Learning that has persisted over time; it is information that has been acquired, stored, and can be retrieved.

Outdated, but still a useful starting point

Iconic—250 milliseconds

Echoic—2 seconds Tactile Taste Olfaction

Holds sensory information in the raw, unprocessed form

If we attend to it, it is encoded in short-term memory

Uncertain conclusions—• verbal information • an image• others believe it is

something more abstract Rule of 7 Info is gone in 30-60

seconds if not attended to.

Connection b/w sensory and LTM

“Sometimes google replaces rehearsal”

Memory occurs in the synapse via neural connections

LTP—Long term potentiation

Hippocampus

Automatic processing• Describe your day so

far…• Parallel processing• Implicit memories (non-

declarative)• Meditation

Effortful processing• Explicit memories

(declarative) • What you do all of the

time for school

Parallel processing—dejavu (theory)

Working memory getting mixed up w/ automatic processing

• Chunking• Spacing Effect• Testing Effect—

practice recall• Serial Position Effect

Primacy effect Recency effect

• Mnemonic devices Peg word system Roy G. Biv Hierarchies (i.e. text

structures )

Semantic encoding Personal

connection Shallow = writing

things down w/out thinking about them

Demonstration #1• Two groups• Whatever group remembers the most words

wins.

Demonstration #2• Remember the list of words in order• Two rounds

Rehearsal—Verbal • Best for phone #s,

passwords, SS #s, learning alphabet, etc…

Elaboration—visual (or otherwise) • connection to

something you already know

1) Relatively permanent

2) Assumed to be unlimited

3) Contains different types of memories

1) Explicit (Declarative)• Semantic—meaning• Episodic—personal

Write an example of each memory in your notes

2) Implicit—unaware of retrieval (nondeclarative) • Procedural--(i.e.,

riding a bike, tying shoes, etc…)

• Emotional—love, hate, fear, anxiety, etc…

Hippocampus /Frontal Lobe= explicit/declarative

Cerebellum/basal ganlia /Amygdala= implicit/ nondeclarative

Figure 32.5 in text

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Inability to transfer new information from short-term into long term

Clive Wearing

50 First Dates Memento

Inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Bourne movies The Vow

Recall Recognition Relearning—

Ebbinghaus Priming—

unconscious associations

ENCODING SPECIFICITY PRINCIPLE

Context matters! State dependent

memory This is why you stare at

me while taking a test sometimes

Don’t study in your bed!!!!!

Method of Loci— “mental walk”

1) Transience • Proactive interference—when information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.

•Retroactive interference—when information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

•P: proactive•O: old•R: retroactive•N: new

2) Absentmindedness—lapse of attention results in memory failure

3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information that is

available—tip of the tongue phenomenon

“it starts with…”

4) Memory misattribution—assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong

source, aka…source amnesia

false memories

Try to remember as many as you can of list of words I read aloud to you.

#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to incorporate misleading information from

external sources into personal recollections

false memories 1992: El AL cargo Plane, Amsterdam New Jersey SC Elizabeth Loftus—TED Eyewitness Testimony

#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to present knowledge/beliefs/feelings

We remember the good and forget the bad

We like to think of ourselves as consistent so we diminish the memory of change in ourselves—cognitive dissonance

Confirmation Bias

#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget, usually

tied to a heightened level of emotion

Embarrassing Moments

Flashbulb Memories

Alfred Adler• Present determines

past• What is your earliest

memory—write it down or draw it in detail…

Are memories based on present mood and situation?

Autobiographical Memory

What does it mean to lose your memory? Are you still the same person to yourself and to others? Do you still have your identity?