovery Protocol(NDP) is a protocol in the InternetProtocol Suite used with InternetProtocol Version 6 (IPv6). Itoperates in the Internet Layer of theInternet model (RFC 1122) and is

responsible for address autoconfiguration of nodes, discovery ofother nodes on the link,determining the Link Layeraddresses of other nodes, duplicateaddress detection, finding availablerouters and Domain Name System(DNS) servers, address prefixdiscovery, and maintainingreachability information about thepaths to other active neighbornodes



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OSPF

OSPF (Open ShortestPath First) is an interiorgateway protocol thatroutes Internet

Protocol (IP) packetssolely within a singlerouting domain(autonomous system).It gathers link stateinformation fromavailable routers andconstructs a topologymap of the network.



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PPP

In networking, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a datalink protocol commonly used inestablishing a direct connectionbetween two networking nodes.

It can provide connectionauthentication, transmissionencryption. PPP is used overmany types of physical networksincluding serial cable, phoneline, trunk line, cellulartelephone, specialized radio

links, and fiber optic links suchas SONET. PPP is also used overInternet access connections(now marketed as"broadband").



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Exercise

(A) Define the Following.

1) IMAP 2) Telnet 3) Internet Protocol

4) OSPF 5) IPSec 6) UDP 7) Telnet

(B) Write Short answers for the following.

1) What is Network Discovery Protocol?

2) What is the function of PPP?

3) Name at least four protocols in Application Layer.

4) Name at least three protocols present in Transport Layer.

5) What is ICMP?

(C) Write the detailed answers for the following.

1) What is TCP/IP? Define all the layers of TCP/IP.

2) What is DHCP?3) What do you mean by DNS?

4) Explain FTP in details.

5) Explain Transmission Control Protocol.


Lecture 2 IT

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