CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO1 Lecture 6: Historical Developments 604-900 Ann T. Orlando 22 February 2011.
-
Upload
ambrose-ray -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO1 Lecture 6: Historical Developments 604-900 Ann T. Orlando 22 February 2011.
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 1
Lecture 6: Historical Developments 604-900
Ann T. Orlando
22 February 2011
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 2
Introduction
Review of historical situation in 7th C Rise of Islam Charlemagne Europe after Charlemagne Eastern (Byzantine) Efforts to oppose Islam Review Readings
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 3
Historical Situation in Early 7th Cin West City of Rome is a desolate ruin with poor sanitation and filled with
very poor people; under direct authority of Pope Pope St. Gregory the Great rebuilds sanitation and water supply Feeds the hungry
Bishops are often the only real source of learning, administration and civil justice
Irish and Roman missionaries have some success in converting pagan and Arian tribes
Visigoths rule Spain; Vandals rule North Africa; Lombards rule northern Italy; Byzantine control of Southern Italy and Sicily, Franks rule Western France; Anglo-Saxons in England; Alamani in Germany
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 4
Historical Situation in Early 7th Cin East Unified politically under control of Byzantine
Emperor from Egypt to Danube But monophysites in Egypt and Nestorians in Syria
undermine religious unity Primary contact between East and West is through
the Pope Ecclesial authorities are subordinate to civil Eastern Empire will see itself as the continuation of
ancient Roman Empire until the fall of Constantinople in 1453
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 5
Late Sixth Century Eastern Mediterraneanocw.nd.edu/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies-of-the-middle-east-and-north/lectures/Lecture%201.html
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 6
Rise of Islam
Muhammad (570-632) The flight from Mecca to Medina (622) is beginning of
Muslim calendar (prior to this time, referred to a Age of Ignorance)
Qur’an is revelation given to Muhammad; its language, Arabic, is part of that revelation
Founded a religious and political movement aimed at uniting all Arab tribes.
By 716 all of North Africa, Sicily and the Iberian peninsula was under Muslim control
By 730 France and Constantinople were threatened
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 7
Early Islamic Political Leadership First four caliphs:
Rashidun, rightly guided Umayyads Abbasids Fatimids
Like Hellenistic kingdoms after Alexander and then the Romans, Arab Muslims found territory too large to rule consistently by one power
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 8
Early Islamic Culture
New Capital Cities Damascus, old city but new capital Baghdad Cairo Cordoba
Arabic becomes the common language Replaces Greek in Southern Mediterranean,
Persia Replaces Latin in North Africa, Spain as common
language
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 9
Rise of Islam 7th Cocw.nd.edu/arabic-and-middle-east-studies/islamic-societies-of-the-middle-east-and-north/lectures/lecture-3
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 10
Merovingian Dynasty (496-741) Recall Conversion of Chlodwech (Clovis) 496 in Rheims
as a Catholic Christian Clovis is beginning of Merovingian dynasty in France When Clovis dies in 511, control is divided among his sons
Real power was with wealthy land owners, especially Mayor of Palace, Attached to king by oaths of loyalty and promise to provide
troops Bishops take an increasingly secular role; judicial and
military because they were also large land owners Custom develops that the king appoints bishops Merovingian kings become weak and ineffective rulers Transition from Roman system to early feudalism
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 11
Rise of Carolingians Largest land owners, and Mayor of Palace, in early 8th
C was family of Charles Martel Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) stopped the
Muslim army at Tours in 732 Charles’ son, Pepin (Pippin) the Short (714-758), asks
Pope Zachary if incompetent rulers should rule, Zachary says no
Pepin overthrows last Merovingian ruler, Childric the Stupid; Pope Stephen II goes to France to anoint Pepin king (note: St. Boniface may have anointed him first)
Pepin invades Italy and rescues the Papacy from Lombards and threats from Muslims in Sicily
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 12
Papal Control of Western Europe Pepin gave central Italy to the Pope in 754;
beginning of Papal States (lasted until 19th C) Problem: Constantinople had a claim to Italy Papacy justifies its land holdings with one of most
famous forgeries of all time: Donation of Constantine This document claimed that Constantine gave control of
Western Empire to Pope Accepted as genuine until 15th C Basis for Papal claims to political power in Europe
King nominates bishops, but appointed by Pope
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 13
Charlemagne (747-814)
Pepin and his wife, Bertha the Big Foot, have son, Karl, later known as Charlemagne
Reclaimed parts of northeastern Spain from Muslims (Song of Roland)
Defeated Saxons and forced their conversion to Catholicism
United Western Europe; established capital at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome Christmas Day 800
Note a problem: there was already a Holy Roman Emperor in Constantinople
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 14
Charlemagne’s Empire
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 15
Impact of Charlemagne’s Rule Enforced Latin, Roman liturgy Established centers of learning for clergy and
monks (although he could not read) Setup European-wide system of
administration Establish precedent of Western Holy Roman
Empire Cemented special relationship between Pope
and France
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 16
After Charlemagne
Kingdom divided among his three sons at Treaty of Verdun
Sons are weakened rulers, creating a power vacuum
Viking invasions begin during Charlemagne’s lifetime, and increase throughout Europe in 8th C
Lingering problem: who’s in charge politically, Pope or King
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 17
Extent of Viking Conquestsdarkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Eatlas/europe/static/map16.html
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 18
Western Relations with Byzantium Major political issues from Byzantium’s perspective
Donation of Constantine Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope
Contributing to weakened position of Byzantium Muslim invasions Iconoclast controversy in East Empress Irene
Efforts made to arrange a marriage between Byzantine Empress Irene and Charlemagne, but not effective
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 19
Mediterranean 9th C
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 20
Readings
Vidmar, 88 -117. Note he and I disagree about the break from ‘dark’ to medieval; Vidmar takes ‘dark’ to 1000; I stop ‘dark’ at 900 (foundation of Cluny, taming of Vikings
part of medieval for me) McManners, Ch 3 (Mayr-Harting)
Boniface NOT an embryonic English Protestant Only skim this chapter; pictures and captions better than
text McManners, Ch 5 (Johns)
Read 163-170 carefully CCC 232-242
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 21
Readings (cont.)
Donation of Constantine Read all carefully What land, rights, powers, symbols of office does
Constantine give? From what you know already of history of church and
history of doctrine, why might you be suspicious of this document?
Einhard, Life of Charlemagne Read all Pay special attention to relations with Eastern (Byzantine)
Empire, Islamic Empire, Pope
CH 500 Lecture 6 ATO 22
Reading (Optional)
Jonas of Orleans (780 – 843) Bishop during reign of Pepin Short and
Charlemagne Wrote The Institution of the King Builds on Gelasius’ Letter