Lecture 1- Overview of Energy Scenario

1

Overview of Energy Scenario

Lecture 1

Energy: laws, forms and types.

Dr. Seri Lee

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 6316 8967

What is energy?

• Definition: Ability to do work

• Forms of energy: Potential, kinetic, thermal,

electrical, mechanical, chemical, nuclear, wind,

tidal, light, etc.

• Two sources of energy supply: Nonrenewable

and renewable

• Nonrenewable: coal, petroleum, natural gases,

nuclear, etc.

• Renewable: biomass, geothermal energy,

hydropower, solar energy and wind energy

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Units: Energy and Power

• SI Energy Units:

– Joule [J]

• Other Energy units:

– Btu (British Thermal unit), Calorie

– 1 kWh = 3,412 Btu

• SI unit for Power:

– Watt [W] (=J/s)

• Other Power units:

– horsepower3

4

1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (exact)

1 calorie = 4.1868 J (exact by definition)

1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 kJ

1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60217733 x 10-19 J

1 Therm (100,000 kBtu) = 105.5 MJ

1 barrel of crude oil (BOE)* = 6.12 GJ

1 cu. ft. of natural gas = 1.055 MJ

1 short ton (2000 lb) of coal = 26.57 GJ

Other Energy units to SI units

*BOE: barrel of oil equivalent = 42 USG ≈ 159 litres ≈ 6.12 GJ

Other Power units to SI units

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1 horse power (hp) = 745.7 W

1 Ton of refrigeration = 3.517 kW

1 kcal/h = 1.163 W (exact by definition)

1 Btu/h = 0.2931 W

1 barrel per day of crude oil = 70.8 kW

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Source: National Petroleum Council

Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)Annual Solar (at 120,000TW)

UraniumUranium

CoalCoal

GasGas

OilOil

Annual Global Consumption by Humans

(in 2010, 474EJ, equivalent to ~15TW)

Photosynthesis

Hydro

Wind

� less than 0.02% meets the global need

Total available energy

(GJ: gigaJ = 109 J; TJ: teraJ = 1012 J; PT: petaJ = 1015 J; EJ: exaJ = 1018 J)

Laws of energy

• 1st Law of Thermodynamic (conservation of

energy principle):

– Energy cannot be destroyed or created, but

it can change from one form to another.

– It treats all forms of energy the same quality.

• 2nd Law of Thermodynamic:

– It can evaluate the direction of a process.

– Different energy form has different quality.

– Energy conversion efficiency < 100%.

– Sets the efficiency level of heat engines and

reverse heat engines, called Carnot engine.7

Some forms of energy

� Potential energy

� Kinetic energy

� Chemical energy

� Electrical energy

� Light energy

� Heat energy

� Sound energy

� Etc.

Energy can change from one form to another but

the total amount of energy in the universe is

fixed (First Law of thermodynamic).8

• Potential energy

• Kinetic energy

9

http://sciencevault.net/11hscphys/84movingabout/843%20Work%20energy.

htm

http://www.fccsc.k12.in.us/les/tech/projects/grade8/braingame/jody/cat2A1.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/crossbow2.htm

Different forms of energy (con’t)


• Chemical energy

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http://www1.curriculum.edu.au/sciencepd/energy/chem_flow.htm

http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/

http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/flight62.htm


• Electrical energy

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• Light energy

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http://picsdigger.com/image/94dc77c7/


• Heat energy

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http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energy-information/05-solar-panels.htm

Some types of Non-renewable energy

1. Fossil energy

i. Petroleum

ii. Coal

iii. Natural gases

2. Uranium/Nuclear

3. Fuel cell (Non-renewable)

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Some types of Renewable energy

Assuming Sun, Earth and Water remain available:

1.Solar

2.Geothermal

3.Hydroelectric

4.Biomass

5.Fuel Cell (renewable)

6.Wind

7.Ocean Energy (Tidal, Wave, Ocean thermal

energy conversion)

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Solar Irradiance Map

Sweet spot for Solar Power Generation is >5 kWh/m2/day

Types of renewable energy (con’t)

• Solar energy: heat or electricity

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http://www.makeitsolar.com/solar-energy-

information/05-solar-panels.htm

PhotovoltaicSolar Thermal

Photovoltaic: From Sun Light to DC

• In a single-junction PV cell, from the whole

spectrum of the sunlight, only those photons

whose energy is equal to or greater than the

band gap of the cell material can free an

electron for an electric circuit. The lower-

energy photons are not used.

• In Multi-junction PV cell: cell materials with

different band gaps are used in cascade or

stack manner. • http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/

• Drawbacks: weather dependent, large surface

area needed.18


• Geothermal

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http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10-renewable-source-energy/

Geothermal energy source (con’t)

• Geo (earth) thermal (heat) energy is heat energy within the earth

core. It can be recovered as steam or hot water and use it to heat

buildings or generate electricity.

• Renewable: heat is continuously produced inside the Earth by the

slow decay of radioactive particles, a process that happens in all

rocks.

• heat from this magma. The temperature of the rocks and water gets

hotter and hotter as you go deeper underground.

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• The Earth has a number of different layers:

• The solid inner iron core and an outer core (magma) = very hot

melted rock at ~7,000oC

• The mantle: about 1,800 miles thick. Made up of magma and rock.

• The crust forms seabed and continents: can be 5 to 8 km thick

under the oceans and 24 to 56 km thick on the continents.

• The Earth's crust is broken into pieces called plates.

• Volcanoe is magma comes

close to the Earth's surface

near the edges of these plates.

• The lava that erupts from

volcanoes is partly magma.

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Geothermal energy source (con’t)

Countries generating Geothermal2010

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11. Costa Rica 166

12. Nicaragua 88

13. Russia 82

14. Turkey 82

15. Papua New Guinea 56

16. Guatemala 52

17. Portugal 29

18. China 24

19. France 16

20. Ethiopia 7.3

21. Germany 6.6

22. Austria 1.4

23. Australia 1.1

24. Thailand 0.3

Country MW

1. United States 3,086

2. Philippines 1,904

3. Indonesia 1,197

4. Mexico 958

5. Italy 843

6. New Zealand 628

7. Iceland 575

8. Japan 536

9. El Salvador 204

10. Kenya 167

http://www.our-energy.com/news/geothermal_energy_overview_2010.html


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http://www.tellmewhyfacts.com/2007_09_01_archive.htmlThree Gorges Dam(Capacity = 22.5 GW)

• Hydroelectric

Hoover Dam(Capacity = 2.1 GW)


• Biomass

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Biomass (con’t)

• Biomass is organic material made from plants and animals

(microorganisms)

• Biomass contains stored energy from the sun

• Renewable: we can always grow more trees and crops, and waste

will always exist

• Some examples of biomass fuels are wood, crops, manure, algae

and even garbage

• Wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making

electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes

• Converting Biomass to fuel:

– Methane or biogas (burn the waste)

– Ethanol (Corn or sugar cane)

– Biodiesel: leftover food like vegetable oil or animal fat.

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• Fuel Cell (renewable)

26Copyright KT Ooi


• Wind energy

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• Tidal energy

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Lecture 2

Renewable energy

&

Impact of energy on environment

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Renewable energy

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Renewable energy (con’t)

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Status of renewable energy

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Status of renewable energy (con’t)

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Status of renewable energy (con’t)

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By Region…

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Impacts of energy usage on Environment

54Copyright KT Ooi http://www.tellmewhyfacts.com/2007_05_01_archive.html

Impacts of energy on the environment

Impacts of energy used on the environment

can be classified by:

1.Source

2.Pollutant

3.Scale

Ref: Energy systems and sustainability

Edited by Godfrey Boyle, Bob Everest and Janet Ramage

Oxford University Press, 2004

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Environmental Insults (by Human)

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Environmental Insults (by Human) con’t

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Environmental Insults (by Human) con’t

SO2 Emissions of energy option

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NOx Emission by Energy Option

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Impacts of Energy by Source:Oil

The potential causes for concern due to energy used:

1. Oil: Climate change, air pollution, acid rain, oil spills, oil

rig accident

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Oil SpillsOil Rig Accident

Impacts of Energy by Source:Oil

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www.goodforyou.com.sg/wordpress/...3D200808

Acid rain

Impacts of Energy by Source


2. Natural gas: Climate change, methane leak, methane

explosion, gas rig accident

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Methane gas explosionwww.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2010/03/methane_bubbles-660x452.jpg

Huge methane leak in Arctic Ocean

http://www.france24.com/en/20100304-huge-methane-leak-arctic-ocean-study



3. Coal: climate change, acid rain, environmental spoliation

by open-cast mining, land subsidence due to deep

mining, spoils heaps, ground water pollution, mining

accidents, health effects on miners.

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land subsidence due to mining

http://www.dep.state.pa.us/

Damage caused by land subsidence

http://www.dep.state.pa.us



4. Nuclear power: radioactivity, misused nuclear materials

by terrorists, proliferation of nuclear weapons, land

pollution by mine tailings, health effects on uranium

miners.

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Health effects on uranium

5. Biomass: effect on landscape and biodiversity, ground water

pollution due to fertilizers, use of scarce water, competition

with food production.

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Impacts of Energy by Source (con’t)

Ground water pollution due to fertilizers

6. Hydroelectricity: displacement of populations, effects on

rivers and ground water, dams (visual intrusions and risk of

accident), seismic effects, downstream effects on agriculture,

methane emissions from submerged biomass.

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Landslides on the Yangtze River

Relocatees

Hydroelectricity:

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Visual intrusion and risk of accidence

www.powermortar.fi/

• Fuel cells

– Its problem is associated with the need to

produce hydrogen from the fossil fuel.

– Hydrogen leaks that accumulated in the

upper atmosphere, can potentially deplete

polar ozone layers.

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7. Wind power: visual intrusion in sensitive landscapes, noise,

bird strikes, interference with telecommunication.

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More than 15,000 wind turbines may kill 40,000 or more

birds annually nationwide, the majority in California.(http://www.francis.edu/uploadedFiles/Renewable_Energy/Manville_Bird%20Strikes%20Lines,%20Wind,%20Towers.pdf)

bird strikes

www.mywindpowersystem.com

8. Tidal power: visual intrusion and destruction of wildlife

habitat, reduced dispersal of effluents. (these concerns apply

mainly to tidal barrages, not tidal current turbines)

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Tidal power: may affect marine habitat.


9. Geothermal energy: release of polluting gases (SO2, H2S,

etc.), ground water pollution by chemicals including heavy

metals, seismic effects.

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http://top-10-list.org/2009/06/06/top-10-renewable-source-energy/

10.Solar energy: sequestration of large land areas (in the case of

centralized plant), use of toxic materials in manufacture of

some PV cells, visual intrusion in rural and urban

environments.

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sequestration of large land areas

• Making solar or photovoltaic cells requires

potentially toxic heavy metals such as lead,

mercury and cadmium.

• It even produces greenhouse gases, such as

carbon dioxide, that contribute to global

warming.

• Still, the researchers found that if people

switched from conventional fossil fuel-burning

power plants to solar cells, air pollution would

be cut by roughly 90 percent

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http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,333158,00.html


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Lecture 3

Future of Energy

Making fossil fuel more sustainable

Energy Data (IEA)

• Statistics on Energy from International Energy

Agency, Access on July 2010.

Ref: Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2010)

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World Oil Production

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World Oil Consumption

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World Oil Reserves

World Oil, 2008(thousand barrels per day)

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Top World Petroleum Producers

Rank Country Production

1 Saudi Arabia 10,782

2 Russia 9,790

3 United States 8,514

4 Iran 4,174

5 China 3,973

6 Canada 3,350

7 Mexico 3,186

8 United Arab Emirates 3,046

9 Kuwait 2,741

10 Venezuela 2,643

11 Norway 2,466

12 Brazil 2,402

13 Iraq 2,385

14 Algeria 2,180

15 Nigeria 2,169

Top Oil Consumers

Rank Country Consumption


2 China 7,831

3 Japan 4,785

4 India 2,962

5 Russia 2,916

6 Germany 2,569

7 Brazil 2,485


9 Canada 2,261

10 Korea, South 2,175

11 Mexico 2,128

12 France 1,986

13 Iran 1,741

14 United Kingdom 1,710

15 Italy 1,639

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TOP OIL IMPORTER

Rank Country Imports


2 Japan 4,652

3 China 3,858

4 Germany 2,418

5 Korea, South 2,144

6 India 2,078

7 France 1,915

8 Spain 1,534

9 Italy 1,477

10 Taiwan 939

11 Singapore 925

12 Netherlands 891

13 Belgium 706

14 Turkey 629

15 Thailand 572

World Oil, 2008(thousand barrels per day)

TOP OIL EXPORTERS

Rank Country Exports


2 Russia 6,874

3United Arab Emirates 2,521

4 Iran 2,433

5 Kuwait 2,390

6 Norway 2,246

7 Angola 1,948

8 Venezuela 1,893

9 Algeria 1,888

10 Nigeria 1,883

11 Iraq 1,769

12 Libya 1,597

13 Kazakhstan 1,185

14 Canada 1,089

15 Qatar 1,085

OPEC; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

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Estimated Total Oil ReservesTop 17 countries as of 2011

Reserve Life

109 bbl 10

9 m

310

6 bbl/d 10

3 m

3/d years

Saudi Arabia 264 42 10 1540 75

Canada 175 28 2 330 188

Iran 137 22 4 560 112

Iraq 115 18 4 640 95

Kuwait 104 17 3 410 110

United Arab 98 16 3 430 104

Venezuela 98 16 3 460 93

Russia 74 12 10 1570 17

Libya 47 8 1 220 93

Nigeria 37 6 2 270 66

Kazakhstan 30 5 2 380 41

Qatar 25 4 8 1190 8

China 20 3 4 620 11

United States 19 3 1 140 46

Angola 14 2 2 350 15

Algeria 13 2 2 370 14

Brazil 13 2 4 560 9

Total of top 17

reserves1,243 198 64 10,100 54

Reserves ProductionCountry

World Oil Production 1900-2080

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The Peak

SELLERS MARKETSELLERS MARKETBUYERS MARKETBUYERS MARKET

EXPENSIVE & HARD-

TO-EXTRACT OIL

EXPENSIVE & HARD-

TO-EXTRACT OIL

CHEAP & EASY-TO-

EXTRACT OIL

CHEAP & EASY-TO-

EXTRACT OIL

Past oil

production Forecast oil

production

Future of Energy?Highlights of Energy Outlook 2010(International Energy Agency)

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In the IEO2010 Reference case—which reflects a scenario assuming that

current laws and policies remain unchanged throughout the projection

period.

World marketed energy consumption grows by 49 percent from 2007 to 2035.

Total world energy use rises from 495 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu) in

2007 to 590 quadrillion Btu in 2020 and 739 quadrillion Btu in 2035.

World marketed energy consumption

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http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html

Figure 1. World marketed energy consumption

(quadrillion Btu)

1. Total non-OECD energy

consumption increases by 84%

2. OECD increases by only 14%.

3. Strong GDP (4.4 %/yr on average

as compared to 2.0% of OECD)

growth in non-OECD drives the

energy consumption.

OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

Energy use by fuel type

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Figure 2. World marketed energy use by fuel

type (quadrillion Btu)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html

Note: Liquid fuels and other petroleum include petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived liquid fuels, such as ethanol and

biodiesel, coal-to-liquids, and gas-to-liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are natural gas liquids, crude

oil consumed as a fuel, and liquid hydrogen.

1. The use of liquids and other

petroleum grows from 86.1 mb/d

in 2007 to 110.6 mb/d in 2035.

2. Unconventional resources

(including oil sands, extraheavy oil,

biofuels, coal-to-liquids, gas-to-

liquids, and shale oil) from both

OPEC and non-OPEC sources grow

on average by 4.9%/yr over the

projection period.

World coal consumption by region

88Figure 5. World coal consumption by region (quadrillion Btu)

Electricity generation by fuel

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Figure 6. World net electricity generation by fuel (trillion kilowatthours)

Renewable electricity generation

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Figure 7. World renewable electricity generation by energy source, excluding

wind and hydropower (billion kilowatthours)

Carbon dioxide emissions

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Figure 10. World energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, 2007-2035

(billion metric tons)

Kaya factors on CO2 emissions

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Wikipedia: The Kaya identity was developed by Japanese energy economist Yoichi Kaya . The Kaya identity is an equation relating factors that

determine the level of human impact on climate, in the form of emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. It states that total emission level can be

expressed as the product of four inputs: population, GDP per capita, energy use per unit of GDP, carbon emissions per unit of energy consumed.

The identity is expressed in the form:

F = P * (G / P) * (E / G) * (F / E) = P * g * e * f where

F is global CO2 emissions from human sources, P is global population, G is world GDP and g = (G/P) is global per-capita GDP, E is global primary energy

consumption and e=(E/G) is the energy intensity of world GDP, and f=(F/E) is the carbon intensity of energy.

Figure 11. Impacts of for Kaya factors on world carbon dioxide emissions

(index: 2007=1.0)

F

g

P

f

e

F = P * g * e * f

Remedies: Making Fossil Fuel more sustainable

1. Reduce pollutant emission from fossil fuel

2. Reduce the concentration of atm CO2 from

usage of fossil fuel.

– Carbon Capture or sequestration of atm

carbon in forest, below the earth’s surface

or in its ocean.

3. Use fuel cell

4. Use fossil fuel based hydrogen

– capture CO2 at source.93Book: Energy system and sustainability: Power for a sustainable future by G Boyle, B Everett and J Ramage

Co2 Injection: Oil Recovery

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CO2 injection: Coal-bed methane recovery

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Ocean Sequestration of carbon

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Methods for Ocean CO2 injection

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Fuel Cell: non combustion base energy conversion

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Fossil-fuel based hydrogen economy

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That’s all, folks!

Bye for now.

Lecture 1- Overview of Energy Scenario

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Transcript of Lecture 1- Overview of Energy Scenario