Lec.2- Indian Forests NFP 1988

8/16/2019 Lec.2- Indian Forests NFP 1988

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Lec.2 STATUS OF FORESTS IN INDIA

India is one of the 12 mega diversity countries having a vast variety of flora and

fauna, commands 7% of world's biodiversity and supports 16 major forest types, varying

from the alpine pastures in the imalayas to temperate, sub!tropical forests, andmangroves in the coastal areas"

#ccording to the $tate of orest &eport, published by the orest $urvey of India

$I( in 1))7, India has a recorded forest area of 76.5 million hectare or 23.3 of the

total geographic area of the country" *ut the actual forest cover is 63.3! million ha

"#$.27 of the co%ntr&'( area) of which 26.#3 million ha are *e+ra*e*" +here is

another 5.72 million ha (cr%, in addition to the reported forest cover of 6"- million ha"

+hus, in total, 3#.-5 million ha fore(t( in the country are degraded or open"


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STATEISE INDIA/S FOREST 0O1ER

0omari(on ith other co%ntrie(

S.

No.

State4Ut(

eo+rahical

Area "m2)

Total

Fore(t area

"m2)

of fore(t(

area

1 #ndhra .radesh 27/06 61- 2"20

2 #runachal .radesh 7- /1/-0 61"//

#ssam 7- 070 )"1/

- *ihar 1777 2)226 16"1

/ elhi 1- / /"7

6 3oa 702 1-2- "-7

7 3ujarat 1)602- 1)) )")

aryana --212 167 "7) imachal .radesh //67 /-07 6"60

10 4ammu 5 ashmir 2222/ 2012 )"0

11 arnataa 1)17)1 72- 20"1)

12 erala 6 11221 2"7

1 8adhya .radesh ----6 #5!!$7 -"-

1- 8aharashtra 076)0 6-2 20"7/

1/ 8anipur 2227 1/1/- 67"7

16 8eghalaya 22-2) )-)6 -2"-

17 8i9oram 2101 1/)/ 75.5$

1 :agaland 16/7) 62) /2"0/

1) ;rissa 1//707 /71- 6"720 .unjab /062 2)01 /"76

21 &ajasthan -22) 1700 )"26

22 $iim 70)6 26/0 7"-

2 +amil :adu 100/ 2262 17"-0

2- +ripura 10-6 62) 60"01

2/ handigarh 11- 1 27"1)

2) adra 5 :agar aveli -)1 20 -1"-0 aman 5 iu 112 # .63

1 ?ashadweep 2 0 0"00

2 .ondicherry -) 0 0"00

Total 32-7263 765253 23.2-


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+he area of the world's forests, including natural forests and forest plantations, was

estimated to be 3!5! million hectare( in #$$5, or about one!fourth of the land area of the

@arth" #bout 55 ercent of the orl*'( fore(t( are located in *e8eloin+ co%ntrie(, with

the remaining !5 ercent in *e8eloe* co%ntrie( " +he world's forests are almost eAually

divided between tropicalBsubtropical forests and temperateBboreal forests" ;nly about

3 ercent of the orl*'( fore(t( are forest plantations" +he remaining $7 ercent are

nat%ral or (emi9nat%ral fore(t(.

0omari(on ith other co%ntrie(

0:ANE IN FOREST AREA; #$$92

0o%ntr&4area Total fore(t; #$$

('000 ha)

Total fore(t; 2

('000 ha)

Fore(t co8er chan+e;

#$$92

0han+e ('000

ha)

0han+e

(%)

#lgeria 1 7) 2 1-/ 27 1"

#ngola 70 )) 6) 7/6 !12- !0"2

*enin -) 2 6/0 !70 !2"

*otswana 1 611 12 -27 !11 !0")

*urina aso 7 2-1 7 0) !1/ !0"2

*urundi 2-1 )- !1/ !)"0

>ameroon 26 076 2 / !222 !0")

>ape Cerde / / / )"

>entral #frican&epublic

2 207 22 )07 !0 !0"1


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>had 1 /0) 12 6)2 !2 !0"6

>omoros 12 n"s" !-"

>ongo 22 2/ 22 060 !17 !0"1

>Dte d'Ivoire ) 766 7 117 !26/ !"1

em" &ep" of the

>ongo

1-0 /1 1/ 207 !/2 !0"-

jibouti 6 6 n"s" n"s"

@gypt /2 72 2 "

@Auatorial 3uinea 1 / 1 7/2 !11 !0"6

@ritrea 1 6) 1 // !/ !0"

@thiopia - ))6 - /) !-0 !0"

3abon 21 )27 21 26 !10 n"s"

3ambia -6 -1 - 1"0

3hana 7 // 6 / !120 !1"7

3uinea 7 276 6 )2) !/ !0"/

3uinea!*issau 2 -0 2 17 !22 !0")

enya 1 027 17 0)6 !) !0"/

?esotho 1- 1- n"s" n"s"

?iberia - 2-1 -1 !76 !2"0

?ibyan #rab4amahiriya

11 / / 1"-


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8adagascar 12 )01 11 727 !117 !0")

8alawi 26) 2 /62 !71 !2"-

8ali 1- 17) 1 16 !)) !0"7

8auritania -1/ 17 !10 !2"7

8auritius 17 16 n"s" !0"6

8orocco 07 02/ !1 n"s"

8o9ambiAue 1 2 0 601 !6- !0"2

:amibia 77- 0-0 !7 !0")

:iger 1 )-/ 1 2 !62 !"7

:igeria 17 /01 1 /17 !) !2"6

&Eunion 76 71 !1 !0"

&wanda -/7 07 !1/ !")

$aint elena 2 2 n"s" n"s"

$ao +ome and.rincipe

27 27 n"s" n"s"

$enegal 6 6// 6 20/ !-/ !0"7

$eychelles 0 0 n"s" n"s"

$ierra ?eone 1 -16 1 0// !6 !2")

$omalia 2- 7 /1/ !77 !1"0

$outh #frica ))7 )17 ! !0"1


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$udan 71 216 61 627 !)/) !1"-

$wa9iland -6- /22 6 1"2

+ogo 71) /10 !21 !"-

+unisia -)) /10 1 0"2

hina 1-/ -17 16 -0 1 06 1"2


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>yprus 11) 172 / "7

em .eople's &ep" of

orea

210 210 n"s" n"s"

@ast +imor /-1 /07 ! !0"6

3a9a $trip ! ! ! !

3eorgia 2 ) 2 ) n"s" n"s"

India 6 72 6- 11 0"1

Indonesia 11 110 10- )6 !1 12 !1"2

Iran, Islamic &ep" 7 2)) 7 2)) n"s" n"s"

IraA 7)) 7)) n"s" n"s"

Israel 2 12 / -")

4apan 2- 0-7 2- 01 n"s"

4ordan 6 6 n"s" n"s"

a9ahstan ) 7/ 12 1- 2) 2"2

uwait / n"s" "/

yrgy9stan 77/ 1 00 2 2"6

?ao .eople's em"

&ep

1 0 12 /61 !/ !0"-

?ebanon 7 6 n"s" !0"-

8alaysia 21 661 1) 2)2 !27 !1"2

8aldives 1 1 n"s" n"s"


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8ongolia 11 2-/ 10 6-/ !60 !0"/

8yanmar ) / - -1) !/17 !1"-

:epal - 6 )00 !7 !1"

;man 1 1 n"s" /"

.aistan 2 7// 2 61 !) !1"/

.hilippines 6 676 / 7) !) !1"-

Gatar n"s" 1 n"s" )"6

&epublic of orea 6 2)) 6 2- !/ !0"1

$audi #rabia 1 /0- 1 /0- n"s" n"s"

$ingapore 2 2 n"s" n"s"

$ri ?ana 2 2 1 )-0 !/ !1"6

$yrian #rab &epublic -61 -61 n"s" n"s"

+ajiistan 0 -00 2 0"/

+hailand 1/ 6 1- 762 !112 !0"7

+urey 10 00/ 10 22/ 22 0"2

+urmenistan 7// 7// n"s" n"s"


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=est *an ! ! ! !

Hemen /-1 --) !) !1")

Total A(ia 55# !!- 5!7 7$3 936! 9.#

#lbania 1 06) ))1 ! !0"

#ndorra ! ! ! !

#ustria 0) 6 0"2

*elarus 6 -0 ) -02 2/6 "2

*elgium and?uembourg

7-1 72 !1 !0"2

*osnia and

er9egovina

2 27 2 27 n"s" n"s"

*ulgaria -6 6)0 20 0"6

>roatia 1 76 1 7 2 0"1

>9ech &epublic 2 627 2 62 1 n"s"

enmar --/ -// 1 0"2

@stonia 1 )/ 2 060 1 0"6

inland 21 // 21 )/ n"s"

rance 1- 72/ 1/ -1 62 0"-

3ermany 10 7-0 10 7-0 n"s" n"s"

3reece 2)) /)) 0 0")

ungary 1 76 1 -0 7 0"-


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Iceland 2/ 1 1 2"2

Ireland -) 6/) 17 "0

Italy ) 70 10 00 0 0"

?atvia 2 7)6 2 )2 1 0"-

?iechtenstein 6 7 n"s" 1"2

?ithuania 1 )-6 1 ))- / 0"2

8alta n"s" n"s" n"s" n"s"

:etherlands 6/ 7/ 1 0"

:orway // 6 1 0"-

.oland 72 ) 0-7 1 0"2

.ortugal 0)6 666 /7 1"7

&epublic of 8oldova 1 2/ 1 0"2

&omania 6 01 6 -- 1/ 0"2

&ussian ederation /0 0) /1 )2 1/ n"s"

$an 8arino ! ! ! !

$lovaia 1 ))7 2 177 1 0")

$lovenia 1 0/ 1 107 2 0"2

$pain 1 /10 1- 70 6 0"6

$weden 27 12 27 1- 1 n"s"


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$wit9erland 1 1/6 1 1)) - 0"-

+he H& of

8acedonia

)06 )06 n"s" n"s"

anada 2-- /71 2-- /71 n"s" n"s"

>ayman Islands 1 1 n"s" n"s"

>osta &ica 2 126 1 )6 !16 !0"

>uba 2 071 2 - 2 1"

ominica /0 -6 n"s" !0"7

ominican &epublic 1 76 1 76 n"s" n"s"

@l $alvador 1) 121 !7 !-"6


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3reenland ! ! ! !

3renada / / n"s" 0")

3uadeloupe 67 2 2 2"1

3uatemala 7 2 /0 !/- !1"7

aiti 1/ !7 !/"7

onduras / )72 / !/) !1"0

4amaica 7) 2/ !/ !1"/

8artiniAue -7 -7 n"s" n"s"

8eico 61 /11 // 20/ !61 !1"1

8ontserrat n"s" n"s"

:etherlands #ntilles 1 1 n"s" n"s"

:icaragua - -/0 27 !117 !"0

.anama )/ 2 76 !/2 !1"6

.uerto &ico 2- 22) !1 !0"2

$aint itts and :evis - - n"s" !0"6

$aint ?ucia 1- ) !1 !-")

$aint .ierre and8iAuelon

! ! ! !

$aint Cincent and3renadines

7 6 n"s" !1"-

+rinidad and +obago 21 2/) !2 !0"


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oo Islands 22 22 n"s" n"s"

iji 2 1/ !2 !0"2

rench .olynesia 10/ 10/ n"s" n"s"

3uam 21 21 n"s" n"s"

iribati 2 2 n"s" n"s"

8arshall Islands n"s" n"s" n"s" n"s"

8icronesia 2- 1/ !1 !-"/

:auru n"s" n"s" n"s" n"s"

:ew >aledonia 72 72 n"s" n"s"

:ew Fealand 7 //6 7 )-6 ) 0"/

:ile 6 6 n"s" n"s"

:orthern 8ariana

Islands

1- 1- n"s" n"s"

.alau / / n"s" n"s"


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.apua :ew 3uinea 1 70 0 601 !11 !0"-

$amoa 10 10/ ! !2"1

$olomon Islands 2 /0 2 /6 !- !0"2

+onga - - n"s" n"s"

Canuatu --1 --7 1 0"1

Total Oceania 2# 27# #$7 623 9365 9.2

#rgentina 7 -)) - 6- !2/ !0"

*olivia /- 67) / 06 !161 !0"

*ra9il /66 )) /- )0/ !2 0) !0"-

>hile 1/ 7) 1/ /6 !20 !0"1

>olombia /1 /06 -) 601 !1)0 !0"-

@cuador 11 )2) 10 //7 !17 !1"2

alland Islands ! ! ! !

rench 3uiana 7 )26 7 )26 n"s" n"s"

3uyana 17 6/ 16 7) !-) !0"

.araguay 2- 602 2 72 !12 !0"/

.eru 67 )0 6/ 21/ !26) !0"-

$uriname 1- 11 1- 11 n"s" n"s"


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Cene9uela /1 61 -) /06 !21 !0"-

Total So%th America $22 73# --5 6#- 93 7## 9.!

TOTAL ORLD 3 $63 !2$ 3 -6$ !55 9$ 3$# 9.2

NATIONAL FOREST A0ROUND AND NEED

+he first :ational orest .olicy of Independent India was promulgated in 1)/2"

owever, since then many new developments had taen place and concepts of forest

management changed" It was in view of the following perspectives, the need of a new

forest policy was felt"

+he emphasis was gradually shifting from production forestry to conversion and

protection of the forest resources"+he needs and attributes of the general masses with

regard to forests and forestry had undergone a massive change

1" 8any new forest based industries were being set up and it was apparent

that their raw material reAuirements could not be met from the natural

forests, without upsetting the ecological balance"

2" $ocial community and farm forestry had gained increasing importance

in the seventies and eighties

" +here was a need to address the rights and concessions of the people

and recogni9e the symbiotic relationship between forests and tribals

-" .rovisions needed to be incorporated in the forest policy for ecological

security, biodiversity conservation and compensatory afforestation"

+he :ational orest .olicy of 1) was issued on 7 th ecember 1) by the

$ecretary, 8inistry of @nvironment and orests to the 3overnment of India"

#. LE


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In &esolution :o" 1B/2Bf, dated the 12th 8ay, 1)/2, the 3overnment of India in

the erstwhile 8inistry of ood and #griculture enunciated a orest .olicy to be followed

in the management of $tate orests in the country" owever, over the years, forests in the

country have suffered serious depletion" +his is attributable to relentless pressures arising

from ever!increasing demand for fuel wood, fodder and timberJ inadeAuacy of protection

measuresJ diversion of forests lands to non!forest uses without ensuring compensatory

afforestation and essential environmental safeguardsJ and the tendency to loo upon

forests as revenue earning resource" +he need to review the situation and to evolve, for

the future, new strategy of forest conservation has become imperative" >onservation

includes preservation, maintenance, sustainable utili9ation, restoration and enhancement

of the natural environment" It has thus become necessary to review and revise the

:ational orest .olicy"

2. >ASI0 O>@E0TI1ES

The ,a(ic o,ecti8e( that (ho%l* +o8ern the National Fore(t


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/" Increasingly substantially the forestsBtree cover in the country

through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes,

especially on all denuded, degraded and unproductive lands"

6" 8eeting the reAuirements of fuelwood, fodder, minor forest

produce and small timber of the rural and tribal population"

7" Increasing the productivity of forests to meet essential national

needs"

" @ncouraging efficient utilisation of forests produce and

maimising substitution of wood"

)" >reating a massive people's movement with the involvement of

women, for achieving these objectives and to minimise pressure on

eisting forests"

+he principal aim of orest .olicy must be to ensure environment stability and

maintenance of ecological balance including atmospheric eAuilibrium which are vital for

sustenance of all life forms, human, animal and plant" +he derivation of direct economic

benefit must be subordinated to this principal aim"

3. ESSENTIAL OF FOREST ?ANAE?ENT

1(@isting forests and forest lands should be fully protected and their productivity be

improved" orest and vegetal cover should be increased rapidly on hill slopes, in

catchment areas of rivers, laes and reservoirs and ocean shores and on semi!arid, arid

and desert tracts"

2( iversion of good and productive agriculture lands to forestry should be discouraged

in view of the need for increased food production"


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( or the conservation of total biological diversity, the networ of national pars,

sanctuaries biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be strengthened and

etended adeAuately"

-( .rovision of sufficient fodder, fuel and pasture, specially in areas adjoining forest, is

necessary in order to prevent depletion of forests beyond the sustainable limit" $ince fuel

wood continues to be the predominant source of energy in rural areas, the programme of

afforestation augmenting fuelwood production to meet the reAuirement of the rural

people"

/( 8inor orest .roduce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other

communities residing, in and around the forests" $uch produce should be protected,

improved and their production enhanced with due regard to generation of employment

and income"

!. STRATE=

i) Area Un*er Fore(t(

+he national goal should be to have a minimum of one!third of the total land area of the

country under forest or tree cover" In the hills and in mountainous regions, the aim should

be to maintain two!third of the area under such cover in order to prevent erosion and land

degradation and to ensure the stability of the fragile eco!system"

ii) Affore(tation; (ocial fore(tr& an* Farm fore(tr&

# massive needs!based and time bound programme of afforestation and tree planting,

with particular emphasis on fuelwood and fodder development, on all degraded and

denuded lands in he country, whether forest or non!forest land, is a national imperative"

It is necessary to encourage the planting of trees alongside of roads, railway lines, rivers

and streams and canals, and on other unutili9ed lands under $tateBcorporate, institutional

or private ownership" 3reen belts should be raised in urbanBindustrial areas as well as in


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arid tracts" $uch a programme will help to chec erosion and desertification as well as

improve the micro!climate"

Cillage and community lands, including those on foreshores and environs of tans, not

reAuired for other productive uses, should be taen up for the development of tree crops

and fodder resources" +echnical assistance and other inputs necessary for initiating such

programmes should be provided by the 3overnment" +he revenues generated through

such programmes should belong to the panchayats where the lands are vested in themJ in

all other cases, such revenues should be shared with the local communities in order to

provide an incentive to them" +he vesting, in individual, particularly from the weaer

sections such as landless labour, small and marginal farmers, scheduled castes, tribals,

women( of certain ownership rights over trees, could be considered, subject toappropriate regulationsJ beneficiaries would be entitled to usufruct and would in turn be

responsible for their security and maintenance"

?and laws should be so modified wherever necessary so as to facilitate and motivate

individuals and institutions to undertae tree!farming and grow fodder plants, grasses and

legumes on their own land" =herever possible, degraded lands should be made available

for this purpose either on lease or on the basis of a tree!patta scheme" $uch leasing of the

land ceiling laws" $teps necessary to encourage them to do so must be taen" #ppropriate

regulations should govern the felling of trees on private holding"

iii) ?ANAE?ENT OF STATE FORESTS

$chemes and projects which interfere with forests that clothe steep slopes, catchments of

rivers, laes and reservoirs, geologically unstable terrain and such other ecological

sensitive areas should be severely restricted" +ropical rainBmoist forests, particularly in

the areas lie #runachal .radesh, erala, #ndaman and :icobar Islands, should be totally

safeguarded"

:o forest should be permitted to be wored without the 3overnment having approved

the management plan, which should be in a prescribed format and in eeping with the


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:ational orest .olicy" +he >entral 3overnment should issue necessary guidelines to the

$tate 3overnments in this regard and monitor compliance"

In order to meet the growing needs for essential goods and services which the forests

provide, it is necessary to enhance forest cover and productivity of the forests through the

application of scientific and technical inputs" .roduction forestry programmes, while

aiming at enhancing the forest cover in the country, and meeting national needs, should

also be oriented to narrowing, by the turn of the turn of the century, the increasing gap

between demand and supply of fuelwood" :o such programme, however should entail

clear!felling of adeAuately stoced natural forests" :or should eotic species by

introduced, through public or private sources, unless long!term scientific trials

undertaen by specialists in ecology, forestry and agriculture have established that theyare suitable and have no adverse impact on native vegetation and environment"

i8) RI:TS AND 0ON0ESSIONS

+he rights and concessions, including gra9ing, should always remain related to the

carrying capacity of forests" +he capacity itself should be optimised by increased

investment, silvicultural research and development of the area" $tall!feeding of cattle

should be encouraged" +he reAuirements of the community, which determined, should bemet by development of social forestry outside the reserved forests"

+he holders of customary rights and concessions in forest areas should be motivated to

identify themselves with the protection and development of identify themselves with the

protection and development of forests from which they derive benefits" +he rights and

concessions from forests should primarily be for the bonafide use of the communities

living within and around forest areas, specially the tribals"

+he life of tribals and other poor living within and near forests revolves around forests"

+he rights and concessions enjoyed by them should be fully protected" +heir domestic

reAuirements of fuelwood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction timber should

be the first should be made available through conveniently located depots at reasonable

prices"


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$imilar consideration should be given to scheduled castes and other poor living near

forests" owever, the area, which consideration should cover would be determined by the

carrying capacity of the forests"

=ood is in short supply" +he long!term solution for meeting the eisting gap lied in

increasing the productivity of forests, nut to relieve the eisting pressure on forests for

the demands of railway sleepers, construction industry particularly in the public sector(,

furniture and panelling, mine!pit props, paper and paper board etc" substitution of wood

needs to be taen recourse to" $imilarly, on the front of domestic energy, fuelwood needs

to the substituted as far as practicable with alternate sources lie biogas, ?.3 and solar

energy" uel!efficient be popularised in rural areas"

8) DI1ERSION OF FOREST LANDS FOR NON9FOREST onstruction of dams and reservoirs, miningand industrial development and epansion of agriculture trees and forests" .rojects

which involve such diversion should at least provide in their investment budget, funds

for regenerationBcompensatory afforestation"

*eneficiaries who are allowed for mining and Auarrying in forest land and in land

covered by trees should be reAuired to repair and re!vegetate the area in accordance with

established forestry practices" :o mining lease should be granted to any party, private or

public, without a proper mine management plan appraised from the environmental angle

and enforced by adeAuate machinery"

8i) il*life 0on(er8ation 9 orest 8anagement should tae special care of the needs of

wildlife conservation, and forest management plans should include prescriptions for this

purpose" It is specially essential to provide for KcorridorsK lining the protected areas in


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order to maintain genetic continuity between artificially separated sub!sections if

migrants wildlife"

8ii) Tri,al


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should be made to contain such cultivation within the area already affected, by

propagating improved agriculture practices" #rea already damaged by such cultivation

should be rehabilitated through social forestry and energy plantations"

iC) Dama+e to Fore(t( from Encroachment(; Fire( an* rain+

@ncroachment on forests lands has been on the increase" +his trend has to be

arrested and effective action taen to prevent its continuance" +here should be no

regulari9ation of eisting encroachments"

+he incidence of forest fires in the country is high" $tanding trees and fodder aredestroyed on a large scale and natural generation annihilated by such fires" $pecial

precautions should be taen during the fire season Improved and modern management

practices should be adopted to deal with forest fires"

3ra9ing in forest areas should be regulated with the involvement of the

community" $pecial conservation areas, young plantations and regeneration areas should

be fully protected" 3ra9ing and browsing in forests areas need to be controlled" #deAuate

gra9ing fees should be levied to discourage people in forests areas from maintaining large

herds of non!essential livestoc"

C) Fore(t9,a(e* In*%(trie( 9 +he main considerations governing the establishment of

forest!based industries and supply of raw material to them be as followsL

#s far as possible, a forests!based industry should raise the raw

material needed for meeting its own reAuirements, preferably by

establishment of a direct relationship between the factory and the

individuals who can grow the raw material by supporting the

individuals with inputs including credit, constant technical advice

and finally harvesting and transport services"


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25/27

Ci) Fore(t ECten(ion 9 orests conservation programme cannot succeed

without the willing support and co!operation of the people" It is essential,

therefore, to inculcate in the people, a direct interest in forests, their

development and conservation, and to mae them conscious of the value

of trees, wildlife and nature in general" +his can be achieved through the

involvement of educational institutions, right form the primary stage"

armers and interested people should be provided opportunities through

institutions lie rishi Cigyan endras, +rainers' +rainingBcentres to learn

agrisilvicultural and silvicultural techniAues to ensure optimum use of

their land and water resources" $hort term etension courses and lecturers

should be organised in order to educate farmers" or this purpose, it is

essential that suitable programmes are propagated through mass media,

audio!visual aids and the etension machinery"

Cii) Fore(tr& E*%cation 9 orestry should be recognised both as a scientific discipline as

well as a profession" #griculture universities and institutions dedicated to the

development of forestry education should formulate curricula and courses for imparting

academic education and promoting postgraduate research and professional ecellence,

eeping in view the manpower needs of the country" #cademic and professional

Aualifications in forestry should be ept in view for recruitment to the Indian orest

$ervice and the $tate orest $ervice" $pecialised and orientation courses for developing

better management sills by in service training need to be encourage, taing into account

the latest development in forestry and related disciplines"

Ciii) Fore(tr& Re(earch 9 =ith the increasing recognition of the importance of forests for

environmental health, energy and employment, emphasis must be laid on scientific of the

research base as well as new priorities for action" $ome broad priority areas of research

and development needing special attention areL!

i( Increasing the productivity of wood and other forest produce per unit

of area per unit time by the application of modern scientific and

technological methods"


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ii( &evegetation of barrenBmarginBwasteBmined lands and watershed areas"

iii( @ffective conservation and management of eisting forests resources

mainly natural forests eco!system("

iv( &esearch related to social forestry for ruralBtribal development"

v( evelopment of substitutes to replace wood and wood products"

vi( &esearch related to wildlife and management of national pars and

sanctuaries"

Ci8) entre and $tate levels in

order to implement the .olicy effectively"

C8ii) Financial S%ort for Fore(tr& 9 +he objectives of this revised .olicy cannot be

achieved without the investment of financial and other resources on a substantial scale"

$uch investment is indeed fully justified considering the contribution of forests in

maintaining essential ecological processes and life!support systems and in preserving


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genetic diversity" orests should not be looed upon as source of revenue" orests are

renewable natural resources" +hey are a national asset to be protected and enhanced for

the well being of the people and the :ation"

Lec.2- Indian Forests NFP 1988

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Transcript of Lec.2- Indian Forests NFP 1988