Lecture 12 - Ch 21, 22
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Transcript of Lecture 12 - Ch 21, 22
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7/27/2019 Lecture 12 - Ch 21, 22
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Part IV
Chapter 21
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Eight boys from white, stable, upper middle-
class families were among the most delinquentSaints Parents and community unaware that the saints
were constantly occupied with truancy, drinking,wild driving, petty theft, vandalism
None were arrested during two years ofobservation
Six lower-class white boys, same high school butdifferent gangRoughnecks
These boys constantly in trouble with police andcommunity even though rate of delinquency aboutthe same as Saints
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Getting out of school as early as possible
They did so with minimum danger of detection
through elaborate procedure for obtaining
legitimate release from class For example, one boy would ask to use bathroom
but instead get another boy out of another class
by saying he was needed for a drama rehearsal,
the boy released would do same for another, etc.
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The boys would then go to car and leave schoolfor a day of fun
On average about five boys would get away and
this pattern was repeated often
Once leaving school, they would go to pool hall
at lower-class side of town or to a caf in the
suburbs where they were unlikely to meet people
they knew
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They traveled to Big Town - 25 miles from theirtown most Fridays & Saturdays
Activities included drinking heavily in bars,
drunk driving, committing acts of vandalism &
other pranks
In spite of their activities, the boys managed to
avoid being stopped by police most of the time
Their activities were surely delinquent but they
did not see it that way: they were merely having a
little fun
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Highly successful in school, the Saints had Baverages with two getting straight As
Boys were popular and many held offices andplayed sports
Teachers and school officials saw them as role-models who would make something ofthemselves
Cheating on exams was rampant but teachersusually gave them benefit of doubt
Local police saw boys positively, as amongleaders of youth in community
If on rare occasion a boy was stopped by policefor speeding, they would be polite, contrite andplead for mercy: none ever received a ticket
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Roughnecks were somewhat opposite ofSaints
Although boys engaged in equal amounts ofwild-oat sowing, the not-so-well-dressed, not-so-
well-mannered, not-so-rich boys were seennegatively as heading for trouble
The Roughnecks were constantly in trouble withthe police which reinforced communitys view of
them
The Roughnecks
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Towns view of gang delinquency was distorted:
both groups more or less delinquent than
community realized
Fighting activities were readily and accurately
perceived by everyone
Engaged in drinking alcohol which town was
aware of
More serious was theft which community did not
realize was as extensive as it was for theRoughnecks
The Roughnecks
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High level of mutual distrust and dislike betweenRoughnecks and police: Boys felt strongly that police were unfair and
corrupt which may have been true
Main source of boys dislike of police came fromfact that police would periodically harass them
Police viewed them as engaged in criminalactivities and saw their job as keeping tabs onthem and preventing their crimes
The Roughnecks
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Boys behavior in school not especially disruptive
- while they would like to have avoided it & were
unsuccessful, they attended regularly
Some were seen as incapable of meeting
academic standards
Teachers, like the community, saw boys negatively,
as heading for trouble, uninterested in making
something of themselves
The boys had a C averages
Two of them were good football players
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Why did the community, the school and the
police react to the Saints as though they were
good, upstanding, non-delinquent youth with
bright futures but to the Roughnecks as though
they were young criminals headed for trouble?
Why did the Roughnecks and the Saints have
quite different careers after high school, careers
that for the most part lived up to communitys
expectations?
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In sheer number of illegal acts, Saints were moredelinquent and in terms of seriousness not
much difference :
The cost of Roughnecks stolen property may have
been slightly higher than the Saints Roughnecks more prone to physical violence &
sought opportunities to fight (sometimes each
other) whereas Saints never fought
Yet Saints frequently endangered their own andothers lives in their drunk-driving & in some of
their pranks removing traffic or construction
signs on roadwaysPart 4: Ch. 21
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Visibility: differential treatment of groupspossibly due to fact that one gang was more
visible than other
This was a direct function of the economic
standing of the families Saints had cars & could remove themselves from
communitys view whereas Roughnecks didnt
own cars & so could not leave community
As a result, Roughnecks hung around downtown &were highly visible
Saints, on the other hand, could hide their time-
wasting from community
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Demeanor: another reason for differential
treatment of two groups
Different responses of group members to outside
intervention Saints when confronted by police would be
apologetic and penitent
The Roughnecks would show hostility and disdain
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Bias: Roughnecks were simply seen as
committed to deviance as a way of life while
Saints were seen as basically good kids
What all of this comes down to is class structurewhich favors middle and upper-class youth over
their lower-class counterparts
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Most Saints went to college right after high
school; 5 graduated in 4 years & two finished
college a little later after stints in armed forces
Three went to graduate education: law, medicine,
and a Ph.D.
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Two Roughnecks who played football received
scholarships to college, both graduated and
became high school teachers/coaches
Two other Roughnecks didnt graduate high
school & both eventually went to prison for
murder
Another Roughneck became (illegal) bookmaker
for gambling
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The community responded to Roughnecks asboys in trouble and the boys embraced this view Their pattern of delinquency was reinforced &
departure from it became unlikely As the boys acquired self-image as deviants, they
sought new friends who affirmed that identity
As that self-conception became more entrenched,they became more willing to try new & more
extreme deviance
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Their alienation resulted in more expression of
disrespect & hostility toward teachers, policeand others; in turn this increased communitys
negativism, perpetuating entire process
College scholarships for two Roughnecks helped
to break this cycle by providing new basis forself-identity & interactions with others
Likewise, Saints were viewed as good kids who
would make something of themselves which
happened for the most of them
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What was cause and result of this disparity
between the Saints and the Roughnecks?
Could the explanation for the different reactions
to these two gangs be simply that one group of
boys was more delinquent than the other?
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Part IV
Chapter 22
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Recognized as a privileged caste able to heal thesick, a privilege won through difficult years ofeducation & exhaustive training
This honored rank, however, createsopportunities for doctors to commit crimeswithin profession
Attributes connected with medical practice:
high status, trustworthiness & professionalautonomy, provide doctors with protective cloakthat shields them from scrutiny
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Doctors high status derives from high salaries &
occupational prestige, enabling them to retain
elite social positions
Affords doctors protection necessary to commitcrime: historically there has been reluctance to
use criminal law against high status offenders
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Altruistic image projected by doctors rooted in codeof ethics which defines doctors as selfless
professionals who perform invaluable service
without regard for personal gain
Creates assumption of good will that makes it hard toprove charge of intentional wrongdoing on part of
doctor
Physicians altruistic image engenders trust from
patients who can become easy targets of fraud or tooverlook negligent medical care
This reflects a pattern of deference to doctors
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Doctors have been relatively immune to legalscrutiny because of medical professionspreference for self-regulation
State medical review boards (typically composed
of other physicians) are first & often only reviewof doctors conduct
They can discipline & suspend or revoke medicallicenses
This may facilitate criminal opportunities byshielding its members from more effective orharsher punishments
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Kickbacksinvolve payments from one party to
another in exchange for referred business or
other income-producing deals
Their acceptance by doctors is unethical andillegal because of conflict of interest between
doctors commitment to quality patient care and
their own financial interest
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Fee spli t t in goccurs when one physician (often a
general practitioner) receives payment from a
surgeon or other specialist in exchange for patient
referrals - may result in higher patient costs sincethey have to be shared
Referral may be based on the largest fee to the
referring doctor rather than the quality of the
doctors work to whom one is referred
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Self-referralsinvolve sending patients tospecialized medical facilities in which the
physician has a financial interest
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Prescription violations - a few doctors
overprescribe or mis-prescribe drugs to patients
which may cause serious illness or death
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Unnecessary treatmentsor surgery may berecommended to patients because of the fees the
doctor will earn and not the well-being of the patient
This can be a very difficult matter to determine and
opens the door to abuse
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Sexual misconduct - sex may be exchanged forprofessional services
Doctors trust and authority may be used to
exploit relationship with patient
Doctors may sexually assault patients when
under anesthesia
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Medical profession opposed original Medicaid
legislation in 1960s as a threat to their autonomy
because program set price of medical services
AMA lobbied against provisions to sanction
doctors for violating the rules
As a result doctors billed for duplicate servicesor items not performed
Many doctors adopted defiant attitude toward
Medicaid because viewed it as illegitimate
intrusion on their autonomy even though intentwas to provide health benefits to the poor
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What kinds of retaliatory avenues exist for
patients who are mistreated or abused by
physicians?
How are deviant doctors able to avert the labeland what consequences are faced by most?
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