CHAPTER 8 MEMORY

Learning that has persisted over time; information that has been

stored and can be retrieved

Jill Pricehttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?

v=SoxsMMV538U How do we

accomplish memory feats?

Guess?

PHENOMENON OF MEMORY

Richard Atkinson &

Richard Shiffrin3-Stage Model 1968

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

(1972)Levels of Processing

Theory

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Working Memory Model (Expanded Stage 2 from Atkinson and Shiffrin) Brown & Kulik

(1977)Research

on Flashbulb Memories

MODELS OF MEMORY

Automatic

Processing

Effortful Processing

Negative Correlation Ebbinghaus

ENCODING“How”

Encoding for

meaningVisual

AcousticSemantic

p.332 Craik & Tulving

Encoding based on

visualMnemonics

EncodingBased on mental

organization Chunking

Hierarchies

Class

activity

Encoding“What aids memory”

Sensory MemoryIconicEchoic

Research by George Sperling

1960

Working Memory

Miller’s Magical Number Seven, plus or minus

two

Long Term MemoryLimitless

Storing Memories

in the Brain

Long term potentiation

Stress Hormones and Memory

Flashbulb MemoriesImplicit

(Cerebellum)Explicit

Memories (Hippocampus)

Aplysia (Sea Slug)

Case of H.M. (Henry Molaison)Memory

Storage

“Memory” is any sign

that something learned has

been retained;

“Recognize” and

“Relearning” count as

“Memory”

Retrieval CuesMnemonic devicesPriming (awakened

“associations”)Context (“returning to the

scene”)--“déjà vu”

Mood congruent

MEMORYRETRIEVAL

Daniel Schacter “7 Sins of Memory”

“ATB”“MSB”

“P”Myers page 350

Encoding

Failures

Storage Decay

Ebbinghaus (again) Forgetting Curve

Novel info declines rapidly, but loss “levels off”

Physical trace or engram decrease

(postulated change in neural tissue of brain) Retriev

al FailuresInterference

Motivated Forgetting

FORGETTING

Misinformation

and Imagina

tion Effects

Source AmnesiaDiscerning True

and False MemoriesChildren’s

Eyewitness Recall

Repressed or Constructed

Memories of Abuse?Elizabeth Loftus

Could you be an impartial juror on at a trial of someone

convicted of sex abuse based on a recovered memory?

Improving

MemoryDiscuss—

which strategies work best for you?

MEMORY CONSTRUCTIO

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